Hyperbolic Function - Wikipedia

Hyperbolic function - Wikipedia 12/7/17, 12'36 PM
Hyperbolic function
In mathematics, hyperbolic functions are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or
circular, functions.
The basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine "sinh" (/ˈsɪntʃ/ or /ˈʃaɪn/),[1] and
the hyperbolic cosine "cosh" (/ˈkɒʃ/),[2] from which are derived the hyperbolic
tangent "tanh" (/ˈtæntʃ/ or /ˈθæn/),[3] hyperbolic cosecant "csch" or "cosech"
(/ˈkoʊʃɛk/[2] or /ˈkoʊsɛtʃ/), hyperbolic secant "sech" (/ˈʃɛk/ or /ˈsɛtʃ/),[4] and
hyperbolic cotangent "coth" (/ˈkoʊθ/ or /ˈkɒθ/),[5][6] corresponding to the derived
trigonometric functions.
The inverse hyperbolic functions are the area hyperbolic sine "arsinh" (also denoted
"sinh−1", "asinh" or sometimes "arcsinh")[7][8][9] and so on.
Just as the points (cos t, sin t) form a circle with a unit radius, the points (cosh t, sinh t)
form the right half of the equilateral hyperbola. The hyperbolic functions take a real
argument called a hyperbolic angle. The size of a hyperbolic angle is twice the area of its
hyperbolic sector. The hyperbolic functions may be defined in terms of the legs of a right
triangle covering this sector.
Hyperbolic functions occur in the solutions of many linear differential equations (for
example, the equation defining a catenary), of some cubic equations, in calculations of
angles and distances in hyperbolic geometry, and of Laplace's equation in Cartesian
coordinates. Laplace's equations are important in many areas of physics, including
electromagnetic theory, heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and special relativity.
In complex analysis, the hyperbolic functions arise as the imaginary parts of sine and
cosine. When considered defined by a complex variable, the hyperbolic functions are
rational functions of exponentials, and are hence holomorphic.
Hyperbolic functions were introduced in the 1760s independently by Vincenzo Riccati and
Johann Heinrich Lambert.[10] Riccati used Sc. and Cc. ([co]sinus circulare) to refer to
circular functions and Sh. and Ch. ([co]sinus hyperbolico) to refer to hyperbolic functions.
Lambert adopted the names but altered the abbreviations to what they are today.[11] The A ray through the unit hyperbola in
the point where is twice the
abbreviations sh and ch are still used in some other languages, like French and Russian.
area between the ray, the hyperbola, and the -
axis. For points on the hyperbola below the -axis,
the area is considered negative (see animated
Contents version with comparison with the trigonometric
(circular) functions).
1 Definitions
2 Characterizing properties
2.1 Hyperbolic cosine
2.2 Hyperbolic tangent
3 Useful relations
3.1 Sums of arguments
3.2 Subtraction formulas
3.3 Half argument formulas
4 Inverse functions as logarithms
5 Derivatives
6 Second derivatives
7 Standard integrals
8 Taylor series expressions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_function Page 1 of 11
9 Comparison with circular functions

10 Identities
11 Relationship to the exponential function
12 Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Definitions
There are various equivalent ways for defining the hyperbolic functions. They may be defined in terms of the
exponential function:
Hyperbolic sine:
Hyperbolic cosine:
sinh, cosh and tanh
Hyperbolic tangent:
csch, sech and coth

Hyperbolic cotangent:
Hyperbolic secant:
(a) cosh(x) is the

average of ex and e−x
Hyperbolic cosecant:
The hyperbolic functions may be defined as solutions of differential equations: The hyperbolic sine and cosine are the unique solution (s, c) of the
system
such that s(0) = 0 and c(0) = 1.
They are also the unique solution of the equation such that for the hyperbolic cosine, and
for the hyperbolic sine.
Hyperbolic functions may also be deduced from trigonometric functions with complex arguments:
Hyperbolic sine:
Hyperbolic cosine:
Hyperbolic tangent:
Hyperbolic cotangent:
(b) sinh(x) is half the

