Vector Integration - GATE Study

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In the previous article we have seen about the basics of vector calculus. In these
GATE 2018 Study Notes we will learn about Vector Integration. A vector has both
magnitude and direction whereas a scalar has only magnitude. Let us now see how to
perform certain operations on vectors.

These GATE study material are useful for GATE EE, GATE EC, GATE CS, GATE ME,
GATE CE and all other branches. Also useful for exams such as DRDO, IES, BARC,
BSNL, ISRO etc. You can have these notes downloaded as PDF so that your exam
preparation is made easy and you ace your paper. Before you get started, go through
the basics of Engineering Mathematics.

Recommended Reading –

Types of Matrices

Properties of Matrices

Rank of a Matrix & Its Properties

Solution of a System of Linear Equations

Eigen Values & Eigen Vectors

Linear Algebra Revision Test 1

Laplace Transforms

1|Page
 Limits, Continuity & Differentiability

Mean Value Theorems

Differentiation

Partial Differentiation

Maxima and Minima

Methods of Integration & Standard Integrals

Vector Calculus

Rules of Vector Integration

d
Let [f⃗(t)] = F
⃗⃗(t) ⇒ ⃗f(t) = ∫ F
⃗⃗ (t)dt + c is called vector integration.
dt

b
1. ∫a ⃗f(t) dt = F(b) − F(a)
b a
2. ∫a ⃗f(t) dt = − ∫b ⃗f(t) dt
b c b
3. ∫a ⃗f(t) dt = ∫a ⃗f(t) dt + ∫c ⃗f(t) dt

Example 1:
1
Find the value of ∫0 (tî + t 2 ĵ + t 3 k̂) ⋅ dt

Solution:

1
1 t2 t3 t4
∫0 (tî + t 2 ĵ + t 3 k̂) ⋅ dt = [ 2 î + 3
ĵ + 4
k̂]
0

1 1 1
= [2] î + 3 ĵ + 4 k̂

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Generally, integrals are classified as line integrals, surface integrals and volume
integrals.

Line Integrals
An integral which is to evaluated along the curve is called line integral

Let ⃗F⃗ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂ and r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂

Consider r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂ then dr⃗ = îdx + dyĵ + dzk̂

⃗⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = ∫ [F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂] ⋅ [îdx + ĵdy + k̂dz]

∴ ∫cF c

= ∫c[F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz] where C is open curve

⃗⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ is called the circulation then we need to Put x = r cos θ,

If C is a close curve then ∮ F
y = r sin θ and θ = 0 to θ = 2π solve the given integration.

Example 2:

Find the value of ∫c⃗F⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ if F = xî − yĵ and c is given by x 2 + y 2 = 4

Solution:

∫c⃗F⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = ∫c F1 dxî + F2 dyĵ

= ∫c(xdx − ydy)

Put, x = 2 sin θ , y = 2 cos θ

dx = 2 cos θdθ and dy = −2 sin θdθ

2π
∫0 [2 sin θ(2 cos θ)dθ] − [2 cos θ(−2 sin θ)] dθ

2π 2π
∫0 8 cos θ sin θ dθ = 4 ∫0 sin 2θ dθ
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 −1
=4⋅ [cos 2θ]2π
0 = −2[1 − 1] = 0
2

∴ ∫c⃗F⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = 0

Note:

⃗⃗ is force then the total work done by a force is ∫ F

If F ⃗⃗ ⋅ dr⃗.
c

⃗⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = 0 ⇒ F
If ∫cF ⃗⃗ is called conservative force.

Green’s Theorem
If M(x,y) and N (x,y) are continuous and having continuous first order partial
derivatives bounded by a closed curve ‘C’ then

2 2 x y ∂N ∂M
∫c(Mdx + Ndy) = ∫x ∫y ( ∂x − ∂y
) dydx
1 1

Example 3:

Find the value of ∫c(3x + 4y) dx + (2x − 2y)dy where C ∶ x 2 + y 2 = 4

Solution:

Here M = 3x + 4y, N = 2x − 3y

∂M ∂N
=4 =2
∂y ∂x

∂N ∂M
By Green’s theorem ∫R(Mdx + Ndy) = ∫ ∫ ( ∂x − ) dxdy
∂y

= −2 ∫ ∫ dxdy = (−2)(πr 2 ) = −8π

Multiple Integrals
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They are mainly classified as

1. Double Integrals
2. Triple Integrals

1. Double Integrals

∫R ∫ f(x,y) dx dy is called the double integral where R ϵ [(x1, x2)(y1, y2)]

