THE AB’S ROWLAND SCHOOL

Physics Project
Logic gates and its type
Urooj Khan

2017

SUBMITTED TO:SHASHI SIR

 Acknowledgment
I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my computer science
teacher Mr. Shashi Sir for their vital
support guidance and encouragement
without which this project would not
have come forth from my side.
I would like to thank my parents and
friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.
 Introduction
A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical
Relationship between the input and output voltages. It is a
Digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through as
Stop, it is called a gate.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They

Are used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input
Voltage) into another (output voltage) according to some logical
Statement relating them.

A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one
Output. The relationship between the possible values of input
And output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called
Truth table or table of combination.

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input
And output possibilities for the logic gate.

George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra

Based on binary nature at the logic, this algebra of logic called
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement can have only two
values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN,
YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE,
CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING etc. The two values of
logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The
binary number 1 is used to denote the high value. The logical
statements that logic gates follow are called Boolean expressions.
 Principle
Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with inputs
and outputs represent the statements of Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all be
constructed from three basic devices. We have three different
types of logic gates .These are the AND gate, the OR gate and
the NOT gate.

LOGIC STATES
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No
 BASIC GATES
THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and
one output. The logic gate of OR gate with A and B input
and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+) is referred as

the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y, indicates Y equals
A OR B.

THE AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to

give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs
and one output. The logic gate of AND gate with A and B
input
and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is

referred as the AND. The Boolean expression: A.B=Y,
indicates Y equals A AND B.
THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT is a one input and one output. The logic
gate of NOT gate with A and Y output is shown below:

In Boolean algebra, bar symbol (_) is referred as the

NOT. The Boolean expression: X’ =Y, indicates Y equals NOT
A.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE
CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making
use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the
battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present case) corresponds to
level
1. The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

The following interference can be easily drawn from the

working of electrical circuit is:
a) If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0),
hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.

Truth Table:
Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 1
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.

Theory and Construction:

An AND gate can be realize by the electronic circuit, making
use of two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure.

The resistance R is connected to the positive terminal of a 5V

battery permanently. Here the negative terminal of the
battery is grounded and corresponds to the 0 level, and the
positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in the present
case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C
w.r.t.
earth.
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit:
a) If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will
glow, hence Y=1.

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 1
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However an
electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use
of a n-p-n transistor as shown in the figure.

The base B of the transistor is connected to the input A

through a resistance Rb and the emitter E is earthed. The
collector is connected to 5V battery. The output Y is voltage
at C w.r.t. earth.

The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the

working of the electrical circuit:
a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow, hence
Y=1.
b) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow,
hence Y=0.

Truth Table
Input A Output Y

0 1

1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n
transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of OR gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NOR.The output Y is
voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B,

and is being read as ‘A OR B negated’. The following
interference can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit is:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not
glow, hence Y=0.

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

1 1 0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an
ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of AND gate to the input of a
NOT gate the gate obtained is called NAND.The output Y is
voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed as

Y=A.B, and is being
read as ‘A AND B negated’. The following interference can
be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
c) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow,
hence Y=1.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not
glow,
hence Y=0.

Truth Table
Input A Input B Output Y

0 0 1

1 0 1

0 1 1

1 1 0
Some Common Applications of Logic Gates
During the course of discussion about various digital logic
gates, we have mainly discussed about the design, property
and operation of them. In this article we will look at various
applications of logic gates. Their applications are determined
mainly based upon their truth table i.e. their mode of
operations. In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well as many other normal
logic gates as well.

Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is
needed to be detected or some actions are to be taken after
their occurrence, in all those cases OR gates can be used. It
can be explained with an example. Suppose in an industrial
plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds the safe
value, some protective measure is needed to be done. In that
case OR gate is used. We are going to show this with the help
of a diagram.
The above figure is a typical schematic diagram where an OR
gate is used to detect exceed of temperature or pressure and
produce command signal for the system to take required
actions.

Application of AND gate

There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable
gate and Inhibit gate. Enable gate means allowance of data
through a channel and Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that
process i.e. disallowance of data through a channel. We are
going to show an enabling operation to understand it in an
easier way. Suppose in the measurement of frequency of a
pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency a gating
pulse of known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the
waveform whose frequency is to be measured. The diagram
below shows the arrangement of the above explained
operation.

Application of NOT gate or Inverters

NOT gates are also known as inverter because they invert the
output given to them and show the reverse result. Now the
CMOS inverters are commonly used to build square wave
oscillators which are used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume low power and their
interfacing is very easy compared to other logic gates.

The above figure shows the most fundamental circuit made of

ring configuration to generate square wave oscillator. The
1
frequency of this type generator is given by F= . Where n
2𝑛𝑡𝑝
represents the number of inverters shows the propagation
delay per gate.
 Bibliography
 www.tutorialspoint.com
 www.google.com
 Class 12th Physics Book