THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENT MOTIVATION ON ACADEMIC

PEFORMANCE IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN DAGORETI

SUBCOUNTY, NAIROBI, KENYA

BY

ROBINSON RITHO

A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Award of Post Graduate Diploma in Education of the
university of Nairobi

2015
 DECLARATION

This project research report is my original work and has not been presented to any
other university for the award of Postgraduate Diploma in Education

Signature……………………… Date…………………………

Robinson Ritho

L40/84251/2012

This research project proposal has been submitted for examination with my
approval as university supervisor

Signature……………………. .. Date………………………….

Ms Florence Gwoneki Musalia

Department of Extra Mural studies

University of Nairobi

ii
 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this project to my parents ; my father Stephen Thuita and
my mother Alice Waiyego

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I acknowledge my supervisor Ms Florence Gwoneki Musalia for guiding me

through this academic journey. Her advice and corrections have not only helped me
advance but has also given me lasting knowledge on research methodology

I also have to mention all my lecturers for all the knowledge I have gained from
them which has been instrumental in this study. They are many to mention
individually but each of them has equipped me academically. Lastly I recognize The
University of Nairobi as an institution for giving me a chance to further my
studies by providing a conducive environment.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………….ii

DEDICATION……………………………………………………………………............iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………... …………………………..iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….......v

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………...…………………………..viii

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………..................................ix

ABREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS…………………………………….………………...x

ABSTRACT………………………………...……………………………………………xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………….…………………….1

1.1 Background to the study…………………………………………………….............1

1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………….2

1.3 Purpose of the study…………………………………………………………………...3

1.4 Objectives of the study……………………………………………………………......3

1.5 Research questions………………………………………………………...…………..3

1.6 Significance of the study………………………………………………………………4

1.7 Basic assumptions of the study………………………………………………………5

1.8 Limitations of the study……………………………………………………………..5

1.9 Delimitations of the study……………………………………………………………5

1.10 Definition of significant terms………………………………………………………5

1.11 Organization of the study…………………………………………………………..6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………….....7

2.1 Introduction……………………………………...…………………………………...7

2.2 The concept of student motivation on academic performance……………………….7

2.3 Influence of prize on student motivation………………………………..………12

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2.4Influence of reinforcement on student motivation…………………..……………12

2.5 Influence of teaching and learning methods on student motivation……….. ……..13

2.6 Influence of competition on student motivation……………………………..…...13

2.7 Theoretical framework…………………………………….…………………….......14

2.7.1 Self efficacy theory……………..……………………………………………...14

2.7.2 Attribution theory…………………………………………...………………...14

2.7.3 Goal orientation theory………………………………………..……………….15

2.8 Conceptual framework……………...………………………………………………..16

2.9 Summary of literature review………………………………………..……………..17

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………….18

3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………...………...18

3.2 Research design……………………………….……………………………….…….18

3.3 Target population…………………………………………………………….............18

3.4 Sample size and sampling procedure……………………….……………………….19

3..5 Research instrument……………………………….……………………….……….19

3.5.1 Validity of the instrument…………………………………..……………………..20

3.5.2 Reliability of the test………………………...………………………………….20

3.6 Data collection procedure…………..………………………………………………..20

3.7 Data analysis………………………………………………………………………...20

3.8 Ethical consideration……………………………………………………………........21

CHAPTERFOUR: DATA ANALYSIS PRESENTATION AND

INTERPRETATION……………………………….…………………………………22

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..22

4.2 Rate of response………………………………………………………...................... 22

4.3 Respondent details……………………………………………………..……………21

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4.4 Data presentation………………………………………………………………….....24

CHAPTER 5:SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDAT…………....35

5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..………35

5.2 Summary of findings………………………………………………………………...35

5.2.1 Findings on giving of prizes………………………………………………… 35

5.2.2 Findings on reinforcement………………………………….………………....35

5.2.3 Findings on classroom competition …………………………………………..36

5.2.4 Findings on teaching methods…………………………………………………36

5.2.5 Findings on sustainability of motivation methods used……………………….37

5.2.6 Findings on lack of self motivation……………………………………………37

5.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….……………..37

5.4 Recommendation………………………………………………….………………....39

References……………………………………………………………………….……….41

Appendix 1: Letter to the respondents……………………………………………..…..44

Appendix II: Questionaires…………………………………………………………..…..45

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1:Rate of response……………………………………………………..……... 22

Table 4.2:Gender of the respondents…………………………………………………. 23

Table 4.3:Does student motivation affect academic performance………...…………. 24

Table 4.4:Motivation technique that has most impact on academic performance……… 25

Table4. 5 Material incentives offered to students……………………………………..26

Table4. 6:Effect of extraneous variable………………………………………………... 27

Table 4.7: The academic performance of self motivated students………………..……. 28

Table4. 8: Is classroom motivation unique among top performing students…….............29

Table4. 9: Impact of presentation of subject matter enthusiastically…………...……. 30

Table 4.10: Sustainability of motivation techniques…………………………...…......... 31

Table 4.11: The most sustainable motivational technique………………………...….. 32

Table 4.12: Is lack of motivational in students a major cause of poor academic

performance…………………………………………………………………………….. 33

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual framework…………………………………………..…………… 16

