Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Lab 1.1A – Converting IPv4 addresses to Binary

Objectives:
Part 1: Convert IPv4 addresses from dotted decimal to binary.
Part 2: Use BITWISE and ANDing operation to determine network addresses.
Part 3: Apply network address calculations.

Background / Scenario

Every IPv4 address is comprised of two parts: a network portion and a host portion.
The network portion of an address is the same for all devices that reside in the same
network. The host portion identifies a specific host within a given network. The
subnet mask is used to determine the network portion of an IP address. Devices on
the same network can communicate directly; devices on different networks require
an intermediary Layer 3 device, such as a router, to communicate.

To understand the operation of devices on a network, we need to look at addresses

the way devices do—in binary notation. To do this, we must convert the dotted
decimal form of an IP address and its subnet mask to binary notation. After this has
been done, we can use the bitwise ANDing operation to determine the network
address.

This lab provides instructions on how to determine the network and host portion of
IP addresses by converting addresses and subnet masks from dotted decimal to
binary, and then using the bitwise ANDing operation.

You will then apply this information to identify addresses in the network.

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Part 1: Convert IPv4 Addresses from Dotted Decimal to Binary

In Part 1, you will convert decimal numbers to their binary equivalent. After you have
mastered this activity, you will convert IPv4 addresses and subnet masks from dotted
decimal to their binary form.

Step 1: Convert decimal numbers to their binary equivalent.

Fill in the following table by converting the decimal number to an 8-bit binary number.
The first number has been completed for your reference. Recall that the eight binary
bit values in an octet are based on the powers of 2, and from left to right are 128, 64,
32, 16, 8, 4, 2, and 1.

Deimal Binary

192 11000000
168
10
255
2

Step 2: Step 2: Convert the IPv4 addresses to their binary equivalent.

An IPv4 address can be converted using the same technique you used above. Fill in
the table below with the binary equivalent of the addresses provided. To make your
answers easier to read, separate the binary octets with a period.

Decimal Binary

192.168.10.10 11000000.10101000.00001010.00001010
209.165.200.229 `
172.16.18.183
10.86.252.17
255.255.255.128
255.255.192.0

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Part 2: Use Bitwise ANDing Operation to Determine Network

Addresses
In Part 2, you will use the bitwise ANDing operation to calculate the network address
for the provided host addresses. You will first need to convert an IPv4 decimal
address and subnet mask to their binary equivalent. Once you have the binary form
of the network address, convert it to its decimal form.
Note: The ANDing process compares the binary value in each bit position of the
32-bit host IP with the corresponding position in the 32-bit subnet mask. If there
two 0s or a 0 and a 1, the ANDing result is 0. If there are two 1s, the result is a 1,
as shown in the example here.

Step 1: Determine the number of bits will use to calculate the network address.

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 192.168.10.131 11000000.10101000.00001010.10000011

Subnet Mask 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
Network Address 192.168.10.128 11000000.10101000.00001010.10000000

a) How do you determine what bits to use to calculate the network address?

b) In the example above, how many bits are used to calculate the network address?

Step 2: Use the ANDing operation to determine the network address.

a. Enter the missing information into the table below:

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 172.16.145.29
Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0
Network Address

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b. Enter the missing information into the table below:

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 192.168.10.10
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Network Address

c. Enter the missing information into the table below:

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 192.168.68.210
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.128
Network Address

d. Enter the missing information into the table below:

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 172.16.188.15
Subnet Mask 255.255.240.0
Network Address

e. Enter the missing information into the table below:

Description Decimal Binary

IP Address 10.172.2.8
Subnet Mask 255.224.0.0
Network Address

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Part 3: Apply Network Address Calculations

In Part 3, you must calculate the network address for the given IP addresses and subnet masks.
After you have the network address, you should be able to determine the responses needed to
complete the lab.

Step 1: Determine whether IP addresses are on same network.

a. You are configuring two PCs for your network. PC-A is given an IP address of
192.168.1.18, and PC-B is given an IP address of 192.168.1.33. Both PCs receive a
subnet mask of 255.255.255.240.

i. What is the network address for PC-A? What is the network address for PC-B?

ii. Will these PCs be able to communicate directly with each other?

iii. What is the highest address that can be given to PC-B that allows it to be on the
same network as PC-A?

iv. What is the lowest address that can be given to PC-B that allows it to be on the
same network as PC-A?

b. You are configuring two PCs for your network. PC-A is given an IP address of
10.0.0.16, and PC-B is given an IP address of 10.1.14.68. Both PCs receive a subnet
mask of 255.254.0.0.
i. What is the network address for PC-A?

ii. What is the network address for PC-B?

iii. Will these PCs be able to communicate directly with each other?

iv. What is the lowest address that can be given to PC-B that allows it to be on the
same network as PC-A?

