Electrical Machine Design

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Electrical Machine Design

by A. K. Sawhney1
Created by
Shiv Singh Meena
B.Tech
Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology,Kurukshetra
College Teacher
None
Cross-Checked by
None
September 29, 2016
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Electrical Machine Design
Author: A. K. Sawhney
Publisher: Dhanpat Rai
Edition: 6
Year: 2014
ISBN: 9788177001013
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
3 Principles of Magenetic Circuit Design 5
4 Thermal Design Aspects of Electrical Machines 15
5 Design of Transformers 37
6 General Concepts and Constraints in Design of Rotating

Machines 48
7 Armature Windings 54
8 Aspects of Design of Mechanical Parts 57
9 DC Machines 60
10 Three Phase Induction Motors 69
11 Design of Synchronous Machines 75
15 Design of Magnetic Circuits 87
16 Design of Heating Elements and Inductors and Welding

Transformers 90
18 Design of Starters and Field Regulators 92
3
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 3.1 Calculating effective length of air gap . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 3.2 Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a machine 6
Exa 3.3 Estimating the effective air gap area per pole . . . . . 7
Exa 3.4 Estimating the average flux density in the air gap . . . 8
Exa 3.7 Calculating the apparent flux density . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 3.8 Calculating the apparent flux density . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 3.11 Calculating the specific iron loss . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 3.12 Calculating the specific iron loss . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 3.13 Calculating the hysteresis loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 3.15 Calculating the magnetic pull and unbalanced magnetic
pull and ratio of unbalanced magnetic pull to useful force 13
Exa 4.1 Calculating the loss that will pass through copper bar
to iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 4.2 Calculating the loss that will be conducted across the
the laminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Exa 4.3 Calculating the heat radiated from the body . . . . . . 17
Exa 4.4 Calculating the length and width of strip . . . . . . . 17
Exa 4.6 Estimating the temperature of the hot spot . . . . . . 18
Exa 4.7 Estimating the hot spot temperature . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 4.8 Calculating the maximum temperature difference be-
tween the coil surface and the winding . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.9 Calculating the temperature difference beetween the cen-
tre of the embedded portion of a conductor and the over-
hang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.11 Calculating the heat conducted across the former from
winding to core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.12 Estimating the final steady temperature rise of coil and
its time constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4
Exa 4.13 Calculating the final steady temperature rise of coil sur-
face and hot spot temperature rise . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 4.15 Calculating the temperature rise and thermal time con-
stant and rating of the machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.17 Calculating the temperature of machine after one hour
of its final steady temperature rise . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 4.19 Calculating the rate of change of temperature . . . . . 27
Exa 4.22 Calculating the volume of air required per second and
fan power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 4.23 Calculating the efficiency of machine and amount of
cooling water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 4.24 Calculating the temperature rise of hydrogen . . . . . 30
Exa 4.25 Calculating the amount of oil and amount of water . . 31
Exa 4.26 Calculating the temperature rise of tank . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 4.27 Calculating the amount of water required and area of
water duct and pumping power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 4.35 Calculating the continuous rating of motor . . . . . . 34
Exa 4.37 Calculating the mean temperature rise . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 4.43 Calculating the temperature rise . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 5.3 Calculating the kVA output of a single phase transformer 37
Exa 5.6 Calculating the net iron area and window area and full
load mmf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 5.9 Calculating the net iron area and window area . . . . 39
Exa 5.12 Calculating the resistance of secondary winding . . . . 40
Exa 5.13 Calculating the leakage reactance of the transformer re-
ferred to the HV side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 5.14 Calculating the per unit leakage reactance . . . . . . . 42
Exa 5.16 Calculating the instantaneous radial force on the HV
winding if a short circuit occurs at the terminals of the
LV winding with HV energised and the force at full load 43
Exa 5.17 Calculating the instantaneous radial force and instanta-
neous axial force on the HV winding under short circuit
conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 5.18 Calculating the maximum flux and no load current of
the transformer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 5.20 Calculating the number of turns and no load current . 46
Exa 6.1 Calculating the specific electric and specific magnetic
loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5
Exa 6.5 Calculating the power developed by the armature of mo-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 6.6 Calculating the limiting value of specific magnetic load-
ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 6.8 Calculating the maximum permissible specific electric
loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Exa 6.9 Calculating the specific electric loading . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 7.33 Calculating the rms line voltage and circulating current 54
Exa 7.41 Calculating the eddy current loss ratio and average loss
ratio and critical depth for minimum loss . . . . . . . 55
Exa 8.2 Calculating the stress on the ring . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 8.4 Calculating the tensile stress and factor of safety . . . 58
Exa 8.5 Calculating the inertia constant of the generator . . . 59
Exa 9.7 Calculating the maximum permissible core length for
the machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 9.8 Calculating the maximum permissible output from a
machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 9.9 Calculating the number of extra shunt field turns to
neutralize the demagnetization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 9.10 Calculating the demagnetizing and cross magnetizing
mmf per pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 9.12 Calculating the armature voltage drop . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 9.26 Calculating the number of turns on each commutating
pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 9.27 Calculating the reactance voltage for a machine with
straight line and sinusoidal commutation . . . . . . . . 65
Exa 9.32 Calculating the minimum number of poles . . . . . . . 66
Exa 9.33 Calculating the maximum armature voltage . . . . . . 67
Exa 9.34 Calculating the total commutator losses . . . . . . . . 67
Exa 10.2 Calculating the main dimentions of squirrel cage induc-
tion motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exa 10.13 Calculating the number of stator and rotor turns and
rotor voltage between slip rings at standstill . . . . . . 70
Exa 10.15 Calculating the number of stator turns per phase . . . 71
Exa 10.16 Calculating the magnetizing current per phase . . . . 72
Exa 10.19 Calculating the current in rotor bars and in end rings 73
Exa 11.4 Calculating the suitable number of slots and conductors
per slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6
Exa 11.10 Calculating the size of armature wire and the ac resis-
tance of each pahase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 11.11 Calculating the length of air gap . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 11.13 Calculating the stator bore and stator core length and
turns per phase and armature mmf per pole and mmf
for air gap and field current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 11.14 Calculating the flux per pole and length and width of
pole and winding height and pole height . . . . . . . . 80
Exa 11.18 Calculating the direct and quadrature axis synchronous
reactances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 11.20 Calculating the kVA output of the machine . . . . . . 83
Exa 11.32 Calculating the number of stator slots and average flux
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 15.1 Calculating the current in exciting coil . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 15.4 Calculating the winding depth and winding space and
space factor and the number of turns . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 16.2 Calculating the inductance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Exa 18.1 Calculating the upper and lower limits of current during
starting and resistance of each section . . . . . . . . . 92
7
Chapter 3
Principles of Magenetic Circuit

Design
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Calculating effective length of air gap
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f a i r gap
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 3 . 1 , Page No . = 3 . 1 2 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 Ws = 12; // S l o t w i d t h i n mm
6 Wt = 12; // Tooth w i d t h i n mm
7 lg = 2; // Length o f a i r gap i n mm
8 Kcs = 1/(1+(5* lg / Ws ) ) ; // C a r t e r ’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r
slots
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f a i r gap
10 ys = Ws + Wt ; // S l o t P i t c h i n mm
11 Kgs = ys /( ys -( Kcs * Ws ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f o r s l o t s
12 Kgd =1; //Gap c o n t r a c i o n f a c t o r f o r d u c t s // S i n c e t h e r e
a r e no d u c t s
13 Kg = Kgs * Kgd ; // T o t a l gap c o n t r a c i o n f a c t o r
14 lgs = Kg * lg ; // E f f e c t i v e gap l e n g t h i n mm
15 disp ( lgs , ’ E f f e c t i v e gap l e n g t h (mm)= ’ ) ;
8
16 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 . 7 4 mm. The a n s w e r s v a r y due
t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a
machine
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e mmf r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a i r gap o f a
machine
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 L = 0.32; // Core l e n g t h i n m e t e r
6 nd = 4; // Number o f d u c t s
7 Wd = 10; // Duct w i d t h i n mm
8 Pa = 0.19; // P o l e a r c i n m e t e r
9 ys =65.4; // S l o t P i t c h i n mm
11 Wo = 5; // S l o t o p e n i n g i n mm
12 Fpp = 52; // Flux p e r p o l e i n mWb
13 Kcs = 0.18; // C a r t e r ’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r s l o t s
14 Kcd = 0.28; // C a r t e r ’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r d u c t s
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f mmf r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a i r gap
16 Kgs = ys /( ys -( Kcs * Wo ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f o r s l o t s
17 Kgd = L /( L -( Kcd * nd * Wd *10^( -3) ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f o r
ducts
19 Bg = Fpp *10^( -3) /( Pa * L ) ; // Flux d e n s i t y a t t h e c e n t r e
o f p o l e i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
20 ATg =800000* Kg * Bg * lg *10^( -3) ; //mmf r e q u i r e d f o r a i r
gap i n A
21 disp ( ATg , ’mmf r e q u i r e d f o r a i r gap (A)= ’ ) ;
22 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 5 8 7 A . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
round o f f e r r o r