Figure 2: Teaching experience…………………………..……………………… ………23

Figure 3: Effect of student motivation on academic performance……...……… …….23

Figure 4: Effectiveness of various motivational techniques…………………………....25

Figure 5: Giving material incentives to students……………………………….…….. 26

Figure 6: Effect of extraneous variables……………………………………….. ……..27

Figure 7: Self motivated students and academic performance……………..………… 28

Figure 8 : Occurrence of classroom competition………………………………...……...29

Figure 9: Presentation of subject matter to students…………….………….. ……….30

Figure 10: Sustainability of motivational techniques……………………………..….. 31

Figure 11: The most sustainable motivational technique………………….……….… 32

Figure 12: Self motivation as a factor of academic performance…………………..… 33

ix
 ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

KCSE Kenya certificate of secondary education

MOE- Ministry of education

I.Q- Intelligence quotient

x
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to determine if student motivation has any influence on
academic performance in public secondary schools in Dagoretti sub –county, Nairobi.
Three objectives guided this study: to establish if student motivation has any influence on
academic performance in public secondary schools, determine the sustainability of
motivational techniques used on the students and to find out if lack of self motivation is a
major cause of poor academic performance among students. This study used survey
research design that targeted a population of 264 teachers in public secondary schools in
Dagoretti sub-county. From this population a sample of 40 teachers were selected. The
method of data collection involved use of questionnaires that were supplemented by use
of face to face interviews. Data analysis involved use of frequency counts and
percentages. One of the key findings is that giving of prizes to students is the most
effective motivational technique. The research also revealed that the sustainability of
motivational methods is not guaranteed. The other major finding is that self motivation
among students is a major factor in good academic performance. Therefore the study
concluded that student motivation has a positive influence on academic performance. The
researcher recommended that future studies focus on how motivational techniques can be
made to have longer effect, the exact relationship between self motivation and academic
performance. It was further recommended that researchers should focus on how to make
content delivery more stimulating to motivate learning.

xi
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 background to the study

One question that has occupied the mind of researchers for decades is why some
public schools consistently perform well in exams while others do not. A number
of researchers including Edmonds(1981), Scheerens and Bosker(1997) have
demonstrated that successful schools have unique characteristics and processes
which help children to learn at higher levels (The comprehensive model of
Educational effectiveness 2001).

Many studies such as the “Determinants of K.C.S.E performance and school

effectiveness in Kiambu county” (Patrick Ogeche) have been carried out to
determine what accounts for improved academic performance. For educational
researchers academic performance is a key concern because failure in the national
examinations spells doom for the students whose life becomes uncertain and full
of despair

Academic performance determines whether students will proceed to university or

other tertiary institutions. It is for this reason school administrators are pressurized
to improve the grades attained by students in K.C.S.E.

Schools which are deemed to be effective have in common certain characteristics

that have been termed as the “correlates of an effective school” (Lezotte, 2010) or
alternatively “The Effective school model”. Seven aspects of this model which can
achieve high levels of student learning are as follows

Instructional leadership in schools is essential for the organization of the process

of teaching and learning to ensure the mission of the school is achieved (Lydia
and Nyasongo 2009). Over the years it has been established that head teachers
frequency of internal supervision e.g. inspecting teachers records and lessons had a
role to play in improvement of performance. Related findings have emerged from

1
various studies that all reveal poor performance in secondary schools is a
function of poor administration leadership (Githua and Nyabwa,2008).

Lezotte(1991) proposed that in effective schools there is a clearly articulated

school mission through which the staff shares an understanding and commitment
to institutional goals, accountability and assessment procedures. According to
Lezotte (2010) in an orderly school there is a purposeful businesslike atmosphere
which is free from the treat of harm. In Kenya (MoE, 2001) have indicated the
falling standards of school safety via strikes, drug abuse and arson.

Expectations inculcated among staff and students can obtain mastery of the
schools essential curriculum (Lezotte 2001). The so called high performing schools
entrust students with demanding tasks that they are expected to handle

In effective schools the progress of students touching on essential objectives are

measured and monitored frequently. The results obtained are then used to improve
the student behavior as well as curriculum performance.

For effective instruction it is necessary for there to be provision of adequate

learning materials and time. The limitation of time and learning resources should
be considered (Lezotte 2001)

The most accurate predictor of a student’s achievement according to Henderson

Berla (2004) is not income or social status but how far the students family can go
to create a home environment that encourages learning.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

In the development of human resource education is the most important. Failure in

the national exams especially KCSE spells doom for the students whose life
becomes uncertain and full of despair. The KCSE performance determines whether
the students proceed to university or to other tertiary institutions. It is for this
reason that secondary school administrators are pressurized to improve grades

2
attained by students in KCSE. Members of the public have also piled pressure on
teachers and school administrators who have had to come up with various
performance enhancing methods.

This study sought to find out whether various motivational techniques have had
any influence on student academic performance in public secondary schools in
Dagoretti subcounty of Nairobi.

1.3 purpose of the study

To determine the influence of student motivation on academic performance in

public secondary schools in Dagoretti subcounty, Kenya.

1.4 Objectives of the study

This study seeked to

1. To identify the factors that influence the motivation of students in public

secondary schools in Dagoretti subcounty
2. To determine the sustainability of these motivational techniques on student
academic performance in Dagoretti subcounty
3. To find out if lack of self motivation among students is a major cause of
poor performance in academics in Dagoretti district, Kenya.

1.5 Research questions

1. Does student motivation have any influence on academic performance in
Dagoretti sub county?
2. To what extent is the effect of student motivation on academic performance in
Dagoretti sub county sustainable?
3. Is lack of self motivation among students the main cause of poor academic
performance in Dagoretti sub county?

3
1.6 Significance of the study

The findings of this study may assist the Ministry of Education science and
Technology to come up with policies that incorporate the needs of the students.
Every year after evaluation of results national exams there is analysis of
performance of specific subjects and localities. The level of learners motivation
cannot be ignored as a factor so ways of boosting it have to be included in any
remedial measures.

School principals being administrators are responsible for the overall function the
school. The motivation of their students should be a main concern and so the
research findings of this study can be used to improve learning and consequently
academic performance .

Teachers as implementers of the curriculum have to motivate their students. For this
reason any motivational technique found to be useful should be of great assistance
to them.

Parents are key stakeholders in the education sector. It is advisable for them to take
interest in their children’s school life since they spend with them. Any new
motivational information is useful to parents as they play a key role in their
children`s lives.