Methods to Evaluate Double Integrals

Method 1:

If y1, y2 are functions of x only and x1, x2 are constants then the order of integration is
first integral is with respect to “y” treating x- as a constant then the remaining
expression integrate with respect to x.

x2 =b y2 =f(x2 )
∫R ∫ f(x, y)dydx = ∫x ∫ f(x, y) ⋅ dy ⋅ dx
1 =a y1 =f(x1 )

Example 4:

1 √1+x2 dydx
Find the value of ∫x=0 ∫y=0 1+x2 +y2

Solution:

1 √1+x2 dydx 1 1 y √1+x2

∫x=0 ∫y=0 = ∫0 ⋅ [tan−1 (√1+x2)] ⋅ dx
1+x2 +y2 √1+x2 0

1 1 (√1+x2 )
= ∫0 √1+x2
[tan−1 √1+x2
] ⋅ dx

1 1 π
= ∫0 √1+x2
tan−1 (1) ⋅ dx = 4 ⋅ [sin h−1 (x)]10

π
= 4 ⋅ [sin h−1 (1) − sin h−1 (0)]

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 π π
= 4 ⋅ [log(1 + √1 + 1)] = 4 log(1 + √2)

Method 2:

If x1, x2 are functions of y only, and y1, y2 are constant then the order of integration is
first w.r.t x treating y as constant and then integrate remaining expression w.r.t. y

y2 =d x2 =ϕ(y)
∫R ∫ f(x, y)dxdy = ∫y ∫ f(x, y) ⋅ dxdy
1 =c x1 =ϕ(y)

Example 5:
1 y
Find the value of ∫y=0 ∫x=√𝐲(x + y) dxdy

Solution:
y 3
1 x2 1 y2 y
∫0 [ 2 + xy] ⋅ dy = ∫0 ( 2 + y 2 ) − (2 + y 2 )
√y

5 1
y3 y3 y2 2y2
= [6 + − − ]
3 4 5
0

1 1 1 2
=6+3−4−5

10+20−15−24 30−39 −9 −3
= = = =
60 60 60 20

Area Using Double Integral:

x y
Area = ∫ ∫ dA = ∫ ∫R dydx = ∫x 2 ∫y 2 dydx
1 1

Example 6:

Find the area bounded between the curves y = x2, y = x

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Solution:

1 x
Area = ∫0 ∫x2⋅ dy. dx

1 1 x2 x3 1 1 1
= ∫0 [y]xx2 ⋅ dx = ∫0 (x − x 2 ) ⋅ dx = [ 2 − 3 ] = 2 − 3 = 6
0

2. Triple Integrals

Triple integral is defined as ∫ ∫R ∫ f(x, y, z)dxdydz

The order of integration:-

If z1, z2 are function of x and y and y1, y2 are function of x and x1, x2 are constant the
order of integration is

x2 =b y2 =f(x) z2 =ψ(x,y)
f(x, y, z). dz dy dx
∫x =a ∫y =f(x) ∫z =ϕ(x,y) [[[ ↓ ] ↓ ] ↓ ]
1 1 1
(1) (2) (3)

Example 7:
1 x y
Find the value of ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 xyz dz dy dx

Solution:
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 y
1 x y 1 x z2 1 1 x
∫0 ∫0 ∫0 xyz dz dy dx = ∫0 ∫0 xy [ 2 ] dy ⋅ dx = 2 ∫0 ∫0 xy 3 ⋅ dy ⋅ dx
0

4 x
1 1 [y ]0
= [ ∫ x ⋅ dx]
2 0 4

1
1 1 [x6 ]0 1
= 8 [∫0 x 5 ⋅ dx] = = 48
8(6)

Surface Integrals
An integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called surface integral.

Mathematical formula for surface integral is = ∫s ∫ ⃗F⃗ ⋅ ⃗N

⃗⃗ ds

where ⃗F⃗ = F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂

⃗⃗⃗ = Outward unit normal vector and ds = projection of surface on to the planes
N

Method To Evaluate Surface Integral:

1. If the surface S is on to XY (Z = 0) plane then

̂ ds = ∫x2 ∫y2 F
⃗⃗ ⋅ N
∫ ∫S F ̂ dydx
⃗⃗ ⋅ N
x y 1 |N1 ̂|
̂ ⋅k

⃗⃗
̂ = ∇ϕ if ϕ(x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N
where N ̂ = k̂.
⃗⃗ϕ|
|∇