9
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Estimating the effective air gap area per pole
1 // E s t i m a t i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e a i r gap a r e a p e r p o l e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 P = 10; // Number o f p o l e
6 Sb = 0.65; // S t a t o r b o r e i n m e t e r
8 Nss = 90; // Number o f s t a t o r s l o t s
9 Wos = 3; // S t a t o r s l o t o p e n i n g i n mm
10 Nrs = 120; // Number o f r o t o r s l o t s
11 Wor = 3; // R o t o r s l o t o p e n i n g i n mm
12 lg = 0.95; // Length o f a i r gap i n mm
13 Kcs = 0.46; // C a r t e r ’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r s l o t s
14 Kcd = 0.68; // C a r t e r ’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r d u c t s
15 nd = 3; // Number o f v e n t i l a t i n g d u c t s
16 Wd = 10; // Width o f e a c h v e n t i l a t i n g Duct i n mm
17 // E s t i m a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e a i r gap a r e a p e r p o l e
18 ys = 3.141592654* Sb *10^(3) / Nss ; // S t a t o r s l o t p i t c h
19 Kgss = ys /( ys -( Kcs * Wos ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f a c t o r f o r
stator slots
20 Rd = Sb -2* lg *10^( -3) ; // R o t o r d i a m e t e r i n m e t e r
21 yr = 3.141592654* Rd *10^(3) / Nrs ; // R o t o r s l o t p i t c h
22 Kgsr = yr /( yr -( Kcs * Wor ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f a c t o r f o r
rotor slots
23 Kgs = Kgss * Kgsr ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f a c t o r f o r s l o t s
24 Kgd = L *10^(3) /( L *10^(3) -( Kcd * nd * Wd ) ) ; //Gap
contraction for ducts
26 Ag = 3.141592654* Sb * L / P ; // A c t u a l a r e a o f a i r gap
per p o l e i n meter square
10
27 Age = Ag / Kg ; // E f f e c t i v e a i r gap a r e a p e r p o l e i n
meter square
28 disp ( Age , ’ E f f e c t i v e a i r gap a r e a p e r p o l e ( m e t e r
s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
29 // i n book a n s w e r i s . 0 4 0 5 2 A . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Estimating the average flux density in the air gap
1 // E s t i m a t i n g t h e a v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e a i r
gap
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 MVA = 172; // MVA r a t i n g
6 P = 20; // Number o f p o l e
7 D = 6.5; // D i a m e t e r i n m e t e r
9 ys = 64; // S l o t P i t c h i n mm
10 Ws = 22; // S t a t o r s l o t ( open ) w i d t h i n mm
14 mmf = 27000 // T o t a l mmf p e r p o l e i n A
15 Kf = 0.7; // F i e l d form f a c t o r
16 // E s t i m a t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e a i r gap a r e a p e r p o l e
17 y = Ws /(2* lg ) ; // R a t i o f o r s l o t s
18 Kcs = (2/ %pi ) *( atan ( y ) - log10 ( sqrt (1+ y ^2) ) / y ) ; // C a r t e r
’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r s l o t s
19 Kgs = ys /( ys -( Kcs * Ws ) ) ; //Gap c o n t r a c t i o n f o r s l o t s
20 y = Wd /(2* lg ) ; // R a t i o f o r d u c t s
21 Kcd = (2/ %pi ) *( atan ( y ) - log10 ( sqrt (1+ y ^2) ) / y ) ; // C a r t e r
’ s co− e f f i c i e n t f o r s l o t s
11
22 Kgd = L *10^(3) /( L *10^(3) -( Kcd * nd * Wd ) ) ; //Gap
contraction for ducts
23 Kg = Kgs * Kgd ; // T o t a l gap e x p a n s i o n f a c t o r
24 ATg = 0.87* mmf ; // The r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a i r gap i s 87
% o f t h e t o t a l mmf p e r p o l e i n A
25 Bg = ATg /(800000* Kg * lg *10^( -3) ) ; // Maximum f l u x
d e n s i t y i n a i r gap i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
26 Bav = Kf * Bg ; // A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y i n a i r gap i n Wb
per meter square
27 disp ( Bav , ’ A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y i n a i r gap (Wb p e r
m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
28 // i n book a n s w e r i s . 6 1 5 Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e . The
p r o v i d e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculating the apparent flux density
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e a p p a r e n t f l u x d e n s i t y
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 Wt = 12; // Tooth w i d t h i n mm
7 L = .32; // G r a s s c o r e Length i n m e t e r
10 Breal = 2.2; // R e a l f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square
11 p = 31.4*10^( -6) ; // P e r m e a b i l i t y o f t e e t h
c o r r e s p o n d i n g to r e a l f l u x d e n s i t y in henry per
meter
12 Ki = 0.9; // S t a c k i n g F a c t o r
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f a p p a r e n t f l u x d e n s i t y
14 at = Breal / p ; // mmf p e r m e t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r e a l
12
f l u x d e n s i t y and p e r m e a b i l i t y
15 Li = Ki *( L - nd * Wd *10^( -3) ) ; // Net i r o n l e n g t h
16 ys = Wt + Ws ; // S l o t p i t c h
17 Ks = L * ys /( Li * Wt ) ;
18 Bapp = Breal +4* %pi *10^( -7) * at *( Ks -1) ;
19 disp ( Bapp , ’ Apparent f l u x d e n s i t y (Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
)= ’ ) ;
20 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 . 3 1 7 Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e . The
a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Calculating the apparent flux density
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e a p p a r e n t f l u x d e n s i t y
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 ys = 28; // S l o t p i t c h i n mm
7 L = .35; // G r a s s c o r e Length i n m e t e r
10 Breal = 2.15; // R e a l f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square
11 at = 55000; // mmf p e r m e t e r c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o r e a l
f l u x d e n s i t y and p e r m e a b i l i t y
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f a p p a r e n t f l u x d e n s i t y
14 Li = Ki *( L - nd * Wd *10^( -3) ) ; // Net i r o n l e n g t h
15 Wt = ys - Ws ; // Tooth w i d t h i n mm
16 Ks = L * ys /( Li * Wt ) ;
17 Bapp = Breal +4* %pi *10^( -7) * at *( Ks -1) ;
18 disp ( Bapp , ’ Apparent f l u x d e n s i t y (Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
)= ’ ) ;
13
19 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 . 2 1 5 6 Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e . The
Scilab code Exa 3.11 Calculating the specific iron loss
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c i r o n l o s s
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 3 . 1 1 , Page No . = 3 . 3 4 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 Bm = 3.2; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 t = 0.5*10^( -3) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f s h e e t i n mm
8 p = .3*10^( -6) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f a l l o y s t e e l i n ohm∗
meter
9 D = 7.8*10^(3) ; // D e n s i t y i n kg p e r m e t e r c u b e
10 ph_each = 400; // H y s t e r e s i s l o s s i n e a c h c y c l e i n
J o u l e per meter cube
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l i r o n l o s s
12 pe = %pi * %pi * f * f * Bm * Bm * t * t /(6* p * D ) ; // Eddy c u r r e n t
l o s s i n W p e r Kg
13 ph = ph_each * f / D ; // H y s t e r s e i s l o s s i n W p e r Kg
14 Pi = pe + ph ; // T o t a l i r o n l o s s i n W p e r Kg
15 disp ( Pi , ’ S p e c i f i c i r o n l o s s (W p e r Kg )= ’ ) ;
16 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 . 2 W p e r Kg . The p r o v i d e d i n
t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong
Scilab code Exa 3.12 Calculating the specific iron loss
14
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c i r o n l o s s
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
square
6 f = 100; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 t = 0.3*10^( -3) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f s h e e t i n mm
8 p = .5*10^( -6) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f a l l o y s t e e l i n ohm∗
meter
9 D = 7650; // D e n s i t y i n kg p e r m e t e r c u b e
10 pi_quoted = 1.2; // Quoted i r o n l o s s i n W p e r Kg
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t o t a l i r o n l o s s
12 S1 = 2*12; // S i d e s o f h y s t e r e s i s l o o p i n A/m
13 S2 = 2*1; // S i d e s o f h y s t e r e s i s l o o p i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square
14 A = S1 * S2 ; // Area o f h y s t e r e s i s l o o p i n W−s p e r
meter cube
15 ph_each = A ; // H y s t e r e s i s l o s s i n e a c h c y c l e i n
J o u l e per meter cube
16 ph = ph_each * f / D ; // H y s t e r s e i s l o s s i n W p e r Kg
17 pe = %pi * %pi * f * f * Bm * Bm * t * t /(6* p * D ) ; // Eddy c u r r e n t
l o s s i n W p e r Kg
18 pi = pe + ph ; // T o t a l i r o n l o s s i n W p e r Kg
19 disp ( pi , ’ S p e c i f i c i r o n l o s s (W p e r Kg )= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( ’ The c a l c u l a t e d i r o n l o s s i s s m a l l e r t h a n t h e
quoted . ’ )
21 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 . 0 1 4 W p e r Kg . The a n s w e r s
v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 3.13 Calculating the hysteresis loss
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e h y s t e r e s i s l o s s
15
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
square
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 SGi = 7.5; // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f i r o n
8 ph = 4.9; // H y s t e r s e i s l o s s i n W p e r Kg
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f co− e f f i c i e n t ’ n ’
10 Di = 7500; // D e n s i t y o f i r o n
11 n = ph /( Di * f *( Bm ^(1.7) ) ) ; //
12 disp (n , ’ ( a ) co− e f f i c i e n t ( n )= ’ ) ;
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 3 0 7 ∗ 1 0 ˆ ( − 6 ) . The a n s w e r s v a r y
due t o round o f f e r r o r
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f h y s t e r e s i s l o s s
square
16 f = 25; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
17 ph = n * f * Di * Bm ^(1.7) ; // H y s t e r s e i s l o s s i n W p e r Kg
18 disp ( ph , ’ ( b ) H y s t e r s e i s l o s s (W p e r Kg )= ’ ) ;
19 // i n book a n s w e r i s 6 . 6 6 W p e r Kg . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 3.15 Calculating the magnetic pull and unbalanced mag-
netic pull and ratio of unbalanced magnetic pull to useful force
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e m a g n e t i c p u l l , u n b a l a n c e d
m a g n e t i c p u l l and r a t i o o f u n b a l a n c e d m a g n e t i c
p u l l to u s e f u l f o r c e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Power = 75000; // Power r a t i n g i n W
16
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 p = 2; // Number o f p o l e s
8 D = 0.5; // S t a t o r b o r e i n m e t e r
9 L = 0.2; // A x i a l l e n g t h o f c o r e i n m e t e r
10 lg = 5; // Length o f a i r gap
11 ATm = 4500; // Peak m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e
12 Bm = ATm *4* %pi *10^( -7) /( lg *10^( -3) ) ; // Peak v a l u e o f
f l u x d e n s i t y i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f m a g n e t i c p u l l p e r p o l e
14 MP = Bm * Bm * D * L /(3*4* %pi *10^( -7) ) ; // M a g n e t i c p u l l
p e r p o l e ( Flux D i s t r i b u t i o n i s s i n u s o i d a l )
15 disp ( MP , ’ ( a ) M a g n e t i c p u l l p e r p o l e (N)= ’ ) ;
16 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 3 . 9 i n kN The a n s w e r s v a r y due
17 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f u n b a l a n c e d m a g n e t i c p u l l
18 e = 1; // D i s p l a c e m e n t o f r o t o r a x i s i n mm
19 Pp = %pi * D * L * Bm * Bm * e /( lg *4*4* %pi *10^( -7) ) ; //
Unbalanced magnetic p u l l per p a i r o f p o l e s
20 disp ( Pp , ’ ( b ) Unbalanced magnetic p u l l per p a i r o f
p o l e s (N)= ’ ) ;
21 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 6 0 0 0 i n N The a n s w e r s v a r y due
22 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f R a t i o o f u n b a l a n c e d m a g n e t i c p u l l