The students themselves can also be beneficiaries of this research findings. This is
because motivation should start from within and so students would learn how to
approach their studies with more vigor

1.7 Basic assumptions of the study

This research study assumed that any change in academic performance is identifiable
and measurable, The motivation techniques identified are applicable in multiple
settings and the respondents will give accurate responses during data collection.

4
1.8 limitations of the study
This study was limited by the unwillingness of the respondents to respond to as
they thought that their institutions’ performance was the focus. However the
researcher assured the respondents that the study was not going touch on the
particular performance of their institution. Secondly the research was hampered by
the unwillingness of the respondents to divulge their personal details in the
background section of the questionnaire. This was overcome by the researcher
indicating to them that they could omit giving their names and instead fill other
sections for gender, school and their teaching experience. Furthermore the study
hampered by the lack of direct link between academic performance and a particular
motivation technique from the responses given in the questionnaire. The researcher
overcame this by seeking further clarification from the respondents.

1.9 Delimitations of the study

This study concentrated on the seven public secondary schools in dagoretti sub
county with the respondents being teachers with between 0-20 years of teaching
experience. The main focus was to get data from them concerning the effectiveness
of various motivation techniques and as to whether these techniques can alter
academic performance

1.10 Definition of significant terms used in the study

Academic performance- The extent to which the student or institution has

achieved their educational goals

Student motivation- The desire of students to participate in the learning process

Sustainability of motivational techniques- The extent to which methods applied to

motivate learners can continue to yield consistent results

5
Public secondary schools- schools that are staffed , financed and administered by the
Government

Lack of self motivation- absence of the inner drive to independently do something

1.11 Organization of the study

The study was be organized into five chapters that are as follows. Chapter one is
the introductory sections subdivided into background of the study, statement of the
problem, objectives, research questions, significance and basic assumptions of the
study. The second chapter of literature review was an overview of previous
material and research findings relevant to the study.

Chapter three covered the methodology to be used such as the research design,
target population and sample size. The fourth chapter covers data analysis
presentation and interpretation. Chapter five focused on summary and conclusion of
research findings.

6
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter is an overview of available literature related to motivation and

academic performance. It covers the concept of student motivation in relation to
academic performance, specific factors that affect student motivation, theoretical and
conceptual frameworks of this study

2.2 The concept of student motivation on academic performance

Motivation is a process that begins with a deficiency that is psychological or a

drive aimed at satisfying a goal (Okumbe, 1998). So it can be said that motivation
is made up of needs (deficiencies) that bring up drives (motives) that then assist in
acquiring the incentives (goals).

Motives are action-oriented while incentives do isolate a need. To Marques (2010)

motivation can be said to be what is required for people to perform better in any
activity .Every educator needs to be concerned about motivation. It is a quality that
students, teachers, parents and members of the community must have if education
system is to prepare young people adequately for the challenges and demands of
the coming century.

How these various categories of individuals generate and utilize motivation differs
to a great extent. For students motivation is necessary for learning to take place,
parents need to be motivated to follow up on the academic performance of their
sons and daughters, teachers need it to ensure all aspects of their schools continue
to improve.

It is the role of the school administrator to initiate and nurture motivation among
the various categories of individuals that participate in the educational process.
Motivation must be rewarded, increased and sustained at all levels.

7
However the school administration must not neglect their own, like other
participants of the educational process they have to find ways to stay motivated
in the midst of obstacles, distraction and what appears to be universal indifference.

Academic achievement/ performance is the outcome of education, the extent to

which the student or institution has achieved their educational goals.

Academic achievement is generally measured by examinations or continuous

assessment test. Individual variation in academic performance have been linked to
differences in intelligence and personality.

For the entire past century academic performance has become the gatekeeper to
higher learning institutions, defining career paths and individual life trajectories.
Hence large quantity of psychological research has concentrated on pinpointing
predictors of academic performance with intelligence and efforts coming out as
major determinants.

Today academic performance continues to be understood as a precise proxy for

aptitude and is a core determinant of career paths and status achievement even
though some doubt its value ( chammore-premuzic & furnham, 2010)

Academic performance is vital to understanding the development of today’s well

known psychometric “tool” : the intelligence test. Because academic performance
was thought to mirror individual differences in ability, it became the top criterion
for intelligence tests(Chamorro-premuzic, 2006)

Alfred Binnet(1857-1911) developed the pioneer intelligence test to identify

children who were challenged by the school curriculum and their academic
performance. Future ability tests continued to be validated by educational
achievement as accurate measures of intelligence. Indeed if an intelligence test
failed to account for individual differences it was not regarded as a meaningful
measure of intellectual capacity(e.g Bolton 1892)

The association between cognitive ability and academic performance persists across
educational levels although it tends to decrease in more advanced academic

8
settings due to differential range restrictions. To concur with this research recently
has assessed the degree to which individual differences in academic performance
can be explained by personality factors.

Although intelligence is a vital predictor of academic success, recent research has

shown that personality dispositions mostly traits assessing typical individual levels
of persistence and hard work account for substantial amounts of variance in
academic performance (O’connor & paunonen, 2007). For instance (Chammoro-
premizic,2003) discovered that personality traits accounted for four times as much
variance in exam results of elite college students than intelligence.

Theorists have developed several approaches to motivation which fall into four
broad categories. Adopting these approaches can assist teachers in their endeavor
to provide the right conditions for student learning. These view points on motivation
are

The behavioral view; the interpretation of motivation rests on skinners behavioral

learning theories and focuses on the reinforcement of desired behavior through the
use of extrinsic rewards. Biehler and showman (1993) showed that behavioral
interpretations of learning help to explain why some pupils react favorably to
certain subjects and dislike others. Social theorists such as Albert Benders
emphasize the impact of student identification and imitation pointing out their
positive academic outcomes.

