I.

Discussion

This experiment is entitled as “inductive Circuits” wherein after doing the

experiment, we are expected to be familiarized with the voltage and current relations of

series and parallel R-L circuits, gain basic knowledge and understanding about relation

of voltages and current in a series R-L circuit and in a parallel R-L circuit and also to

determine the power and the power factor of inductive circuits.

When a sinusoidal alternating current (AC) flows through an inductor, a sinusoidal

alternating voltage (or electromotive force (emf) is induced. The amplitude of the emf is

equal to the amplitude of the current and to the frequency of the sinusoid by the following

equation. The phase of the current lags that of the voltage by 90 degrees. In a capacitor

the current leads voltage by 90 degrees. When the inductor is combined with a capacitor,

in series or parallel, an LC circuit is formed with a specific resonant frequency:

Where ω is the angular frequency of the sinusoid defined in terms of the frequency F

as: Inductive reactance, Xl, is defined as:

Where XL is the inductive reactance, ω is the angular frequency, F is the frequency in

hertz, and L is the inductance in henries.

The growth of the current flowing through the inductor is not instant but is

determined by the inductors own self-induced or back emf value. Then for an inductor

coil, this back emf voltage VL is proportional to the rate of change of the current flowing

1
through it. This current will continue to rise until it reaches its maximum steady state

condition which is around five time constants when this self-induced back emf has

decayed to zero. At this point a steady state DC current is flowing through the coil, no

more back emf is induced to oppose the current flow and therefore, the coil acts more like

a short circuit allowing maximum current to flow through it.

However, in an alternating current circuit which contains an AC Inductance, the flow of

current through an inductor behaves very differently to that of a steady state DC voltage.

Now in an AC circuit, the opposition to the current flowing through the coils windings not

only depends upon the inductance of the coil but also the frequency of the applied voltage

waveform as it varies from its positive to negative values.

Inductive reactance is the positive component of impedance. It is measured in

ohms. The impedance of an inductor (inductive reactance) is then given by:

Where XL is in ohms

2
Exercises

Exercise 1: From the results of RUN 1 and RUN 2, neglecting the resistance of the

inductor, calculate for each trial the power factor of the circuit, the value of loading

resistance R and the total power in watts and enter them in the table.

𝐕𝐑 𝐕𝐑
Using Formula: R= ; P.F. = ; 𝐏𝐓 = 𝐈𝐓 𝐕𝐓 𝐏. 𝐅.
𝐈 𝐕𝐒

For Run 1

Trial 1:
6.7V 6.7
R = 1.22 mA = 5.49 Ω; P.F. = 7.1 = 0.94 PT = (1.22mA)(7.1V)(0.94) = 8.14 mW

Trial 2:
6.1 V 6.1
R = 2.48 mA = 2.46 Ω; P.F. = 7.1 = 0.86 PT = (2.48mA)(7.1V)(0.86) = 15.14 mW

Trial 3:
5.3V 5.3
R = 3.85 mA = 1.38 Ω; P.F. = 7.1 = 0.75 PT = (3.85mA)(7.1V)(0.75) = 20.50 mW

Trial 4:
4.5V 4.5
R = 5.03 mA = 0.89 Ω; P.F. = 7.1 = 0.63 PT = (5.03mA)(7.1V)(0.63) = 22.49 mW

Run 2

Trial 1:
7.63V 2.2 mA
R = 2.2 mA = 3.47 kΩ; P.F. = 9.5 mA = 0.23 PT = (9.5mA)(7.63V)(0.23) = 16.67 mW

Trial 2:
7.63V 1.2 mA
R = 1.2 mA = 6.36 kΩ; P.F. = = 0.11 PT = (10mA)(7.63V)(0.12) = 0.23 mW
10 mA

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Trial 3:
7.63V 2.5 mA
R = 2.5 mA = 3.052 kΩ; P.F. = = 0.23 PT = (11mA)(7.63V)(0.23) = 19.30 mW
11 mA

Trial 4:
7.63V 5.4 mA
R = 5.4mA = 1.41 kΩ; P.F. = 12.7 mA = 0.43 PT = (12.7mA)(7.63V)(0.43) = 41.67 mW

Exercise 2: Plot the graph of the Power Factor P.F v.s Resistance R of Table 4.1

and Table 4.2 using the axes suggested in Figure 4.12

Table 4.1

Power Factor V.S Resistance

20

15

10

0
0.89 1.38 2.46 5.49

4
 Table 4.2

Power Factor V.s Resistance

40

35

30

25

20 Power Factor V.s Resistance

15

10

0
1.41 3.052 6.36 3.47

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II. Answer to the Questions/Problems

1) From the data of Table 4.1 in Run 1, for each trial,neglecting the resistance of

inductor, compute the vector sum of voltages Vr and VL using Pythagorean

Theorem equation and compare this with the value of supply voltage VS. What do

the values indicate?