to u s e f u l f o r c e
23 Speed = 2* f / p ; // Speed i n r . p . s .
24 T = Power /(2* %pi * Speed ) ; // U s e f u l t o r q u e i n Nm
25 F = T /( D /2) ; // U s e f u l f o r c e i n N
26 Ratio = Pp / F ; // R a t i o o f u n b a l a n c e d m a g n e t i c p u l l t o
useful force
27 disp ( Ratio , ’ ( c ) Ratio of unbalanced magnetic p u l l
to u s e f u l f o r c e= ’ );
28 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 6 . 8 The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
17
Chapter 4
Thermal Design Aspects of

Electrical Machines
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Calculating the loss that will pass through copper bar
to iron
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l o s s t h a t w i l l p a s s t h r o u g h
copper bar to i r o n
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 4 . 1 , Page No . = 4 . 3 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 D = 12; // D i a m e t e r o f c o p p e r b a r i n mm
6 t = 1.5; // T h i c k n e s s o f m i c a n i t e t u b e i n mm
7 p = 8; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f m a c a n i t e t u b e i n ohm∗ m e t e r
8 T = 25; // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
9 L = 0.2; // Length o f c o p p e r b a r
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f l o s s . t h a t w i l l p a s s t h r o u g h c o p p e r
bar to i r o n
11 S = %pi *( D + t ) *10^( -3) * L ; // Area o f i n s u l a t i o n i n t h e
path o f heat f l o w
12 R =( p * t *10^( -3) ) / S ; // Thermal r e s i s t a n c e o f
micanite tube
18
13 Q_con = T / R ; // Heat D i s s i p a t e d
14 disp ( Q_con , ’ Heat D i s s i p a t e d (W)= ’ ) ;
15 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 7 . 6 7 W. The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Calculating the loss that will be conducted across the
the laminations
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l o s s t h a t w i l l be c o n d u c t e d
a c r o s s the the laminations
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Q_con_5 = 25; // Heat D i s s i p a t e d
6 t_5 = 20; // T h i c k n e s s o f l a m i n a t i o n s i n mm
7 S_5 = 2500; // C r o s s −s e c t i o n a r e a o f c o n d u c t i o n i n mm
square
8 T_5 = 5; // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
9 t_20 = 40; // T h i c k n e s s o f l a m i n a t i o n s i n mm
10 S_20 = 6000; // C r o s s −s e c t i o n a r e a o f c o n d u c t i o n i n
mm s q u a r e
11 T_20 = 20; // T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e i n d e g r e e
celsius
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f h e a t c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e
laminations
13 p_along = ( T_5 * S_5 *10^( -6) ) /( Q_con_5 * t_5 *10^( -3) ) ; //
Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y a l o n g t h e d i r e c t i o n o f
laminations
14 p_across = 20* p_along ; // Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y a c r o s s
the d i r e c t i o n of laminations
15 Q_con_20 = S_20 *10^( -6) * T_20 /( p_across * t_20 *10^( -3) )
; // Heat c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e t h e l a m i n a t i o n s
16 disp ( Q_con_20 , ’ Heat c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e t h e
19
l a m i n a t i o n s (W)= ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r i s 6 W. The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Calculating the heat radiated from the body
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e h e a t r a d i a t e d from t h e body
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 e = 0.8; // Co− e f f i c i e n t o f e m i s s i v i t y
6 T1 = 273+60; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f body i n d e g r e e k e l v i n
7 T0 = 273+20; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f w a l l s i n d e g r e e k e l v i n
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e h e a t r a d i a t e d from t h e body
9 q_rad = 5.7*10^( -8) * e *( T1 ^(4) - T0 ^(4) ) ; // Heat
r a d i a t e d from t h e body
10 disp ( q_rad , ’ Heat r a d i a t e d from t h e body ( Watt p e r
s q u a r e m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
11 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 2 4 . 6 i n Watt p e r s q u a r e m e t e r .
The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Calculating the length and width of strip
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l e n g t h and w i d t h o f s t r i p
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 e = 0.9; // E m i s s i v i t y
6 Radiating_efficiency = 0.75; // R a d i a t i n g e f f i c i e n c y
20
7 v = 250; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
8 P = 1000; // Power i n Watts
9 t = 0.2; // T h i c k n e s s o f n i c k e l chrome s t r i p
10 T1 = 273+(300+30) ; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f s t r i p i n d e g r e e
kelvin
11 T0 = 273+30; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a m b i e n t medium i n
degree kelvin
12 p = 1*10^( -6) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f n i c k e l chrome
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f l e n g t h and w i d t h o f s t r i p
14 e = e * Radiating_efficiency ; // E f f e c t i v e co− e f f i c i e n t
of emissivity
15 q_rad = 5.7*10^( -8) * e *( T1 ^(4) - T0 ^(4) ) ; // Heat
d i s s i p a t e d by r a d i a t i o n i n Watt p e r m e t e r s q u a r e
16 R = v * v / P ; // R e s i s t a n c e o f s t r i p i n ohm
17 l_by_w = R * t *10^( -3) / p ; // T h i s i s e q u a l t o l /w
18 lw = 1000/( q_rad *2) ; // T h i s i s e q u a l t o l ∗w
19 l = sqrt ( lw * l_by_w ) ; // Length o f s t r i p i n m e t e r
20 w = ( lw / l ) *10^(3) ; // Width o f s t r i p i n mm
21 disp (l , ’ Length o f s t r i p ( m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
22 disp (w , ’ Width o f s t r i p (mm)= ’ ) ;
23 // i n book Length i s 3 6 . 2 m e t e r and w i d t h i s 2 . 9 mm.
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Estimating the temperature of the hot spot
1 // E s t i m a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 t = 0.5; // P l a t e w i d t h o f t r a n s f o r m e r c o r e i n m e t e r
7 p_core = 3; // Core l o s s i n Watt p e r kg
8 thermal_conductivity = 150; // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y
21
i n Watt p e r d e g r e e c e l s i u s
9 Ts = 40; // S u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s
10 D = 7800; // D e n s i t y o f s t e e l p l a t e i n kg p e r m e t e r
cube
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t
12 q = p_core * Ki * D ; // Core l o s s p e r u n i t volume ( Watt
per meter cube )
13 p = 1/ thermal_conductivity ; // t h e r m a l r e s i s t i v i t y
14 x = t ; // S i n c e h e a t i s t a k e n a l l t o one end
15 Tm = ( q * p * x * x /2) + Ts ; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t ,
i f h e a t i s t a k e n a l l t o one end ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
16 disp ( Tm , ’ ( a ) Temperature o f the hot spot , i f heat
i s t a k e n a l l t o one end ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r s i s 5 8 . 3 d e g r e e c e l s i u s . The
18 x = t /2; // S i n c e h e a t i s t a k e n t o b o t h t h e d i r e c t i o n s
19 Tm = ( q * p * x * x /2) + Ts ; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t ,
i f heat i s taken to both the d i r e c t i o n s ( d e g r e e
celsius )
20 disp ( Tm , ’ ( b ) Temperature o f the hot spot , i f heat
i s t a k e n t o b o t h t h e d i r e c t i o n s ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )=
’ );
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Estimating the hot spot temperature
1 // E s t i m a t i n g t h e h o t s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 l = 1; // Length o f mean t u r n i n m e t e r
6 Sf = 0.56; // S p a c e F a c t o r
22
7 p = 120; // T o t a l l o s s i n t h e c o i l i n Watt
8 pi = 8; // Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y i n ohm∗ m e t e r
9 A = 100*50; // Area o f c r o s s −s e c t i o n i n mm s q u a r e
10 t = 50*10^( -3) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f c o i l i n m e t e r
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t
12 pe = pi *(1 - Sf ^(1/2) ) ; // E f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l
r e s i s t i v i t y i n ohm∗ m e t e r
13 V = A * l *10^( -6) ; // Volume o f c o i l ( i n m e t e r c u b e )
14 q = p / V ; // Heat d i s s i p a t e d i n Watt p e r m e t e r c u b e
15 T0 = q * pe * t * t /8; // Assuming e q u a l i n w a r d and outward
heat flows
16 disp ( T0 , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e h o t s p o t ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s
)= ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r s i s 15 d e g r e e c e l s i u s . The a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Calculating the maximum temperature difference be-
tween the coil surface and the winding
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e c o i l s u r f a c e and t h e w i n d i n g
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 t = 25*10^( -3) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f c o i l ( i n m e t e r )
6 Sf = 0.7; // S p a c e F a c t o r
7 Loss_cu = 20; // Copper l o s s e s ( i n Watt p e r kg )
8 pi = 8; // Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y o f p a p e r i n s u l a t i o n ( i n
ohm∗ m e t e r )
9 D_cu = 8900; // D e n s i t y o f c o p p e r ( i n kg p e r m e t e r
cube )
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
b e t w e e n t h e c o i l s u r f a c e and t h e w i n d i n g
23
11 pe = pi *(1 - Sf ^(1/2) ) ; // E f f e c t i v e thermal
r e s i s t i v i t y i n ( ohm∗ m e t e r )
12 q = Sf * Loss_cu * D_cu ; // L o s s e s ( i n Watt p e r m e t e r c u b e
)
13 T = q * pe * t ^(2) /2; // Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e difference
b e t w e e n t h e c o i l s u r f a c e and t h e w i n d i n g ( i n
degree c e l s i u s )
14 disp (T , ’ Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e
c o i l s u r f a c e and t h e w i n d i n g ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
15 // i n book a n s w e r i s 51 d e g r e e c e l s i u s . The a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Calculating the temperature difference beetween the
centre of the embedded portion of a conductor and the overhang
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e e t w e e n