Psychologists have noted that excessive use of extrinsic form of motivation such
as praise and rewards may lead to resentment, limitation of transfer, may cause
dependency on teachers, the undermining of intrinsic motivation and viewing
learning as a means to an end(Covington 2000) They suggest that to limit the
negative effects of extrinsic forms of rewards teachers should use extrinsic forms
of reward only when correct or desired responses occur

The cognitive view of motivation emphasizes arousal of cognitive disequilibrium as

a means to motivate students to learn something new. For example if students face
a problem they will desire to solve it. This is consistent with piaget’s concept of

9
organization and adaptation. According to Piaget when people experience a
discrepancy between something new and what they already knew it produces a
state of disequilibrium. To achieve this state Jerome Brunner recommends posing
questions that will cause students to recognize gaps In their thinking which they
will want to fill. Cognitive theory emphasizes intrinsic motivation techniques such
as the arousal of disequilibrium student value learning for its own sake. The
downside of the cognitive view of motivation is that its very difficult to induce
students to experience cognitive disequilibrium sufficient to stimulate them to seek
answers (piehler and snowman , 1991).

The humanist view of Abraham Maslow the most cited humanist psychologist
advanced in his book “motivation and personality” that people are motivated to
address certain natural concerns which can be ranked hierarchically in terms of
importance . He thus proposed a five level hierarchy of needs.

Physiological needs are the most basic human needs such as hunger, thirst and
shelter. Self actualization are at the top of the hierarchy and represent the concern
for the development of full individual potential. The main premise of this theory is
that people will not seek to satisfy higher needs such as self actualization unless
their lower needs called deficiency needs by Biehler and snowman are met. In the
educational setting student will be led to seek satisfaction and self actualization if
their basic needs for safety, relaxation, belongingness, a clean and orderly
environment are addressed and met. Teachers are therefore in a key position to
meet these basic needs.

The limitation of Maslow’s theory is that teachers may not know which of a
student’s needs is not satisfied or even if they know they might not be able to
fill that need. However teachers can always enhance students self esteem by
creating conditions will increase students achievement.

Achievement motivation theory rests on the belief that most persons want to
achieve and experience levels of aspiration. This concept stresses that people tend
to want to succeed at the highest possible level while at the same time avoid the

10
possibility of failure. The need for achievement is increased when persons
experience success. If students achieve success their need for achievement will be
strengthened. Contributors to achievement motivation theory are John.W Atkinson
and David Mc Clelland.

So the question becomes what role can the teacher play in motivating students.
Pivotal to mobilizing student motivation is the role of rewards in sustaining
productive task management. Few issues are more salient to teachers than student
motivation for academic learning. Lack of interest in academics is a principal
stressor for teachers(Elam 1989). Highlighting this teacher distress is the finding
that students academic motivation tends to worsen from the middle grades through
high school (Anderman ,1998).

What constitutes academic motivation in students? The bottom line indicator is

sustained task management leading to improvement in academic skills. The very
functional view of motivation has split psychologists into two different camps. The
cognitivists (Ryan& Deci 2000) distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation on the basis of whether the driving force of an action originates inside
or outside of an individual. They view intrinsically motivated behavior as self
determined and extrinsically motivated behavior as shape by external consequences.

Behaviorists link the performance of a behavior to the nature of the behavior itself
(intrinsic motivation) or to the consequences of the behavior (extrinsic
motivation).Thus the payoffs for intrinsically motivated behavior directly derive
from performing the behavior whereas the rewards for extrinsically motivated
behavior derive from rewards artificially linked to the behavior (Mawhinney, 1990).
For example reading that provides pleasure and information could be considered
intrinsically motivating whereas reading to make a good grade or impress a
teacher would be characterized as extrinsically motivating. In making this
distinction behaviorists are inclined to use the term reinforcement rather than
motivation. A self sustaining behavior is characterized as intrinsically motivating
while a behavior performed only when rewards are given could be classified as
extrinsically motivating.

11
Intrinsic motivation appears to have advantage over extrinsic motivation . A
principal advantage is that intrinsic motivation is not dependent on the teachers
presence, prodding to keep the student productively engaged. This constitutes a
significant practical benefit because attempting to keep students engaged involves
a considerable investment of the teacher’s time and energy. In addition behavior
driven by artificial external consequences may quickly attenuate when those
conditions are removed. Students may become addicted to a certain level of
external level of external rewards causing them to expect more of different
rewards in the future. This possible student dependency on extrinsic rewards
represents one of the greatest detractors for their use in the classroom.

2.3.1 Influence of prizes on student motivation

A prize is an award to be given to a person, group or organization to recognize

or reward action or achievement. Skinners behavioral model has shown that a
variety of extrinsic rewards e.g. grades, tokens and privileges can be used to
increase task engagement even for reluctant learners (Covington 1999).

Ratings from middle school students have shown that both exceptional and non-
exceptional rated good grades and free time privileges as their most preferred
classroom rewards (Martins et al 1988).

2.4 Influence of reinforcement on student motivation

In behavioral science reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an

organism future behavior. This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher
frequency of the desired behavior.

A reinforcer in this matter is a stimulus or event that maintains or increases the

strength of the response. A study by Mahmood mirzami found out that special
reinforcement increased the academic achievement of students with intellectual

12
disabilities. In this context reinforcement refers to various ways in which a teacher
communicates to the student that his/her behavior is desirable in order to encourage
the student to keep it up. As a rule this strengthening effect has to immediately
follow the desired response to avoid extinction.

2.5 Influence of teaching and learning methods on student motivation

A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used for instruction.
Commonly used teaching methods include class participation, demonstration &
recitation. The choice of teaching method used depends largely on the information
or skill being taught in addition to the aptitude and enthusiasm of the learner.

Many students develop a negative attitude towards a given subject not because of
its content but due to the inadequacy of how it is taught. Teachers have a
challenge to motivate learning by presenting subject matter in a way students can
understand and appreciate.