difference of ex and e−x
Hyperbolic secant:
Hyperbolic cosecant:
where i is the imaginary unit with the property that
The complex forms in the definitions above derive from Euler's formula.
Characterizing properties
Hyperbolic cosine
It can be shown that the area under the curve of cosh (x) over a finite interval is always equal to the arc length corresponding to that interval:[12]
Hyperbolic tangent
The hyperbolic tangent is the solution to the differential equation with f(0)=0 and the nonlinear boundary value problem:[13] [14]
Useful relations
Odd and even functions:
Hence:
It can be seen that cosh x and sech x are even functions; the others are odd functions.
Hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy:
the last which is similar to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity.
One also has
for the other functions.
Sums of arguments
particularly
Also:
Subtraction formulas
Also:
Source.[15]
Half argument formulas
where sgn is the sign function.
If x ≠ 0, then
[16]
Inverse functions as logarithms
Derivatives
Second derivatives
Sinh and cosh are both equal to their second derivative, that is:
All functions with this property are linear combinations of sinh and cosh, in particular the exponential functions and , and the zero function
.
Standard integrals
The following integrals can be proved using hyperbolic substitution:
where C is the constant of integration.
Taylor series expressions

It is possible to express the above functions as Taylor series:
The function sinh x has a Taylor series expression with only odd exponents for x. Thus it is an odd function, that is, −sinh x = sinh(−x), and
sinh 0 = 0.
The function cosh x has a Taylor series expression with only even exponents for x. Thus it is an even function, that is, symmetric with respect to the y-
axis. The sum of the sinh and cosh series is the infinite series expression of the exponential function.
where:
is the nth Bernoulli number

is the nth Euler number
Comparison with circular functions

The hyperbolic functions represent an expansion of trigonometry beyond the circular functions.
Both types depend on an argument, either circular angle or hyperbolic angle.
Since the area of a circular sector with radius r and angle u is it will be equal to u when r =
square root of 2. In the diagram such a circle is tangent to the hyperbola xy = 1 at (1,1). The yellow
sector depicts an area and angle magnitude. Similarly, the yellow and red sectors together depict an
area and hyperbolic angle magnitude.
The legs of the two right triangles with hypotenuse on the ray defining the angles are of length √2
times the circular and hyperbolic functions.
The hyperbolic angle is an invariant measure with respect to the squeeze mapping, just as the
circular angle is invariant under rotation.[17]
Circle and hyperbola tangent at (1,1)
Identities display geometry of circular functions in

terms of circular sector area u and
The hyperbolic functions satisfy many identities, all of them similar in form to the trigonometric hyperbolic functions depending on
hyperbolic sector area u.
identities. In fact, Osborn's rule[18] states that one can convert any trigonometric identity into a
hyperbolic identity by expanding it completely in terms of integral powers of sines and cosines,
changing sine to sinh and cosine to cosh, and switching the sign of every term which contains a product of 2, 6, 10, 14, ... sinhs. This yields for
example the addition theorems
the "double argument formulas"
and the "half-argument formulas"[19]
Note: This is equivalent to its circular counterpart multiplied by −1.
Note: This corresponds to its circular counterpart.
The derivative of sinh x is cosh x and the derivative of cosh x is sinh x; this is similar to trigonometric functions, albeit the sign is different (i.e., the
derivative of cos x is −sin x).
The Gudermannian function gives a direct relationship between the circular functions and the hyperbolic ones that does not involve complex
numbers.
The graph of the function a cosh(x/a) is the catenary, the curve formed by a uniform flexible chain hanging freely between two fixed points under
uniform gravity.
Relationship to the exponential function

From the definitions of the hyperbolic sine and cosine, we can derive the following identities:
and
These expressions are analogous to the expressions for sine and cosine, based on Euler's formula, as sums of complex exponentials.
Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers

Since the exponential function can be defined for any complex argument, we can extend the definitions of the hyperbolic functions also to complex
arguments. The functions sinh z and cosh z are then holomorphic.
Relationships to ordinary trigonometric functions are given by Euler's formula for complex numbers:
so:
Thus, hyperbolic functions are periodic with respect to the imaginary component, with period ( for hyperbolic tangent and cotangent).
Hyperbolic functions in the complex plane
See also
e (mathematical constant)
Equal incircles theorem, based on sinh
Inverse hyperbolic functions
List of integrals of hyperbolic functions
Poinsot's spirals
Sigmoid function
Trigonometric functions
References
1. (1999) Collins Concise Dictionary, 4th edition, HarperCollins, Glasgow, ISBN 0 00 472257 4, p. 1386
2. Collins Concise Dictionary, p. 328
6. tanh (http://www.mathcentre.ac.uk/resources/workbooks/mathcentre/hyperbolicfunctions.pdf)
7. Woodhouse, N. M. J. (2003), Special Relativity, London: Springer, p. 71, ISBN 1-85233-426-6
8. Abramowitz, Milton; Stegun, Irene A., eds. (1972), Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, New
York: Dover Publications, ISBN 978-0-486-61272-0
9. Some examples of using arcsinh (https://www.google.com/books?q=arcsinh+-library) found in Google Books.
10. Robert E. Bradley, Lawrence A. D'Antonio, Charles Edward Sandifer. Euler at 300: an appreciation. Mathematical Association of America, 2007.
Page 100.
11. Georg F. Becker. Hyperbolic functions. Read Books, 1931. Page xlviii.
12. N.P., Bali (2005). Golden Integral Calculus (https://books.google.com/books?id=hfi2bn2Ly4cC&pg=PA472). Firewall Media. p. 472. ISBN 81-
7008-169-6.
13. Eric W. Weisstein. "Hyperbolic Tangent" (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicTangent.html). MathWorld. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
14. "Derivation of tanh solution to 1/2 f′′=f^3−f.." (http://math.stackexchange.com/q/1670143/88985) Math StackExchange. Retrieved 18 March
2016.
15. Martin, George E. (1986). The foundations of geometry and the non-euclidean plane (1., corr. Springer ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 416.
ISBN 3-540-90694-0.
ISBN 3-540-90694-0.
16. "math.stackexchange.com/q/1565753/88985" (http://math.stackexchange.com/q/1565753/88985). StackExchange (mathematics). Retrieved
24 January 2016.
17. Mellen W. Haskell, "On the introduction of the notion of hyperbolic functions", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 1:6:155–9, full text (
http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1895-01-06/S0002-9904-1895-00266-9/S0002-9904-1895-00266-9.pdf)
18. Osborn, G. (July 1902). "Mnemonic for hyperbolic formulae". The Mathematical Gazette. 2 (34): 189. JSTOR 3602492 (https://www.jstor.org/stab
le/3602492).
19. Peterson, John Charles (2003). Technical mathematics with calculus (https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC) (3rd ed.). Cengage
Learning. p. 1155. ISBN 0-7668-6189-9., Chapter 26, page 1155 (https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuSDjHvircC&pg=PA1155)
External links
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001) [1994], "Hyperbolic functions" (https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/h048250), Encyclopedia of
Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Hyperbolic functions (http://planetmath.org/hyperbolicfunctions) on PlanetMath
Hyperbolic functions (http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperbolicFunctions.html) entry at MathWorld
GonioLab (https://web.archive.org/web/20071006172054/http://glab.trixon.se/): Visualization of the unit circle, trigonometric and hyperbolic
functions (Java Web Start)
Web-based calculator of hyperbolic functions (http://www.calctool.org/CALC/math/trigonometry/hyperbolic)
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Hyperbolic function - Wikipedia 12/7/17, 12'36 PM

9 Comparison with circular functions

csch, sech and coth

(a) cosh(x) is the

such that s(0) = 0 and c(0) = 1.

(b) sinh(x) is half the

where i is the imaginary unit with the property that

Hyperbolic sine and cosine satisfy:

the last which is similar to the Pythagorean trigonometric identity.

One also has

for the other functions.

Half argument formulas

where sgn is the sign function.

Inverse functions as logarithms

The following integrals can be proved using hyperbolic substitution:

where C is the constant of integration.

Taylor series expressions

is the nth Bernoulli number

Comparison with circular functions

Identities display geometry of circular functions in

the "double argument formulas"

and the "half-argument formulas"[19]

Note: This is equivalent to its circular counterpart multiplied by −1.

Note: This corresponds to its circular counterpart.

Relationship to the exponential function

Hyperbolic functions for complex numbers

Hyperbolic functions in the complex plane

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyperbolic_function&oldid=813630862"

This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 12:31.

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