t h e c e n t r e o f t h e embedded p o r t i o n o f a c o n d u c t o r
and t h e o v e r h a n g
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 L = 0.5; // Length o f t h e machine i n m e t e r
6 pc = 0.0025; // Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y o f c o n d u c t o r i n
ohm∗ m e t e r
7 p = 0.021*10^( -6) ; // E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y o f
c o n d u c t o r i n ohm∗ m e t e r
8 s = 4; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n t h e c o n d u c t o r s ( i n A p e r
mm s q u a r e )
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e
b e e t w e e n t h e c e n t r e o f t h e embedded p o r t i o n o f a
c o n d u c t o r and t h e o v e r h a n g
10 T = ( s *10^(6) ) ^(2) *( p * pc * L * L ) /8; // E f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l
r e s i s t i v i t y i n ohm∗ m e t e r
24
11 disp (T , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e d i f f e r e n c e b e e t w e e n t h e c e n t r e
o f t h e embedded p o r t i o n o f a c o n d u c t o r and t h e
o v e r h a n g ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 4.11 Calculating the heat conducted across the former
from winding to core
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e h e a t c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e f o r m e r
from w i n d i n g t o c o r e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 t = 2.5; // T h i c k n e s s o f f o r m e r ( i n mm)
6 t_air = 1; // T h i c k n e s s o f a i r s p a c e ( i n mm)
7 lw = 150*250; // The i n n e r d i m e n t i o n s o f t h e f o r m e r
o f f i e l d c o i l ( i n mm s q u a r e )
8 h = 200; // Winding h e i g h t ( i n mm)
9 s_former = 0.166; // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f f o r m e r (
i n W per meter per d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
10 s_air = 0.05; // Thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y o f a i r ( i n W
per meter per d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
11 T = 40; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e h e a t c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e
f o r m e r from w i n d i n g t o c o r e
13 S = 2*(150+250) * h *10^( -6) ; // Area o f p a t h o f h e a t
f l o w ( i n meter square )
14 R_former = t *10^( -3) /( S * s_former ) ; // Thermal
r e s i s t a n c e o f f o r m e r ( i n ohm )
15 R_air = t_air *10^( -3) /( S * s_air ) ; // Thermal
r e s i s t a n c e o f f o r m e r ( i n ohm )
16 R0 = R_former + R_air ; // S i n c e R f o r m e r and R a i r a r e
25
in s e r i e s . Total thermal r e s i s t a n c e to heat flow
( i n ohm )
17 Q_con = T / R0 ; // Heat c o n d u c t e d ( i n Watts )
18 disp ( Q_con , ’ Heat c o n d u c t e d a c r o s s t h e f o r m e r from
w i n d i n g t o c o r e ( i n Watts )= ’ ) ;
19 // i n book a n s w e r s i s 1 8 2 . 6 Watts . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 4.12 Estimating the final steady temperature rise of coil
and its time constant
1 // E s t i m a t i n g t h e f i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f
c o i l and i t s t i m e c o n s t a n t
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 S = 0.15; // Heat d i s s i p a t i n g s u r f a c e ( i n m e t e r
square )
6 l = 1; // Length o f mean t u r n i n m e t e r
7 Sf = 0.56; // S p a c e F a c t o r
8 A = 100*50; // Area o f c r o s s −s e c t i o n ( i n mm s q u a r e )
9 Q = 150; // D i s s i p a t i n g l o s s ( i n Watts )
10 emissivity = 34; // E m i s s i v i t y ( i n Watt p e r d e g r e e
c e l s i u s per meter square )
11 h = 390; // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f c o p p e r ( i n J p e r kg p e r
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
o f c o i l and i t s t i m e c o n s t a n t
13 V = l * A * Sf *10^( -6) ; // Volume o f c o p p e r ( i n m e t e r
cube )
14 G = V *8900; // S i n c e c o p p e r w e i g h e s 8 9 0 0 kg p e r m e t e r
c u b e . Weight o f c o p p e r ( i n kg )
15 Tm = Q /( S * emissivity ) ; // F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e
26
r i s e ( in degree c e l s i u s )
16 Th = G * h /( S * emissivity ) ; // H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n
seconds )
17 disp ( Tm , ’ F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e
c e l s i u s ) )= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( Th , ’ H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( s e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;
19 // i n book f i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( i n d e g r e e
c e l s i u s ) i s e q u a l t o 2 9 . 4 and h e a t i n g t i m e
c o n s t a n t ( i n s e c o n d s ) i s e q u a l t o 1 9 0 6 . The
Scilab code Exa 4.13 Calculating the final steady temperature rise of coil
surface and hot spot temperature rise
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e f i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f
c o i l s u r f a c e and h o t s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 S = 0.125; // C o o l i n g s u r f a c e ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
6 l = 0.8; // Length o f mean t u r n i n m e t e r
7 Sf = 0.56; // S p a c e F a c t o r
8 A = 120*50; // Area o f c r o s s −s e c t i o n ( i n mm s q u a r e )
9 Q = 150; // D i s s i p a t i n g l o s s ( i n Watts )
10 emissivity = 30; // S p e c i f i c h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n ( i n
Watt p e r d e g r e e c e l s i u s p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
11 pi = 8; // Thermal r e s i s t i v i t y o f i n s u l a t i n g m a t e r i a l
( i n ohm∗ m e t e r )
o f c o i l s u r f a c e and h o t s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
13 Tm = Q /( S * emissivity ) ; // F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e
14 p0 = pi *(1 - Sf ^(1/2) ) ; // E f f e c t i v e t h e r m a l
27
r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm∗ m e t e r )
15 q = Q /( l * A *10^( -6) ) ; // L o s s ( i n Watts p e r m e t e r c u b e
)
16 T0 = q * p0 *(50*10^( -3) ) ^(2) /8; // T e m p e r a t u r e
d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o i l s u r t f a c e and h o t s p o t ( i n
17 disp ( Tm , ’ F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e
c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
18 disp ( Tm + T0 , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f h o t s p o t ( d e g r e e
c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
19 // i n book f i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( i n d e g r e e
c e l s i u s ) i s e q u a l t o 40 and h o t s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e
r i s e ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s ) i s e q u a l t o 5 9 . 5 . The
Scilab code Exa 4.15 Calculating the temperature rise and thermal time
constant and rating of the machine
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e and t h e r m a l t i m e
c o n s t a n t and r a t i n g o f t h e machine
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 D = 0.6; // D i a m e t e r o f i n d u c t i o n motor ( i n m e t e r )
6 L = 0.9; // Length o f i n d u c t i o n motor ( i n m e t e r )
7 out = 7500; // Output o f i n d u c t i o n motor ( i n W)
8 e = 0.9; // E f f i c i e n c y
9 G = 375; // Weight o f m a t e r i a l ( i n kg )
10 h = 725; // S p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n J / kg d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
11 Lem = 12; // S p e c i f i c h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n ( i n Watt p e r
meter square d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e and t h e r m a l
t i m e c o n s t a n t o f t h e machine
28
13 S = ( %pi * D * L ) +(2* %pi /4* D ^(2) ) ; // T o t a l h e a t
d i s s i p a t i n g s u r f a c e ( i n meter square )
14 Q = ( out / e ) - out ; // L o s s e s ( i n Watts )
15 Tm = Q /( S * Lem ) ; // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( in degree
celsius )
16 Th = G * h /( S * Lem ) ; // Time c o n s t a n t ( i n s e c o n d s )
17 disp ( Tm , ’ ( a ) F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
= ’ );
18 disp ( Th , ’ Time c o n s t a n t ( s e c o n d s ) = ’ ) ;
19 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r a t i n g o f t h e machine
20 Lem_new = 25; // S p e c i f i c h e a t d i s s i p a t i o n ( i n Watt
per meter square d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
21 Q = Tm * S * Lem_new ; // L o s s e s ( i n Watts )
22 out = ( e * Q ) /(1 - e ) ; // Output o f i n d u c t i o n motor ( i n W
)
23 disp ( out , ’ ( b ) R a t i n g o f t h e machine ( Watt ) = ’ ) ;
24 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 3 0 . 8 5 d e g r e e c e l s i u s , 1 0 0 2 5
s e c o n d s and 1 5 6 8 7 w a t t s . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
Scilab code Exa 4.17 Calculating the temperature of machine after one
hour of its final steady temperature rise
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f machine a f t e r one
hour o f i t s f i n a l s t e a d y temperature r i s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Ti = 40; // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
6 T_ambient = 30; // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
7 Tm = 80; // F i n a l s t e a d y t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
29
8 Th = 2; // H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n h o u r s )
9 t = 1; // S i n c e we have t o c a l c u l a t e t e m p e r a t u r e o f
machine a f t e r one h o u r o f i t s f i n a l s t e a d y
temperture r i s e ( in hours )
o f c o i l s u r f a c e and h o t s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
11 Ti_rise = Ti - T_ambient ; // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e (
in degree c e l s i u s )
12 T = Tm *(1 - %e ^( - t / Th ) ) +( Ti_rise * %e ^( - t / Th ) ) ; //
T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e a f t e r one h o u r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
13 disp ( T + T_ambient , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e o f machine a f t e r one
h o u r ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
14 // i n book a n s w e r i s 6 7 . 5 4 ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s ) . The
Scilab code Exa 4.19 Calculating the rate of change of temperature
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t
t =0