2.6 Influence of competition on student motivation

Human beings do not act in isolation their behavior often strongly influenced by
their association with other people. The dynamics of classroom interaction is often
an important feature in student motivation. The goal of students in a competitive
classroom is to do better than their classmates.

It has been found that academic performance is always higher in a competitive

environment. Students identify their competitors in the classrooms and always want
to perform better. A teacher or school administration should find ways of
inculcating the spirit of friendly completion among students.

13
2.7 Theoretical framework

This study will be guided by several theories such as the self efficacy theory,
attribution theory and goal theory

2.7.1 Self efficacy theory

This author of this theory is Albert Bandura a psychologist who specializes in

personality psychology and social cognitive therapy. Self efficacy is the extent or
strength of one’s own beliefs in their abilities to complete tasks or accomplish
goals. Self efficacy provides the foundation for human motivation, wellbeing and
personal accomplishment.

Typically self efficacy belief helps foster the outcome one expects. Confident
individuals anticipate the successful outcome. This theory is relevant to student
motivation in that students who are confident in their academic skills expect high
marks in exams and expect the quality of their work to reap academic benefits.
The opposite is true of those who lack confidence as such students envision low
grades even before they begin an exam or course .

2.7.2 Attribution theory

The author of this theory is Bernard weiner. Attribution theory is the most
influential theory with implications on academic motivation. It incorporates behavior
modification in sense that it emphasizes that learners are motivated by the
pleasant outcome of being able to feel good about themselves. An important
assumption of attribution theory is that people will interpret their environment in
such a way as to maintain a positive self image that is they will attribute their
success or failure to factors that will make them feel good about themselves. In
general this means that when learners succeed at an academic task they are likely
to attribute their success to their own abilities but when they fail, they will to
link their failure to factors which they have no control such as bad teaching or
bad luck. The basic principle of attribution theory as it applies to motivation is

14
that a person’s own perceptions or attributions for success or failure determines
the amount of effort the person will expend on the activity in future

2.7.3 Goal orientation theory

The author of this theory is JA Eison an educational psychologist. Goal orientation

theory is a social cognitive theory of academic motivation. Although it has its
origins in the nineteenth century it became a major theoretical framework in the
study of academic motivation after 1985.Unlike the other theories of motivation
that deal with students beliefs about their success or failures, goal orientation
theory examines why students engage in their academic work.

According to this theory goals fall into two categories and their conceptualization
is important( Pintrich 2000). The first type are the masterly goals that are
possessed by students who strive to understand or master the task at hand. Such
students are interested in self improvement and tend to compare their present
achievement to their prior achievement.

The second type are the performance goals in which students have the drive to
demonstrate their ability compared to others. Such students are interested in
competition, demonstrating their competence and outperforming others ; they tend to
use other students as points of comparison rather than themselves.

This theory is relevant to the study as students have to be self motivated

themselves before they can be motivated by others. Competition is one of the
motivational techniques to be surveyed falls into the second category of goals
found among students.

15
 2.8 conceptual framework

Moderating variables

Factors influencing student motivation .Interest in subjects

1.prizes on student motivation .Availability of facilities

.Discipline

2.Reinforcement on motivation
.
n Academic
achievement
3.Competition on motivation
1.Exams

2 continuous
4.Reinforcement on motivation
assessment test

Independent variable Dependent

variable

1.Socioeconomic
background

2.Discrimination

3. Peer pressure

Extraneous Variables

Figure 1: Conceptual framework

16
2.8 Summary of literature review

The study was guided by earlier works related to the topic under study that
touches on motivation in conjunction with academics. Motivation is said to begin
with some psychological deficiency that targets accomplishment of goals (Okumbu
1998). Motivation both as a theoretical concept and how it can be practically
applied is of great importance to educators. The role of initiating motivation in the
school setting belongs to the administrator which then flows to all the other
members of the school community.

Academic performance being the extent to which the student or the whole
institution have achieved the set educational goals is measured through continuous
assessment and terminal exams. Personality dispositions of which self motivation is a
major part has a substantial effect on academic performance.(O’connor 2007).

When it comes to motivation in the context of academics various psychologists

view both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation differently. However researchers agree
that sustained task management brings about student motivation that is keeping
learners interested. This can be accomplished by various motivational techniques
that forms the focus of this research study.

17
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with the methods used to collect the data. It is organized into
the following sections: research design, target population, sampling procedure and
sampling size, research instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis
techniques.

3.2 Research design

Research design refers to plan indicating the approach used in the research
process. This study used the survey research design. A survey consists of a
predetermined set of questions that is given to a sample with a representative
population that is part of a large population. From this response the researcher can
gauge the attitudes of the population concerning the research problem. Surveys are
a common way of conducting quantitative research involving use of questionnaires
and interviews. The usefulness of a survey is that the information obtained is
standardized as each respondent is answering the same question. However
surveys may fail to present the whole picture of the research problem(Burnaford
et al, 2001). This has to do with the fact that the respondents give their opinions to
what has been asked which may not be objective enough

The survey design is suitable to the study as it involves experienced teachers who
have observed and assessed students performance over the years.

3.3 Target population

Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) defined the target population to be the population
which the researcher wants to generalize the result of a study. The study was

18
concerned with Dagoretti sub county that has 12 public secondary schools and 264
teachers (Dagoretti DEO’s office, 2014)

3.4 Sample size and Sampling procedure

Wiebma (1995) describes a sample to be a small portion of the target population

chosen systematically for the study .Sampling is defined as a research procedure
used to select a certain number of subjects from a target population. Stratified
random sampling was used to select schools for the study. A total of 8 schools
from dagoretti subcounty were sampled and they were categorized into one boys
boarding school, three girls boarding, three mixed day schools and one boys day
school. Then from each school five teachers were then selected giving a total of
40 respondents.