Using 𝑽𝒔 = √(𝑽𝑹)𝟐 + (𝑽𝑳)𝟐

For Trial 1 For Trial 2

𝑽𝒔 = √(𝟔. 𝟕)𝟐 + (𝟏. 𝟏)𝟐 = 6.79V 𝑽𝒔 = √(𝟔. 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝟐. 𝟏)𝟐 = 6.45V

For Trial 3 For Trial 4

𝑽𝒔 = √(𝟓. 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝟑. 𝟑)𝟐 = 6.24V 𝑽𝒔 = √(𝟒. 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟒. 𝟑)𝟐 = 6.22V

2) From the data of Table 4.2 in Run 2, for each trial, compute the vector sum of

vcurrent Ir and IL and compare this with the value of total current IT. What do the

values indicate? Using 𝑰𝑻 = √(𝑰𝑹)𝟐 + (𝑰𝑳)𝟐

For Trial 1 For Trial 2

𝑰𝑻 = √(𝟐. 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟗. 𝟔)𝟐 = 9.84mA 𝑰𝑻 = √(𝟏. 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟗. 𝟔)𝟐 = 9.67mA

For Trial 3 For Trial 4

𝑰𝑻 = √(𝟐. 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝟗. 𝟔)𝟐 = 9.92mA 𝑰𝑻 = √(𝟓. 𝟒)𝟐 + (𝟗. 𝟔)𝟐 = 11.01mA

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3) What generalization can be drawn regarding the plot of Power Factor P.F v.s

resistance R of Table 4.1 and Table 4.2 in Figure 4.14?

The power factor varies inversely with the resistance R in both of the table. It

means that as the resistance increase, the power factor decreases, and as the power

factor increase, the resistance tends to decrease.

4) For each trial of Table 4.2 calculate the power dissipated in the resistance and

compare this with the value of the total power PT. What do the values indicate?

For Trial 1

𝐼 9.6
Θ = tan-1 ( 𝐿 ) = tan-1 ( ) = 77.09o
𝐼𝑅 2.2

P = VSITcosθ = (7.63V)(9.5mA) cos(77.09) = 16.19 mW

For Trial 2
𝐼 9.6
Θ = tan-1 ( 𝐿 ) = tan-1 ( ) = 82.87o
𝐼𝑅 1.2

P = VSIT cosθ = (7.63V)(10mA) cos(82.87) = 9.47 mW

For Trial 3
𝐼 9.6
Θ = tan-1 ( 𝐿 ) = tan-1 ( ) = 75.40o
𝐼𝑅 2.5

P = VSIT cosθ = (7.63V)(11mA) cos(75.40) = 21.15mW

For Trial 4
𝐼 9.6
Θ = tan-1 ( 𝐿 ) = tan-1 ( ) = 60.64o
𝐼𝑅 5.4

P = VSIT cosθ = (7.63V)(12.7mA) cos(60.64) = 47.51 mW

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5) A series circuit consisting of 10 ohm resistance and a coil having 5 ohm resistance and

0.05 inductance is connected to a 220-volt, 60-hertz source. Determine the current, the

power and the voltage drop across the coil

XL = 2π(60)(0.05) XL = 18.8Ω

220 𝑉
I= I = 9.2 A
24 V

𝑅 15
P.F. = 𝑍 = 24 P.F = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑

|Z| = √152 + 18.82 |Z| = 𝟐𝟒 𝒐𝒉𝒎𝒔

P = VI cosθ = (220)(9.2)(0.63) P = 1.28W

VCOIL = |I||ZCOIL| = (9.2)(19.5) VCOIL = 179.4V

ZCOIL= √𝑅 2 + 𝑋𝐿2 = √52 + 18.82 ZCOIL = 19.5Ω

6) A coil consumes 1,000 watts and draws 20 A from 220 V, 60 Hz supply, If a 100

ohm resistance is connected in parallel with the coil, find the current in each branch

and the total current, the total impedance, power factor and the total power of the

circuit.

220
|Z| = |Z| = 11Ω
20

100.6
L = 2𝜋(60) L= 𝟎. 𝟑𝒉

XL = √Z2 + R2 = √112 + 1002 XL = 100.6

220
IL = 100.6 IL =2. 19 A

220
IR = IR = 2.2 A
100

ZCOIL = √R2 + XL 2 = √1002 + 100.62 ZCOIL = 141.8Ω

VCOIL = |I||RCOIL| = 20(141.8) VCOIL = 283.6 V

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III. Conclusion

Inductance can be increased by looping the conductor into a coil which creates a

larger magnetic field. In a pure inductive circuit lags the current in the inductor voltage by

90o. An inductor is characterized by its inductance,

In general, Inductance (measured in henry) is an effect which results from the magnetic

field that forms around a current carrying conductor. Current flowing through the inductor

creates a magnetic field which has an associated electromotive field which opposes the

applied voltage.

Also Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits and signal processing.

Inductors in conjunction with capacitors and other components form tuned circuits which

can emphasize or filter out specific signal frequencies. Smaller inductor/capacitor

combinations provide tuned circuits used in radio reception and broadcasting, for

instance.

The purpose of an Inductor is to store electrical energy in the form of magnetic

energy. Wherein the inductive reactance is defined as oppose to the changes in current

through resistors. We can also conclude that based from the data, Inductive

reactance XL is directly proportional to the rate of change of current; which means, the

higher the frequency, the more it opposes the AC flow of electrons.

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IV. Bibliography

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/AC-inductance.html

http://www.raftabtronics.com/TECHNOLOGY/ElectromagneticBasics/InductorBasics/tab

id/109/Default.aspx#In_electric_circuits

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_3/2.html

http://smud.apogee.net/foe/fcsppi.asp

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