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 I = 2.5; // C u r r e n t ( i n Amperes )
6 V = 230; // V o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
7 G = 60; // Weight o f c o p p e r ( i n kg )
8 h = 390; // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f c o p p e r ( i n J p e r kg p e r
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e
a t t =0
10 Q = I * V ; // L o s s ( i n Watts )
11 T_rate = Q /( G * h ) ; // Rate o f c h a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t
t =0 ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s p e r s e c o n d )
30
12 disp ( T_rate , ’ Rate o f c h a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e a t t =0 (
d e g r e e c e l s i u s p e r s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 0 . 0 2 4 6 ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s p e r
s e c o n d ) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 4.22 Calculating the volume of air required per second
and fan power
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e volume o f a i r r e q u i r e d p e r s e c o n d
and f a n power
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 MVA = 50; // MVA r a t i n g o f t u r b o −a l t e r n a t o r
6 Q = 1500; // T o t a l l o s s ( i n kW)
7 Ti = 25; // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
8 T = 30; // T e m p e r a t u r e l i m i t ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
9 H = 760; // B a r o m a t r i c h e i g h t ( i n mm o f m e r c u r y )
10 P = 2000; // P r e s s u r e ( i n N p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
11 nf = 0.4; // Fan e f f i c i e n c y
12 // Assumption
13 cp = 995; // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f a i r a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e ( i n J p e r kg p e r d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
14 V = 0.775; // Volume o f 1 kg o f a i r a t N . T . P . ( i n
meter cube )
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e volume o f a i r r e q u i r e d p e r
s e c o n d and f a n power
16 Va = ( V * Q *10^(3) /( cp * T ) ) *(( Ti +273) /273) *(760/ H ) ; //
Volume o f a i r ( i n m e t e r c u b e p e r s e c o n d )
17 Pf = ( P * Va / nf ) *10^( -3) ; // Fan power ( i n kW)
18 disp ( Va , ’ Volume o f a i r ( m e t e r c u b e p e r s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
19 disp ( Pf , ’ Fan power (kW)= ’ ) ;
31
20 // i n book Va i s e q u a l t o 4 2 . 6 ( m e t e r c u b e p e r s e c o n d
) and Pf i s e q u a l t o 2 1 2 . 5 (kW) . The a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 4.23 Calculating the efficiency of machine and amount of
cooling water
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f machine and amount

of c o o l i n g water
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 MVA = 30; // MVA r a t i n g o f t u r b o −a l t e r n a t o r
celsius )
7 To = 45; // O u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
8 H = 750; // B a r o m a t r i c h e i g h t ( i n mm o f m e r c u r y )
9 Va = 30; // Volume o f a i r ( i n m e t e r c u b e p e r s e c o n d )
10 nf = 0.4; // Fan e f f i c i e n c y
meter cube )
13 pf = 0.8; // Power f a c t o r
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f machine
15 T = To - Ti ; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e l i m i t ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
16 Q = Va /(( V *10^(3) /( cp * T ) ) *(( Ti +273) /273) *(760/ H ) ) ; //
T o t a l l o s s e s ( i n kW)
17 P_out = 30*10^(3) * pf ; // Output power ( i n kW)
18 n = P_out /( P_out + Q ) *100; // Fan power ( i n kW)
19 disp (n , ’ ( a ) E f f i c i e n c y o f machine ( i n p e r c e n t a g e )= ’ )
32
;
20 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e amount o f c o o l i n g w a t e r
21 T = 8; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f w a t e r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
22 Vw = 0.24* Q / T ; // Amount o f c o o l i n g w a t e r ( i n l i t r e
per second )
23 disp ( Vw , ’ ( b ) Amount o f c o o l i n g w a t e r ( l i t r e p e r
s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
24 // i n book e f f i c i e n c y i s e q u a l t o 9 5 . 7% and amount o f
c o o l i n g w a t e r 3 2 . 4 ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d ) . The
Scilab code Exa 4.24 Calculating the temperature rise of hydrogen
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f h y d r o g e n
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Q = 750; // L o s s e s ( i n kW)
celsius )
7 H = (2000+760) ; // B a r o m a t r i c h e i g h t ( i n mm o f
mercury )
8 VH = 10; // Volume o f h y d r o g e n l e a v i n g t h e c o o l e r s (
i n meter cube per second )
meter cube )
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f h y d r o g e n
12 T = ( V * Q *10^(3) /( cp * VH ) ) *(( Ti +273) /273) *(760/ H ) ; //
Temperature r i s e o f hydrogen ( i n d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
13 disp (T , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f h y d r o g e n ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s
33
)= ’ ) ;
14 // i n book a n s i s 20 ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s ) . The a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 4.25 Calculating the amount of oil and amount of water
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e amount o f o i l and amount o f w a t e r

2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 MVA = 40; // MVA r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
6 Q = 200; // T o t a l l o s s e s ( i n kW)
7 Q_oil = 0.8* Q ; // S i n c e 20% o f l o s s e s a r e d i s s i p a t e d
by t a n k w a l l s Heat t a k e n up by o i l ( i n kW)
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e amount o f o i l
9 T = 20; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f o i l ( i n d e g r e e celsius
)
10 cp = 0.4; // by a s s u m i n g
11 Vo = 0.24* Q_oil /( cp * T ) ; // Amount o f o i l ( i n l i t r e
per second )
12 disp ( Vo , ’ Amount o f o i l ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e amount o f w a t e r
14 T = 10; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f w a t e r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
15 Vw = 0.24* Q_oil / T ; // Amount o f w a t e r ( i n l i t r e p e r
second )
16 disp ( Vw , ’ Amount o f w a t e r ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
17 // i n book Vo i s e q u a l t o 4 . 8 ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d ) and
Vw i s e q u a l t o 3 . 8 4 ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d ) . The
34
Scilab code Exa 4.26 Calculating the temperature rise of tank
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t a n k
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 MVA = 15; // MVA r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r
6 Q_iron = 80; // I r o n l o s s e s ( i n kW)
7 Q_copper = 120; // Copper l o s s e s ( i n kW)
8 T_water = 15; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f w a t e r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
9 Vw = 3; // Amount o f w a t e r ( i n l i t r e p e r s e c o n d )
10 Dimensions = 3.5*3.0*1.4; // Tank d i m e n s i o n s ( i n
meter )
11 l = 10; // S p e c i f i c l o s s d i s s i p a t i o n from t a n k w a l l s
( i n Watt p e r d e g r e e c e l s i u s p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t a n k
13 Q_total = Q_iron + Q_copper ; // T o t a l l o s s e s ( i n kW)
14 Q = Vw * T_water /0.24; // Heat t a k e n away by w a t e r ( i n
kW)
15 Q_walls = Q_total - Q ; // L o s s d i s s i p a t e d by w a l l s ( i n
kW)
16 S = 2*3.5*(3+1.14) ; // Area o f t a n k w a l l s by
n e g l e c t i n g t o p and bottom s u r f a c e s
17 T = Q_walls *10^(3) /( S * l ) ; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t a n k
( in degree c e l s i u s )
18 disp (T , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f t a n k ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ )
;
19 // i n book a n s w e r i s 4 0 . 6 ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s ) . The
p r o v i d e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong
35
Scilab code Exa 4.27 Calculating the amount of water required and area
of water duct and pumping power
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e amount o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d p e r
s e c o n d , a r e a o f w a t e r d u c t and pumping power
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Q = 800; // S t a t o r c o p p e r l o s s e s ( i n kW)
6 Ti = 38; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r i n l e t ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
7 To = 68; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f w a t e r o u t l e t ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
8 Ns = 48; // Number o f s l o t s
9 v = 1; // v e l o c i t y ( i n m e t e r p e r s e c o n d )
10 p = 300*10^(3) ; // Pumping p r e s s u r e ( i n N p e r m e t e r
square )
11 n = 0.6; // E f f i c i e n c y
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e volume o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d p e r
second
13 T = To - Ti ; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f w a t e r ( i n d e g r e e
celsius )
14 Vwl = 0.24* Q / T ; // Amount o f w a t e r ( i n l i t r e p e r
second )
15 Vwm = Vwl *10^( -3) ; // Amount o f w a t e r ( i n m e t e r c u b e
per second )
16 N_cond = 2* Ns ; // S i n c e e a c h s l o t h a s two c o n d u c t o r s
T o t a l number o f s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s
17 N_sub_cond = 32* N_cond ; // S i n c e e a c h c o n d u c t o r i s
s u b d i v i d e d i n t o 32 sub−c o n d u c t o r s
18 Vw_sub_cond = Vwl / N_sub_cond ; // Volume o f w a t e r
r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h sub−c o n d u c t o r s ( i n l i t r e p e r
36
second )
19 disp ( Vw_sub_cond , ’ Volume o f w a t e r r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h
sub−c o n d u c t o r s ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d )= ’ ) ;
20 A = Vw_sub_cond *10^( -3) / v ; // Area o f e a c h d u c t ( i n
meter square )
21 A = A *10^(6) ; // Area o f e a c h d u c t ( i n mm s q u a r e )
22 disp (A , ’ Area o f e a c h d u c t (mm s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
23 Q = 800 -500; // S i n c e i t i a a 500 KW d i r e c t c o o l e d
t u r b o −a l t e r n a t o r ( i n kW)