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Step 2: Identify the default gateway address.

a. Your company has a policy to use the first IP address in a network as the default gateway
address. A host on the local-area network (LAN) has an IP address of 172.16.140.24 and a
subnet mask of 255.255.192.0.
i. What is the network address for this network?

ii. What is the default gateway address for this host?

b. Your company has a policy to use the first IP address in a network as the default gateway
address. You have been instructed to configure a new server with an IP address of
192.168.184.227 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.248.
i. What is the network address for this network?

ii. What is the default gateway for this server?

Reflection
Why is the subnet mask important in determining the network address?

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Lab 1.1B – Understanding IPv4 Addresses

Objectives
Part 1: Identify IPv4 Addresses
• Identify the network and host portion of an IP address.
• Identify the range of host addresses given a network/prefix mask pair.
Part 2: Classify IPv4 Addresses
• Identify the type of address (network, host, multicast, or broadcast).
• Identify whether an address is public or private.
• Determine if an address assignment is a valid host address.

Background / Scenario
Addressing is an important function of network layer protocols because it enables data
communication between hosts on the same network, or on different networks. In this lab, you will
examine the structure of Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) addresses. You will identify the various
types of IPv4 addresses and the components that help comprise the address, such as network
portion, host portion, and subnet mask. Types of addresses covered include public, private,
unicast, and multicast.

Required Resources
• Device with Internet access
• Optional: Calculator

Part 1: Identify IPv4 Addresses

In Part 1, you will be given several examples of IPv4 addresses and will complete tables with
appropriate information.

Step 1: Analyze the table shown below and identify the network portion and host
portion of the given IPv4 addresses.
The first two rows show examples of how the table should be completed.
Key for table:
N = all 8 bits for an octet are in the network portion of the address
n = a bit in the network portion of the address
H = all 8 bits for an octet are in the host portion of the address
h = a bit in the host portion of the address

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Network/Host
N,n = Network
IP Address/Prefix H,h = Host Subnet Mask Network Address

192.168.10.10/24 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 192.168.10.0

10.101.99.17/23

209.165.200.227/27

172.31.45.252/24

10.1.8.200/26

172.16.117.77/20

10.1.1.101/25

209.165.202.140/27

192.168.28.45/28

Step 2: Analyze the table below and list the range of host and broadcast addresses
given a network/prefix mask pair.
The first row shows an example of how the table should be completed.

Last Host Broadcast

IP Address/Prefix First Host Address Address Address

192.168.10.10/24 192.168.10.1 192.168.10.254 192.168.10.255

10.101.99.17/23

209.165.200.227/27

172.31.45.252/24

10.1.8.200/26

172.16.117.77/20

10.1.1.101/25

209.165.202.140/27

192.168.28.45/28

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Part 2: Classify IPv4 Addresses

In Part 2, you will identify and classify several examples of IPv4 addresses.

Step 1: Analyze the table shown below and identify the type of address (network,
host, multicast, or broadcast address).
The first row shows an example of how the table should be completed.

IP Address Subnet Mask Address Type

10.1.1.1 255.255.255.252 host

192.168.33.63 255.255.255.192

239.192.1.100 255.252.0.0

172.25.12.52 255.255.255.0

10.255.0.0 255.0.0.0

172.16.128.48 255.255.255.240

209.165.202.159 255.255.255.224

172.16.0.255 255.255.0.0

224.10.1.11 255.255.255.0

Step 2: Analyze the table shown below and identify the address as public or private.

IP Address/Prefix Public or Private

209.165.201.30/27

192.168.255.253/24

10.100.11.103/16

172.30.1.100/28

192.31.7.11/24

172.20.18.150/22

128.107.10.1/16

192.135.250.10/24

64.104.0.11/16

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Step 3: Analyze the table shown below and identify whether the address/prefix pair
is a valid host address.

IP Address/Prefix Valid Host Address? Reason

127.1.0.10/24

172.16.255.0/16

241.19.10.100/24

192.168.0.254/24

192.31.7.255/24

64.102.255.255/14

224.0.0.5/16

10.0.255.255/8

198.133.219.8/24

Reflection
Why should we continue to study and learn about IPv4 addressing if the available IPv4 address
space is depleted?

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Lab 1.1C– Subnetting Network Topologies

Objectives
Parts 1 to 5, for each network topology:
• Determine the number of subnets by viewing network topology.
• Design an appropriate addressing scheme.
• Assign addresses and subnet mask pairs to device interfaces.
• Examine the use of the available network address space and future growth potential.