3.5 Research instrument

The researcher utilized self administered questionnaires. A questionnaire is a

research instrument that gathers data over a large sample (Kombo and tromp 2006).
Questionnaires are ideal for survey studies ( Mugenda and Mugenda 19990 .and they
find a wide application in the field of education for the purpose of obtaining
current conditions and trends and to inquire concerning about attitudes and
opinions on various isssues. This study used questionnaires on the teachers as
respondents (appendix ii). The questionnaire had three parts. Part one touched on
background information about the respondents while part two concerned various
aspects of the link between student motivaton and academic performance. The last
part touched on classroom experience as teachers interact with students

19
3.5.1 Validity of the test

Validity is the ability for an instrument to measure what it intends to measure.

This research used content validity which refers to the extent to which a
measuring instrument provides adequate cover to the topic.

3.5.2 Reliability of the research instrument

Reliability is a measure of the degree to which a research instrument yields

consistent results(Mugenda and mugenda 2003).The reliability of this study was
determined via Pearson co-relation coefficient formula after test-retesting. The instrument
realized a pearson correlation coefficient of 0.78 which is deemed reliable.

3.6 data collection

The data for this study will collected using open questionnaires distributed among
secondary school teachers. This type of questionnaire provides the respondent with
more room to give his/her answer. The data collected will focus on issues such as
the respondents teaching experience, subject cluster they handle and which
motivational technique they frequently use.

3.7 Data analysis

Data was be analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics. This includes use of frequency
counts, percentages and tables. Responses from questionnaires and interviews will
be analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively .

20
3.8 Ethical consideration

The research study took into consideration the interests of the respondents by only
seeking their personal details that were relevant. The researcher also made every effort to
explain to the respondents his agenda

21
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1Introduction

This chapter deals with the analysis of the data generated from the respondents
filling the questionnaires. The results from the study are presented and projected in
graphical and tabular formats.

4.2 Rate of response

This section gives an indication of how many of the intended respondents answered the
questionnaires that were distributed.

Table 4.1: Rate of response to the questionnaires

Frequency percentage

Filled questionnaires 26 65

Unfilled questionnaires 14 35

Total 40 100

The questionnaires were distributed among 40 teachers in public secondary schools in

Dagoretti region of Nairobi. Out of the forty 26 teachers responded to the
questionnaires giving a response percentage rate of 65%. This response is slightly
below the 70% respone rate that is recommended (Mugenda and mugenda 2003)

4.3 Respondents details

This part deals with some personal details of the respondents. The following are
presented below; gender, teaching experience and subject cluster.

22
Table 4.2: Gender of respondents

Gender Frequency percentage

Male 15 57%

Female 11 43%

Total 26 100%

Out of the 26 respondents interviewed 15 were male giving a percentage of 57

while female teachers were 11 in number this being 43%. This was a fairly balanced
gender ratio

Years taught

15 to 20
0 to 5 years years
15% 12%

10 to 15 years
23%

5 to 10 years
50%

Figure2: Teaching experience

23
Among the respondents a large majority have a teaching experience of between 5 to
10 years while the teachers with the longest teaching experience formed the
smallest portion. Consequently it was in line with expectation that the teachers who
have stayed longest in the profession to be the least as many of their peers have
retired .

4.4 Data presentation

Table 4.3: Does student motivation affect academic performance

Response Frequency percentage

Very much 18 70%

Quite a bit 6 23%

Negligible 2 7%

Total 26 100%

20
18
16
14
12
10
frequency
8
6
4
2
0
Very much quite a bit negligible

Figure 3: Effect of student motivation on academic performance

24
As to the main question of whether student motivation can affect academic
performance a great majority(70%) of respondents felt that there is a strong
correlation between the two. Those of the view that student motivation has a mild
influence were 23% while a paltry 7% indicated that the effect if any is too
negligible to be measured.

Table4.4: motivational technique with most impact on academic performance

Motivational Technique Frequency Percentage

Prizes 14 53.8%

Reinforcement 5 19.2%

Classroom competition 5 19.2%

Teaching method 2 7.6%

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
prizes reinforcement classroom teaching method
competition

Figure 4: Effect of various motivation techniques

25
Most of the respondents (53.8%) identified awarding of prizes to students as the
most effective motivational technique. Equal numbers felt that giving positive
complements i.e. reinforcement and encouraging classroom competition can affect
performance. Teaching method was the least popular technique among the teachers
interviewed gaining an approval of 7.6%

Table 4.5: Material incentives offered to students

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 19 73%

No 7 27%

Total 26 100%

percentage of respondents

no
27%

yes
73%

Figure 5: Giving of material incentives to students

26
On whether or not the teachers do give material incentives regularly to their
students a large proportion of 73% indicated that they do while 27% of the do
not

Table 4.6: Effect of extraneous variable like dislike of subject teacher

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 19 73%

No 7 27%

Total 26 100%

percentage of respondents

yes
42%

no
58%

Figure 6: Effect of extraneous variables

27
A slight majority of 57.6% of interviewees felt that students performance cannot be
affected by their dislike of the subject teachers while 42.6% felt otherwise.
Therefore these results suggest that how students feel about their subject teachers
has a slightly higher chance of affecting their performance although the opposite is
also significant.

Table 4.7: The academic performance of self motivated students

Response Frequency percentage

Very much 22 84.6%

To some extent 4 15.4 %

Total 26 100%

not at all

percentage

to some extent

very much

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 7: Self motivated students and academic performance

28
A vast majority of respondents(84.6%) were of the opinion that self motivated
students are more likely to excel in their studies while the remainder felt that this
trait is not a factor . This implies that most teachers prefer those students who are
motivated by themselves.