24 P = ( Q *10^(3) * Vwm / n ) *10^( -3) ; // Pumping power ( i n kW
)
25 disp (P , ’ Pumping power (kW)= ’ ) ;
26 // i n book Vwl i s e q u a l t o 0 . 0 0 2 0 8 ( l i t r e p e r s e c o n d )
, A i s 2 (mm s q u a r e ) and pumping power i s 3 . 2 (kW
) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
Scilab code Exa 4.35 Calculating the continuous rating of motor
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e c o n t i n u o u s r a t i n g o f motor
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Psh = 37.5; // Power r a t i n g o f motor ( i n kW)
6 th = 30; // Time ( i n m i n u t s )
7 Th = 90; // H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n m i n u t s )
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c o n t i n u o u s r a t i n g o f motor
9 ph = 1/(1 - %e ^( - th / Th ) ) ; // H e a t i n g o v e r l o a d r a t i o
10 K = 0.7^(2) ; // Maximum e f f i c i e n c y o c c u r s a t 70% f u l l
load
11 pm = (( K +1) * ph - K ) ^(1/2) ; // M e c h a n i c a l o v e r l o a d r a t i o
12 Pnom = Psh / pm ; // C o n t i n u o u s r a t i n g o f motor ( i n kW)
13 disp ( Pnom , ’ C o n t i n u o u s r a t i n g o f motor (kW)= ’ ) ;
14 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 7 . 2 kW. The a n s w e r s v a r y due
37
Scilab code Exa 4.37 Calculating the mean temperature rise
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e mean t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 th = 20; // H e a t i n g t i m e ( i n m i n u t s )
6 Th = 120; // H e a t i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n m i n u t s )
7 tc = 15; // C o o l i n g t i m e ( i n m i n u t s )
8 Tc = 180; // C o o l i n g t i m e c o n s t a n t ( i n m i n u t s )
9 Tm = 50; // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e on t h e c o n t i n u o u s
f u l l load ( in degree c e l s i u s )
10 Loss_fl = 500; // Copper l o s s a t f u l l l o a d ( i n Watt )
11 Loss_nl = 300; // Copper l o s s a t no l o a d ( i n Watt )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e mean t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
13 Total_Loss_fl = Loss_fl + Loss_nl ; // T o t a l l o s s a t
f u l l l o a d ( i n Watt )
14 Total_Loss_nl = Loss_nl ; // T o t a l l o s s a t no l o a d ( i n
Watt )
15 Tn = Total_Loss_nl / Total_Loss_fl * Tm ; // F i n a l
t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e when r u n n i n g on no l o a d ( i n
16 T = (( Tm * th / Th ) +( Tn * tc / Tc ) ) /( th / Th + tc / Tc ) ; // Mean
temperature r i s e ( in degree c e l s i u s )
17 disp (T , ’ Mean t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
18 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 9 . 5 8 d e g r e e c e l s i u s . The
38
Scilab code Exa 4.43 Calculating the temperature rise
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 az = 30*10^( -6) ; // C r o s s − s e c t i o n a l a r e a ( i n m e t e r
square )
6 Iz = 20*10^(3) ; // C u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
7 t = 50; // Time ( i n m i l i s e c o n d )
8 p = 0.021*10^( -6) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f c o n d u c t o r ( i n
ohm∗ m e t e r )
9 h = 418; // S p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n J / kg d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
10 g = 8900; // D e n s i t y ( i n kg p e r m e t e r c u b e )
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
12 T = Iz ^(2) * p * t *10^( -3) /( g * az ^(2) * h ) ; // T e m p e r a t u r e
13 disp (T , ’ T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )= ’ ) ;
14 // i n book a n s w e r i s 125 d e g r e e c e l s i u s . The a n s w e r s
39
Chapter 5
Design of Transformers
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Calculating the kVA output of a single phase trans-
former
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e kVA o u t p u t o f a s i n g l e p h a s e
transformer
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 D = 0.4; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n c o r e c e n t r e s ( i n m e t e r )
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
7 Bm = 1.2; // Flux d e n s i t y o f c o r e ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square )
8 Kw = 0.27; // Window s p a c e f a c t o r
9 s = 2.3; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y ( i n Ampere p e r mm s q u a r e )
10 R1 = 2.8; // R a t i o o f c o r e h e i g h t and d i s t a n c e
between c o r e c e n t r e s
11 R2 = 0.56; // R a t i o o f c i r c u m s c r i b i n g c i r c l e and
d i s t a n c e between c o r e c e n t r e s
12 R3 = 0.7; // R a t i o o f n e t i r o n a r e a and a r e a o f
circumscribing ci r cl e
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e kVA o u t p u t o f a s i n g l e p h a s e
40
transformer
14 Hw = R1 * D ; // Core h e i g h t o r window h e i g h t ( i n m e t e r )
15 d = R2 * D ; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u m s c r i b i n g c i r c l e ( i n
meter )
16 Ww = D - d ; // Width o f window ( i n m e t e r )
17 Aw = Hw * Ww ; // Area o f window ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
18 A = ( %pi /4) * d * d ; // Area o f c i r c u m s c r i b i n g c i r c l e ( i n
meter square )
19 Ai = R3 * A ; // Net i r o n a r e a ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
20 Q = 2.22* f * Bm * Kw * s *10^(6) * Aw * Ai *10^( -3) ; // kVA
output of a s i n g l e phase t r a n s f o r m e r
21 disp (Q , ’kVA o u t p u t o f a s i n g l e p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r (
kVA)= ’ ) ;
22 // i n book a n s w e r i s 450 kVA . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Calculating the net iron area and window area and
full load mmf
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e n e t i r o n a r e a and window a r e a and

f u l l l o a d mmf
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Q = 400; // kVA r a t i n g
6 R = 2.4*10^( -6) ; // R a t i o o f f l u x t o f u l l l o a d mmf
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 Bm = 1.3; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y o f c o r e ( i n Wb p e r
meter square )
9 Kw = 0.26; // Window s p a c e f a c t o r
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e n e t i r o n a r e a
12 K = (4.44* f * R *10^(3) ) ^(1/2) ;
41
13 Et = K * Q ^(1/2) ; // V o l t a g e p e r t u r n ( i n V o l t s )
14 Flux = Et /(4.44* f ) ; // Flux ( i n Wb)
15 Ai = Flux / Bm ; // Net i r o n a r e a ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
16 disp ( Ai , ’ Net i r o n a r e a ( m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
17 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e n e t window a r e a
18 Aw = Q /(2.22* f * Bm * Kw * s *10^(6) * Ai *10^( -3) ) ; // Window
area ( i n meter square )
19 disp ( Aw , ’ Window a r e a ( m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
20 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e f u l l l o a d mmf
21 AT = Flux / R ; // F u l l l o a d mmf ( i n A)
22 disp ( AT , ’ F u l l l o a d mmf (A)= ’ ) ;
23 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 0 5 0 7 ( m e t e r s q u a r e ) , 0 . 0 7 7 7
( m e t e r s q u a r e ) and 2 7 5 0 0 (A) r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
Scilab code Exa 5.9 Calculating the net iron area and window area
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e n e t i r o n a r e a and window a r e a
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Q = 400; // kVA r a t i n g
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
meter square )
8 Kw = 0.12; // Copper s p a c e f a c t o r
10 gc = 8.9*10^(3) ; // D e n s i t y o f c o p p e r ( i n kg p e r
meter cube )
11 gi = 7.8*10^(3) ; // D e n s i t y o f i r o n ( i n kg p e r m e t e r
cube )
12 R1 = 0.5; // R a t i o o f l e n g t h o f mean t u r n o f c o p p e r
t o l e n g t h o f mean f l u x p a t h
42
13 R2 = 4; // R a t i o o f w e i g h t o f iron to weight of
copper
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e n e t i r o n a r e a
15 C = (1/2.22* R1 * gc / gi *10^(3) ) ^(1/2) ; // Flux ( i n Wb)
16 Ai = C *( Q * R2 /( f * Bm * s *10^(6) ) ) ^(1/2) ; // Net i r o n a r e a
( i n meter square )
17 disp ( Ai , ’ Net i r o n a r e a ( m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
18 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e n e t window a r e a
19 Aw = Q /(2.22* f * Bm * Kw * s *10^(6) * Ai *10^( -3) ) ; // Window
area ( i n meter square )
20 disp ( Aw , ’ Window a r e a ( m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
21 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 0 4 7 8 ( m e t e r s q u a r e ) and
0 . 1 8 3 ( m e t e r s q u a r e ) r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s
Scilab code Exa 5.12 Calculating the resistance of secondary winding
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 sp = 2.2; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f p r i m a r y w i n d i n g ( i n
Ampere p e r mm s q u a r e )
6 ss = 2.1; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y o f s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g ( i n
Ampere p e r mm s q u a r e )
7 rp = 8; // R e s i s t a n c e o f p r i m a r y i n d i n g ( i n ohm )
8 R1 = 1/1.1; // S i n c e l e n g t h o f mean t u r n o f p r i m a r y
i s 10% t h a n t h a t o f t h e s e c o n d a r y
9 R2 = 1/10; // S i n c e r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s 1 0 : 1
10 // Calculation of the r e s i s t a n c e of secondary
winding
11 rs = R2 * R2 *( ss / sp ) * R1 * rp ; // R e s i s t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y
w i n d i n g ( ohm )
43
12 disp ( rs , ’ R e s i s t a n c e o f s e c o n d a r y w i n d i n g ( ohm )= ’ ) ;
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 0 . 0 6 9 4 ohm . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 5.13 Calculating the leakage reactance of the transformer
referred to the HV side
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e
transformer r e f e r r e d to the h . v . s i d e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 6 6 0 0 / 4 0 0 V, d e l t a / s t a r 3− p h a s e c o r e t y p e
transformer
6 Q = 300; // kVA r a t i n g
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 u0 = 4* %pi *10^( -7) ;
9 Tp = 830; // h . v w i n d i n g t u r n s
10 Lmt = 0.9; // Length o f mean t u r n ( i n m e t e r )
11 Lc = 0.5; // H e i g h t o f c o i l s ( i n m e t e r )
12 a = 0.015; // Width o f d u c t b e t w e e n h . v and l . v .