Background / Scenario
When given a network topology, it is important to be able to determine the number of subnets
required. In this lab, several scenario topologies will be provided, along with a base network
address and mask. You will subnet the network address and provide an IP addressing scheme
that will accommodate the number of subnets displayed in the topology diagram. You must
determine the number of bits to borrow the number of hosts per subnet, and potential for growth
as specified by the instructions.

Required Resources
• Optional: Calculator

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Part 1: Network Topology A

In Part 1, you have been given the 192.168.10.0/24 network address to subnet, with the following
topology. Determine the number of networks needed and then design an appropriate addressing
scheme.

Step 1: Determine the number of subnets in Network Topology A.

a. How many subnets are there?

b. How many bits should you borrow to create the required number of subnets?

c. How many usable host addresses per subnet are in this addressing scheme?

d. What is the new subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

e. How many subnets are available for future use?

Step 2: Record the subnet information.

Fill in the following table with the subnet information:

Subnet First Usable Host Last Usable Host Broadcast

Number Subnet Address Address Address Address

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Part 2: Network Topology B

The network topology from Part 1 has expanded to accommodate the addition of router R3 and its
accompanying network, as illustrated in the following topology. Use the 192.168.10.0/24 network
address to provide addresses to the network devices, and then design a new addressing scheme
to support the additional network requirement.

Step 1: Determine the number of subnets in Network Topology B.

a. How many subnets are there?

b. How many bits should you borrow to create the required number of subnets?

c. How many usable host addresses per subnet are in this addressing scheme?

d. What is the new subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

e. How many subnets are available for future use?

Step 2: Record the subnet information.

Fill in the following table with the subnet information:

Subnet First Usable Host Last Usable Host Broadcast

Number Subnet Address Address Address Address

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Part 3: Network Topology C

The topology has changed again with a new LAN added to R2 and a redundant link between R1
and R3. Use the 192.168.10.0/24 network address to provide addresses to the network devices.
Also provide an IP address scheme that will accommodate these additional devices. For this
topology, assign a subnet to each network.

Step 1: Determine the number of subnets in Network Topology C.

a. How many subnets are there?

b. How many bits should you borrow to create the required number of subnets?

c. How many usable host addresses per subnet are in this addressing scheme?

d. What is the new subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

e. How many subnets are available for future use?

Step 2: Record the subnet information.

Fill in the following table with the subnet information:

Subnet First Usable Host Last Usable Host Broadcast

Number Subnet Address Address Address Address

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Step 3: Assign addresses to network devices in the subnets.

a. Fill in the following table with IP addresses and subnet masks for the router interfaces:

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask

R1 GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

R2 GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

R3 GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

b. Fill in the following table with the IP addresses and subnet masks for devices in the LAN as
displayed in topology.

Default
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway

PC-A NIC

PC-B NIC

S1 VLAN 1

PC-C NIC

PC-D NIC

S2 VLAN 1

PC-E NIC

PC-F NIC

S3 VLAN 1

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Part 4: Network Topology D

The network was modified to accommodate changes in the organization. The 192.168.10.0/24
network address is used to provide the addresses in the network.

Step 1: Determine the number of subnets in Network Topology D.

a. How many subnets are there?

b. How many bits should you borrow to create the required number of subnets?

c. How many usable host addresses per subnet are in this addressing scheme?

d. What is the new subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

e. How many subnets are available for future use?

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Step 2: Record the subnet information.

Fill in the following table with the subnet information.

Subnet First Usable Host Last Usable Host Broadcast

Number Subnet Address Address Address Address

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Part 5: Network Topology E

The organization has a network address of 172.16.128.0/17 to be divided as illustrated in the
following topology. You must choose an addressing scheme that can accommodate the number
of networks and hosts in the topology.

Step 1: Determine the number of subnets in Network Topology E.

a. How many subnets are there?

b. How many bits should you borrow to create the required number of subnets?

c. How many usable host addresses per subnet are in this addressing scheme?

d. What is the new subnet mask in dotted decimal format?

e. How many subnets are available for future use?

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Step 2: Record the subnet information.

Fill in the following table with the subnet information:

Subnet First Usable Host Last Usable Host Broadcast

Number Subnet Address Address Address Address

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

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 Switching & Routing Essentials (DFN4043)

Step 3: Assign addresses to network devices in the subnets.

a. Fill in the following table with IP addresses and subnet masks for the router interfaces:

Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask

R1 GigabitEthernet 0/0

GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

R2 GigabitEthernet 0/0

GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

R3 GigabitEthernet 0/0

GigabitEthernet 0/1

Serial 0/0/0

Serial 0/0/1

Reflection
1. What information is needed when determining an appropriate addressing scheme for a network?

2. After the subnets are assigned, will all the host addresses be utilized in each subnet?

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