Table 4.8: Is classroom competition exclusive among top performing students

Response Frequency percentage

Yes 17 67.3

No 9 34.7

Total 26 100

percentage

no
35%

yes
65%

Figure 8: Occurrence of classroom competition

29
As to the occurrence of classroom competition two thirds said that it is common
among students who were good academically while the rest (34.6%) felt that
competition is universal that among all type of students

Table 4.9: Does the presentation of subject matter enthusiastically have an

impact on classroom participation

Response Frequency percentage

Yes 17 65.3

No 9 34.6

Total 26 100

70

60

50

40
percentage of
respondents
30

20

10

0
yes no

Figure 9: Presentation of subject matter to students

30
A slight majority of 62% respondents agreed that the way teachers present the
subject content in class has an effect on the classroom participation of the students .
The remainder felt lesson presentation has no bearing. This indicates that teachers
are conscious of the need to engage their students attention effectively

Table 4.10: Are motivational techniques used by teachers sustainable over a

long period of time

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 16 62

No 10 38

Total 26 100

percentage

42.40%
Yes
No
57.60%

Figure 10: Sustainability of motivational techniques

31
Concerning the sustainability of the motivational techniques opinion was almost
evenly split with 57.6% expressing that indeed these methods have a long term
effect with the remaining 42.4% indicating that the effect does not last.

Table 4.11: Among the motivational techniques which one is the most
sustainable

Motivational technique Frequency Percentage

Prizes 12 46

Classroom percentage 5 19.2

Reinforcement 7 27

Teaching method 2 7.8

Total 26 100

50

45

40

35

30

25
percentage
20

15

10

0
prizes classroom reinforcement teaching
competition method

Figure 11: Most sustainable motivational technique

32
 Nearly half of the respondents(46%) identified giving of prizes as the most
sustainable motivational technique to students. Reinforcement in this case giving
positive compliments came second at 27% while the least sustainable is teaching
method used.

Table 4.12: Is lack of Self motivation among students a major cause of poor
academic performance

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes 22 84.6

No 4 15.4

Total 26 100

percentage

No

yes

0 20 40 60 80 100

Figure 12:self motivation as a factor of academic performannce

33
A great majority of respondents concurred with the idea that motivation among
students is a major factor in academic performance. On Further interrogation
they gave observed that in their experience self motivated students not only
excel in academics but are all round top performers in extracurricular activities.
Only 15.3% felt that student motivation has no role in classroom results .

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary of findings and conclusion

5.1 Introduction

This study sought to establish if student motivation has any effect on academic
performance. Generally the objective of the study was to find out if various
motivational techniques used by teachers have any impact on their students
academically Responses from the filled questionnaires formed the basis of
analysis. This chapter summarizes the findings, comes up with conclusions and
makes some recommendations

5.2 Summary of findings

This research was concerned with four factors on student motivation

alternatively termed motivational techniques. It is their effect on academic
performance that was the focus of the study. The feedback concerning these
variables is as follows

5.2.1 Findings on giving of prizes

. As to the most effective of these techniques a slight majority of 53% identified

prizes given to students to be most effective.This is in line with common practice
in schools where there are prize giving days where top performing students are

34
awarded with various prizes. This has the effect of recognizing and encouraging
the students.

5.2.2 Findings on reinforcement

Reinforcement refers to anything that increases the probability of an organism

repeating the desired behavior. In this context it implies how a teacher
communicates to the students that a certain action/ behavior is good and it can
take the form of positive compliments after answering a question or awarding
good grades after a class quiz. The fact that about a fifth (19%) of teachers
identified with this is surprising given that it is also common for teachers to give
positive compliments in class

5.2.3 Findings on classroom competition

Classroom competition also gathered a similar score and is common practice in

most schools. The competition can naturally exist among the students or it can be
created by the teacher. This method is somehow similar to giving of rewards and
so the two can be hard to distinguish. This may have confused some of the
respondents and affected the scores.

5.2.4 Findings on teaching methods

Teaching method refers to how the teacher presents the material to the learners.
Only 7.6% of the respondents identified this as a method to motivate learners
effectively. Most of respondents added that if the learners are very uninterested
then no matter how good the teaching technique motivation are occur.

Going back to the most effective technique of prizes a great majority of

respondents(73%) indicated that they regularly give material rewards to their
students. This appears to be a time tested method although not all who practice it
are confident in its effectiveness.

35
 5.2.5 Findings on sustainability of motivational techniques used

This part of the research focused on the time period which the motivational
techniques could have an impact on academic performance. The length of time
that these methods remain effective depend on both the teachers and the students,
both parties have to be consistent. When this issue was asked a slight majority of
57.6% felt that indeed the motivational techniques used on students can work for
long while the remainder 42.45% felt that these generally techniques are not
sustainable.

As in regards to the specific methods 46% of the respondents were of the opinion
that prizes have the highest durability as a motivational technique while second
place belongs to reinforcement(27%). About 19.2% felt that classroom competition
can last while 7.6% identified teaching method.

5.2.6 Findings on effect of lack of self motivation

This section of the study sought to establish if students who are naturally self
motivated have a tendency to perform well or not. When this query was presented
to the respondents a commanding majority of 84.6% felt that indeed self
motivation among students is a perquisite to good academic performance while
the remaining 15.4% did not think so.

5.3. Conclusion

The research study was able to conclude that motivational techniques used on
students have some degree of influence on their academic performance. What
brings about academic motivation in students is sustained task management that
is ensuring that they remain interested in their studies. Learning like any other

36
human behavior is nor random. It occurrence is strengthened if there is some
reward or feeling of satisfaction that accompanies it

schools that perform well are known to have unique characteristics some of
which are obvious while others are not. One characteristic that stands out is the
attitude that both the students and the teachers have towards not just academics
but school life as a whole. Such group of characteristics have been termed “co-
relates of an effective school”.

Education is best seen as an investment. Therefore for consistent good academic

performance schools have invested in various ways to motivate students. This
study focused on four motivational techniques; prizes, classroom competition,
reinforcement and teaching method.

This research sought to find out if there is any effect of student motivational
techniques on their academic performance. The study was guided by several
research objectives: whether motivational techniques can affect academic
performance in any way, the sustainability of these techniques and whether lack
of self motivation among students is a factor in poor performance.