windings ( i n meter )
13 bp = 0.025; // Width o f h . v . w i n d i n g ( i n m e t e r )
14 bs = 0.016; // Width o f l . v . w i n d i n g ( i n m e t e r )
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e o f t h e
transformer r e f e r r e d to the h . v . s i d e
16 Xp = 2* %pi * f * u0 * Tp * Tp * Lmt / Lc *( a +( bp + bs ) /3) ; //
Leakage r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d to the primary s i d e (
ohm )
17 disp ( Xp , ’ ( a ) L e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e
p r i m a r y s i d e ( ohm )= ’ ) ;
18 // I f t h e l . v . w i n d i n g d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s , one
on e a c h s i d e o f h . v . w i n d i n g
44
19 Xp = %pi * f * u0 * Tp * Tp * Lmt / Lc *( a +( bp + bs ) /6) ; // L e a k a g e
r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e p r i m a r y s i d e ( ohm )
20 disp ( Xp , ’ ( b ) L e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e
p r i m a r y s i d e ( ohm )= ’ ) ;
21 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 14 ohm and 5 . 3 6 ohm
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f
error
Scilab code Exa 5.14 Calculating the per unit leakage reactance
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e p e r u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 2 0 0 0 / 4 0 0 V, s i n g l e p h a s e s h e l l t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r
6 Q = 100; // kVA r a t i n g
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 u0 = 4* %pi *10^( -7) ;
9 Tp = 200; // h . v w i n d i n g t u r n s
11 W = 0.12; // Width o f w i n d i n g ( i n m e t e r )
12 a = 0.016; // Width o f d u c t b e t w e e n h . v and l . v .
windings ( i n meter )
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e p e r u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
16 Xp = %pi * f * u0 * Tp * Tp /2* Lmt / W *( a +( bp + bs ) /6) ; // L e a k a g e
r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e p r i m a r y s i d e ( ohm )
17 I_hv = Q *10^(3) /2000; // H . V . w i n d i n g c u r r e n t a t f u l l
l o a d ( i n ampere )
18 Xp_pu = Xp * I_hv /2000; // Per u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
19 disp ( Xp_pu , ’ Per u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e= ’ ) ;
20 // i n book a n s w e r i s 0 . 0 3 5 3 . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
45
Scilab code Exa 5.16 Calculating the instantaneous radial force on the
HV winding if a short circuit occurs at the terminals of the LV winding with
HV energised and the force at full load
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e on t h e
h . v . winding i f a short c i r c u i t occurs at the
t e r m i n a l s o f the l . v . winding with h . v . e n e r g i s e d
and t h e f o r c e a t f u l l l o a d
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 6 6 0 0 / 4 0 0 V, d e l t a / s t a r 3− p h a s e c o r e t y p e
transformer
6 Q = 1000; // kVA r a t i n g
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 u0 = 4* %pi *10^( -7) ;
9 T = 500; // h . v w i n d i n g t u r n s
11 Lc = 0.6; // H e i g h t o f w i n d i n g ( i n m e t e r )
12 m = 1.8; // D o u b l i n g e f f e c t m u l t i p l i e r
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e p e r u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
14 I_fl = Q *1000/(3*6600) ; // F u l l l o a d c u r r e n t p e r
p h a s e on h . v . s i d e ( i n Ampere )
15 i = m *2^(1/2) *(1/0.05) * I_fl ; // I n s t a n t a n e o u s peak
v a l u e o f s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
16 Fr = u0 /2*( i * T ) ^(2) * Lmt / Lc ; // T o t a l i n s t a n t a n e o u s
r a d i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v . c o i l ( i n N)
17 disp ( Fr , ’ T o t a l i n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v
. c o i l (N)= ’ ) ;
18 Fr = u0 /2*( I_fl * T ) ^(2) * Lmt / Lc ; // F o r c e a t f u l l l o a d
( i n N)
46
19 disp ( Fr , ’ F o r c e a t f u l l l o a d (N)= ’ ) ;
20 disp ( ’ T h i s shows t h a t t h e f o r c e s u n d e r s h o r t c i r c u i t
c o n d i t i o n s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e a s compared
with f o r c e s at f u l l load ’ )
21 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 (N) and 866 (N) . The
Scilab code Exa 5.17 Calculating the instantaneous radial force and in-
stantaneous axial force on the HV winding under short circuit conditions
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e and
i n s t a n t a n e o u s a x i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v . w i n d i n g
under s h o r t c i r c u i t c o n d i t i o n s
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 7 5 0 0 / 4 3 5 V, s i n g l e p h a s e c o r e t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r
6 Q = 575; // kVA r a t i n g
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 u0 = 4* %pi *10^( -7) ;
9 Z_pu = 0.036; // Per u n i t i m p e d a n c e
10 T = 190; // h . v w i n d i n g t u r n s
12 Lc = 0.35; // H e i g h t o f c o i l s ( i n m e t e r )
13 m = 1.8; // D o u b l i n g e f f e c t m u l t i p l i e r
14 a = 0.015; // Width o f d u c t ( i n m e t e r )
17 k = 0.05; // S i n c e t h e h . v . w i n d i n g i s 5% s h o r t e r
t h a n t h e l . v . w i n d i n g a t one end
18 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e
19 I_fl = Q *1000/7500; // Rms v a l u e o f f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t
( i n Ampere )
47
20 i = m *2^(1/2) *(1/ Z_pu ) * I_fl ; // I n s t a n t a n e o u s peak
v a l u e o f s h o r t c i r c u i t c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
21 Fr = u0 /2*( i * T ) ^(2) * Lmt / Lc ; // I n s t a n t a n e o u s radial
f o r c e on t h e h . v . c o i l ( i n N)
22 disp ( Fr , ’ ( a ) I n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v .
w i n d i n g (N)= ’ ) ; // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 3 8 0 0 0 0 (N) .
23 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s a x i a l f o r c e
24 Fa = u0 /2* k *( i * T ) ^(2) * Lmt /(2*( a + bp + bs ) ) ; // T o t a l
i n s t a n t a n e o u s r a d i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v . c o i l ( i n N
)
25 disp ( Fa , ’ ( b ) I n s t a n t a n e o u s a x i a l f o r c e on t h e h . v .
w i n d i n g (N)= ’ ) ;
26 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 (N) . The p r o v i d e d i n
t h e t e x t b o o k i s wrong
27 disp ( ’ T h i s shows t h a t t h e r e i s a v e r y l a r g e a x i a l
f o r c e , e v e n t h o u g h one o f t h e w i n d i n g i s o n l y 5%
s h o r t e r t h a n t h e o t h e r a t one end ’ )
Scilab code Exa 5.18 Calculating the maximum flux and no load current
of the transformer
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum f l u x and no l o a d c u r r e n t
of the transformer
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Ep = 400; // Primary w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
7 A = 2.5*10^( -3) ; // Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r
square )
8 Sf = 0.9; // S t a c k i n g f a c t o r
9 Tp = 800; // Primary w i n d i n g t u r n s
48
10 li = 2.5; // Length o f t h e f l u x p a t h ( i n m e t e r )
11 u0 = 4* %pi *10^( -7) ; // P e r m e a b i l i t y o f f r e e s p a c e
12 ur = 1000; // R e l a t i v e e r m e a b i l i t y
13 D = 7.8*10^(3) ; // D e n s i t y o f i r o n ( i n kg p e r m e t e r
cube )
14 FD_w = 2.6; // Working f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n W p e r kg )
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum f l u x
16 Ai = Sf * A ; // Net i r o n a r e a ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
17 Bm = Ep /(4.44* f * Ai * Tp ) ; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y o f
c o r e ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
18 Fm = Bm * Ai ; // Maximum f l u x i n t h e c o r e ( i n Wb)
19 disp ( Fm , ’ Maximum f l u x i n t h e c o r e (Wb)= ’ ) ;
20 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e no l o a d c u r r e n t
21 AT0 = li /( ur * u0 ) * Bm ; // M a g n e t i c mmf ( i n A)
22 Im = AT0 /(2^(1/2) * Tp ) ; // M a g n e t i s i n g c u r r e n t ( i n A)
23 V = Ai * li ; // Volume o f t h e c o r e ( i n m e t e r c u b e )
24 W = V * D ; // Weight o f c o r e ( i n kg )
25 Pi = W * FD_w ; // I r o n l o s s ( i n W)
26 Il = Pi / Ep ; // L o s s component o f no l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n
A)
27 I0 =( Im * Im + Il * Il ) ^(1/2) ; // No l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n A)
28 disp ( I0 , ’ No l o a d c u r r e n t ( Ampere )= ’ ) ;
29 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 0 0 2 2 5 (Wb) and 1 . 7 7 ( Ampere )
error
Scilab code Exa 5.20 Calculating the number of turns and no load current
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f t u r n s and no l o a d
current
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 5 . 2 0 , Page No . = 5 . 1 0 1 ’ )
4 // Given Data
49
5 E = 6600; // Primary w i n d i n g v o l t a g e ( i n v o l t s )
6 f = 60; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
7 Ai = 22.6*10^( -3) ; // Area o f c r o s s s e c t i o n ( i n m e t e r
square )
meter square )
9 Af = 1.52; // A m p l i t u d e f a c t o r
10 Tp = 800; // Primary w i n d i n g t u r n s
11 l = 2.23; // Mean l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
12 mmf =232; // mmf p e r m e t e r ( i n A p e r m e t e r )
13 n = 4; // Number o f l a p j o i n t s
14 Gs = 7.5*10^(3) ; // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f p l a t e s
15 Ls = 1.76; // S p e c i f i c l o s s ( i n W p e r kg )
16 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e number o f t u r n s
17 Tp = E /(4.44* f * Ai * Bm ) ; // Number o f t u r n s
18 disp ( Tp , ’ ( a ) Number o f t u r n s= ’ ) ;
19 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e no l o a d c u r r e n t
20 mmf_iron = mmf * l ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n p a r t s
21 mmf_joints = 4*(1/4) * mmf ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r j o i n t s .