2. If the surface S is on to XZ (Y = 0) plane then

̂ ds = ∫x2 ∫z2 ⃗F⃗ ⋅ N

∫ ∫S ⃗F⃗ ⋅ N ̂ dzdx
x z 1 ̂ ⋅ĵ |
|N
1

⃗∇⃗ϕ
̂=
where N ̂ = ĵ
if ϕ(x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N
⃗⃗ϕ|
|∇

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3. If the surface S is on to YZ (X = 0) plane then

̂ ds = ∫x2 ∫y2 F
⃗⃗ ⋅ N
∫S ∫ F ̂ ⋅ dydz
⃗⃗ ⋅ N
x y 1 ̂ ⋅î|
|N1

⃗⃗
̂ = ∇ϕ if ϕ(x, y, z) = c is given otherwise N
where N ̂ = î
⃗⃗ϕ|
|∇

Example 8:

⃗⃗ ⋅ N
The value of ∫ ∫sF ⃗⃗ = zî + xĵ − 3y 2 k̂ and s is the surface of cylinder
̂ ds where F

x 2 + y 2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0, z = 5 is.

Solution:

ϕ = x 2 + y 2 − 16 and

⃗⃗
̂ = ∇ϕ = î(2x)+ĵ(2y) =
N
xî+yĵ
=
xî+yĵ
⃗⃗ϕ|
|∇ 2 2
2√x +y √x2 +y2 4

̂ = zx+xy
⃗F⃗ ⋅ N
4

̂ ds = ∫ ∫ x(z+y) ⋅ ds
∫s ∫ ⃗F⃗ ⋅ N s 4

x 2 + y 2 = 16 put x = 0 ⇒ y = ±4

x
̂ ⋅ î| =
Let the surface s is projected on to YZ plane, and |N 4

̂ ds = ∫5 ∫4 x (z + y) ⋅ dzdy (4)
∫ ∫s⃗F⃗ ⋅ N z=0 0 4 x

5 y2 5
∫z=0 (zy + ) ⋅ dz = ∫0 (4z + 8)dz = [2z 2 + 8z]50
2

= 50 + 40 = 90

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Stoke’s Theorem
According to this theorem, let S be the two sided open surface bounded by a closed
curve “C” and ⃗F⃗ be differentiable vector function then

⃗⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = ∫ ∫ (∇
∮C F ⃗⃗ × F
⃗⃗) ⋅ N
̂ ds
S

It gives relation between line integral and surface integral.

Example 9:

By Stoke’s theorem the value of ∫ r ⋅ dr⃗ where c is x 2 + y 2 = 16, z = 0 is where

r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂

Solution:

⃗⃗ × r⃗) ⋅ N
∫ r⃗ ⋅ dr⃗ = ∫ ∫(∇ ̂ ⋅ ds

î ĵ k̂
⃗∇⃗ × r⃗ = |∂x ∂y ∂z| = î(0) + ĵ(0) + k̂(0) = 0
x y z

̂ (ds) = 0
∫cr⃗ ⋅ dr = ∫ ∫(0) ⋅ N

Volume Integrals
⃗⃗dv is called volume integral and it is given as
The integral ∫ ∫ ∫V F

x y z
= ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2(F1 î + F2 ĵ + F3 k̂) ⋅ dzdydx
1 1 1

x y z x y z x y z
= î ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2 F1 dzdydx + ĵ ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2 F2 dzdydx + k̂ ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2 F3 dzdydx
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

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Gauss Divergence Theorem
It gives relation between surface integral to volume integral.

Definition:

⃗⃗ be a differentiable vector
Let ‘V’ be the volume bounded by a closed surface S and F
function then

⃗⃗ ⋅ N
∫ ∫S(F ̂ )ds = ∫ ∫ ∫(∇
⃗⃗ ⋅ ⃗F⃗) dv
V

x y z ∂F ∂F2 ∂F3
= ∫x 2 ∫y 2 ∫z 2 ( ∂x1 + + ) dzdydx
1 1 1 ∂y ∂z

Example 10:

̂ ds where r⃗ = xî + yĵ + zk̂ and S

By Gauss Divergence theorem find the value of ∫ ∫sr⃗ ⋅ N
is the surface of the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

Solution:

⃗⃗ ⋅ r⃗ = ∂ (x) + ∂ (y) + ∂ (z) = 3

∇ ∂x ∂y ∂z

̂ ds = ∫ ∫ ∫(3) ⋅ dv
∫ ∫S r⃗ ⋅ N

4π
= 3 ( 3 r 3 ) = 4π

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