A great majority of the respondents indicated that motivated students always

have improved academic performance. As to the specifics of the various
techniques used to motivate students opinion, as expected was divided. It was
surprising that teaching method got the least score in terms of effectiveness of
the four techniques surveyed. It appears that the respondents who are all teachers
feel that the method they use to present the syllabus to learners has the least
impact. This has to do with the fact that teaching the same syllabus year after
year is more or less routine work and most teachers may not attach much
importance to their choice of teaching method.

Most of the respondents predictably identified awarding of prizes as the most

effective motivational technique. This is in line with psychology of motivation
where organisms behave in ways that lead to satisfaction or reward. Therefore
ensuring that students feel rewarded for their efforts actually sustains their

37
academic achievement .However as psychologists have pointed out excessive use
of rewards may have side effects such as resentment, dependency on teachers and
viewing learning as a means to an end.

Classroom competition and reinforcement received similar scores from the

respondents. Both have a similar effect to prizes as they also elicit a feeling of
satisfaction. In the case of classroom competition the good feeling that students
get when they triumph over their rivals is psychologically rewarding.
Reinforcement which implies giving positive feedback after desirable behavior
also has motivational effect on the students. However the effectiveness of these
techniques lies not only in how they are applied but also in the relationship
between the students and the teacher. Therefore it is important to create a
positive environment for the both parties to interact properly.

A related issued that the research covered was the sustainability of these
motivational techniques. A slight majority of respondents indicated that the effect
of these methods can last some time. Like even tangible goods this form of
motivation being extrinsic has an expiry date. This may be greatly due to the
reason that learners may rely so much on these external conditions that they
forget that their own enthusiasm also matters. Even in the case of classroom
competition if a student tops the rest they may become complacent and relax thus
the competitive environment then diminishes. In addition , these techniques
consume much of the teachers time and resources hence even the teacher may
give up or slow down after sometime.

Finally the question of whether lack of self motivation constitutes a major

cause of poor performance had an overwhelming answer that indeed it is. This is
in line with studies that have been done which indicate personality traits have
four times an effect on academics than intelligence. Personality dispositions mainly
traits assessing individual levels of persistence and hard work account for
substantial amounts of variance in academic performance. This is an indicator that
motivating has to start from within before external conditions can provide
enhancement.

38
5.4 recommendation of the study

The researcher makes several recommendations for future research in relation to

this area

1)This study focused mostly on extrinsic motivation and the conclusion being
that the motivational methods indeed have a positive impact. However the
durability of extrinsic motivation is temporary and is affected by several factors.
A potential area of further research would be to find out how these techniques
can be sustained for longer.

2) Intrinsic motivation being inbuilt is known to be more reliable. Therefore

future research should focus on how exactly it relates to academic performance.
Since self motivation is a personality trait it can be beneficial to discover how it
can be nurtured in those individuals who have it.

3) Academic performance being integral to future career prospects, it is also

crucial for researchers to come up with how curriculum content can be delivered
in a more stimulating way. This is because currently even teachers find the
syllabus a bit cumbersome and this contributes to lack of interest by the learners.
Therefore further research should touch on making learning to be fun and relevant

39
 REFERENCES

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Anderman B Eric.M. Griesinger, Motivation and cheating during early adolescence,

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Chammoro-Premuzic. , Cognitive ability, self assurance and personality

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Letter to the respondents

Robinsom ritho

P.o box 58575-00200

Nairobi

43
 24/ 9 / 2015

Dear respondent

I am a PGDE student at the University of Nairobi currently doing a research

project entitled “ the influence of student motivation on academic performance in
public secondary schools in Dagoretti sub county, Kenya”.

This is to kindly request that you answer all the questions indicated in the
questionnaire. The responses are meant solely for the research project and will be
treated as confidential. I am thankful for your assistance.

Robinson ritho

L40/84251/2012

Appendix II: Questionnaire

The following set of questions are for the purpose of getting information on the
effect of student motivation on academic performance in Dagoretti region of
Nairobi. With your objective answers the education sector will benefit. You are
assured of confidentiality in relation to your responses

PART A: BACKGROUND INFORMATION (Please tick

appropriately)

44
1. Name ……………………………….

2. Gender

Male ( ) Female ( )

3. School………………………….

4. Teaching experience

1-5 years ( ) 5-10 years ( ) 10-15 years ( ) 15-20

years ( )

5. Subject taught ……………………………………….

PART B: Motivation and academic performance

1. In your teaching experience do you agree that student motivation can affect
academic performance in any way

a)Very much b) Quite a bit c) Negligible d) Not at all

2) Is this effect on academic performance positive or negative

a) Positive b) Negative c) Neutral

3) Among the following motivation techniques which one do you think can
best to improve academic performance

a) Prizes b) Reinforcement c) classroom competition d) Teaching

methods

4) Is the effect on academic performance of these motivational techniques

sustainable over a long period of time

45
 A) Yes b)No

5)In your opinion do you think other factors such as dislike of a teacher
affect academic performance

a) Yes b) No

6)Do you offer material incentives to your best students

a) Yes b) No

7) Are self motivated students more likely to perform better academically

a) Very much b) to some extent c) Not at all

8) From your observation does classroom competition only found among top
performing students

a) yes b) No

9) Is lack of self motivation a major factor in academic performance

a) Yes b) No

PARTC: Teacher classroom experience

1) Do you talk to the students enthusiastically about your subject

a) Yes b) No

2)I find time to help the students with their work

a) Yes b) No

46
3) I give a positive compliment to a student whenever they give correct
answers to questions in class

a) Often b) Sometimes c ) never

4) I allow some form of debate among students

a) yes b) No

5) I prefer students who are self motivated in their academics

a) yes b)no

47
48
.

49
50
51
52
53
54