S i n c e l a p j o i n t s t a k e s 1/4 t i m e s r e a c t i v e mmf
as r e q u i r e d per meter o f c o r e
22 AT0 = mmf_iron + mmf_joints ; // T o t a l m a g n e t i s i n g mmf (
i n A)
23 Kpk = Af *2^(1/2) ; // Peak f a c t o r
24 Im = AT0 /( Kpk * Tp ) ; // M a g n e t i s i n g c u r r e n t ( i n A)
25 W = Ai * l * Gs ; // Weight o f c o r e ( i n kg )
26 Pi = Ls * W ; // I r o n l o s s ( i n W)
27 Il = Pi / E ; // L o s s component o f no l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n A
)
28 I0 =( Im * Im + Il * Il ) ^(1/2) ; // No l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n A)
29 disp ( I0 , ’ ( b ) No l o a d c u r r e n t ( Ampere )= ’ ) ;
30 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 1 1 0 0 and 0 . 3 3 3 (A)
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The p r o v i d e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s
wrong
50
Chapter 6
General Concepts and

Constraints in Design of
Rotating Machines
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Calculating the specific electric and specific magnetic
loading
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c and s p e c i f i c
magnetic loading
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 P = 350; // Power r a t i n g ( i n kW)
6 E = 500; // V o l t a g e ( i n V)
7 rpm = 450;
9 a = 6; // S i n c e a=p f o r l a p w i n d i n g
10 Z = 660; // Number o f c o n d u c t o r s
11 L = 0.32; // Core l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
12 D = 0.87; // Armature d i a m e t e r ( i n m e t e r )
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
51
14 Ia = P *1000/ E ; // Armature c u r r e n t ( i n A)
15 Iz = Ia / a ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( i n A)
16 ac = Iz * Z /( %pi * D ) ; // S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
17 disp ( ac , ’ S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g ( ampere
c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
18 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c l o a d i n g
19 F = E * a /( Z * rpm /60* p ) ; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n Wb)
20 Bac = p * F /( %pi * D * L ) ; // s p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c l o a d i n g
21 disp ( Bac , ’ S p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c l o a d i n g (Wb p e r m e t e r
s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
22 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 8 2 0 0 ( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r
m e t e r ) and 0 . 6 9 3 (Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
error
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Calculating the power developed by the armature of
motor
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e power d e v e l o p e d by t h e a r m a t u r e
o f motor
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 P = 125; // Power r a t i n g ( i n W)
6 E = 230; // V o l t a g e ( i n V)
7 rpm = 5000;
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e power d e v e l o p e d by t h e
armature
9 Losses_total = P ; // T o t a l l o s s e s ( i n W)
10 Losses_constant = P /3; // C o n s t a n t l o s s e s ( i n W) .
S i n c e t h e sum o f i r o n , f r i c t i o n and w i n d a g e
l o s s e s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1/3 o f t o t a l l o s s e s
11 Pa = Losses_total + Losses_constant ; // Power d e v e l o p e d
52
by t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n W)
12 disp ( Pa , ’ Power d e v e l o p e d by t h e a r m a t u r e (W)= ’ ) ;
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 167 (W) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Calculating the limiting value of specific magnetic
loading
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l i m i t i n g v a l u e o f s p e c i f i c
magnetic loading
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Bt = 2.0; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e a r m a t u r e ( i n
Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
6 R = 0.7; // R a t i o o f p o l e a r c t o p o l e p i t c h
7 Wt_ys = 0.4; // R a t i o o f minimum w i d t h o f t o o t h t o
slot pitch
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e l i m i t i n g v a l u e o f s p e c i f i c
magnetic loading
9 Bav = R * Wt_ys * Bt ; // L i m i t i n g v a l u e o f s p e c i f i c
magnetic l o a d i n g ( i n W per meter square )
10 disp ( Bav , ’ L i m i t i n g v a l u e o f s p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c
l o a d i n g (W p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ ) ;
11 // i n book a n s w e r i s 0 . 5 6 (W p e r m e t e r s q u a r e ) . The
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Calculating the maximum permissible specific elec-
tric loading
53
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e s p e c i f i c
e l e c t r i c loading
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 p_20 = 1.734*10^( -8) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f c o p p e r a t 20
d e g r e e c e l s i u s ( i n ohm∗ m e t e r )
6 alpha = 0.00393; // R e s i s t a n c e t e m p e r a t u r e co−
e f f i c i e n t o f c o p p e r a t 20 d e g r e e c e l s i u s ( i n p e r
7 s = 3.5; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y ( i n A p e r mm s q u a r e )
8 c = 0.03; // C o o l i n g co− e f f i c i e n t
9 Tm_ambient = 40; // Maximum a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n
10 Tm_rise_A = 50; // Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e f o r C l a s s
A insulation ( in degree c e l s i u s )
11 Tm_rise_E = 65; // Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e f o r C l a s s
E insulation ( in degree c e l s i u s )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e s p e c i f i c
e l e c t r i c loading
13 // f o r C l a s s A i n s u l a t i o n
14 T_A = Tm_ambient + Tm_rise_A ; // O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e
of copper conductors ( in degree c e l s i u s )
15 p = p_20 *(1+ alpha *( T_A -20) ) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y a t
o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n ohm∗ m e t e r )
16 ac = Tm_rise_A /( p * s *10^(6) * c ) ; // Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e
s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c loading
17 disp ( ac , ’ Maximum a l l o w a b l e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
18 T_E = Tm_ambient + Tm_rise_E ; // O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e
of copper conductors ( in degree c e l s i u s )
19 // f o r C l a s s E i n s u l a t i o n
20 p = p_20 *(1+ alpha *( T_E -20) ) ; // R e s i s t i v i t y a t
o p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ( i n ohm∗ m e t e r )
21 ac = Tm_rise_E /( p * s *10^(6) * c ) ; // Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e
s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c loading
22 disp ( ac , ’ Maximum a l l o w a b l e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
54
23 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 1 6 0 0 ( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r
m e t e r ) and 2 6 7 0 0 ( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r )
error
Scilab code Exa 6.9 Calculating the specific electric loading
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Pc = 1000; // Core l o s s ( i n W)
6 R = 0.025; // Armature r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
7 l = 230; // S p e c i f i c l o s s d i s s i p a t i o n ( i n W p e r
d e g r e e c e l s i u s per meter square )
8 a = 2; // S i n c e a=z f o r l a p w i n d i n g
11 D = 0.25; // Armature d i a m e t e r ( i n m e t e r )
12 T = 40; // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e ( d e g r e e c e l s i u s )
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
14 c = 1/ l ; // C o o l i n g co− e f f i c i e n t
15 S = %pi * D * L ; // D i s s i p a t i o n s u r f a c e ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
16 Q = S * T / c ; // Maximum a l l o w a b l e pwer d i s s i p a t i o n from
armature s u r f a c e
17 Ia = (( Q - Pc ) / R ) ^(1/2) ; // Armature c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere
)
18 Iz = Ia / a ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( i n A)
19 ac = Iz * Z /( %pi * D ) ; // S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
20 disp ( ac , ’ S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g ( ampere
c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
21 // i n book a n s w e r i s 3 1 0 0 0 ( ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r
m e t e r ) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o round o f f e r r o r
55
56
Chapter 7
Armature Windings
Scilab code Exa 7.33 Calculating the rms line voltage and circulating cur-
rent
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e rms l i n e v o l t a g e and c i r c u l a t i n g
current
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 E = 1000; // A m p l i t u d e o f f u n d a m e n t a l emf ( i n V)
6 R = 10; // R e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( i n ohm )
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e rms l i n e v o l t a g e and
circulating current
8 Eph1 = E /2^(1/2) ; // Rms v a l u e o f f u n d a m e n t a l emf p e r
phase
9 Eph3 = 0.2* Eph1 ; // Rms v a l u e o f 3 r d h a r m o n i c
component o f p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V) Given 20%
10 Eph5 = 0.1* Eph1 ; // Rms v a l u e o f 5 t h h a r m o n i c
component o f p h a s e v o l t a g e ( i n V) Given 10%
11 Eph = ( Eph1 * Eph1 + Eph5 * Eph5 ) ^(1/2) ; // Phase v o l t a g e
c o n s i d e r i n g no 3 r d h a r m o n i c
12 disp (3^(1/2) * Eph , ’ ( a ) rms l i n e v o l t a g e when s t a r
57
c o n n e c t e d (V)= ’ ) ;
13 disp ( Eph , ’ ( b ) rms l i n e v o l t a g e when d e l t a c o n n e c t e d
(V)= ’ ) ;
14 I_circulating = 3* Eph3 /(3*3*10) ; // C i r c u l a t i n g
c u r r e n t t a k i n g r e a c t a n c e c o r r e s p o n d i n g to 3 rd
harmonic
15 disp ( I_circulating , ’ C i r c u l a t i n g c u r r e n t ( ampere )= ’ ) ;
16 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 1 2 3 0 . 8 V, 7 1 0 . 6 v and 4 . 7 1
ampere r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
Scilab code Exa 7.41 Calculating the eddy current loss ratio and average
loss ratio and critical depth for minimum loss
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e eddy c u r r e n t l o s s r a t i o and
a v e r a g e l o s s r a t i o and c r i t i c a l d e p t h f o r minimum
loss
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 7 . 4 1 , Page No . = 7 . 1 0 4 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 Ws = 20; // S l o t w i d t h ( i n mm)
6 b = 14; // Width o f c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r s ( i n mm)
7 h = 8; // Depth o f c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r s ( i n mm)
8 f = 50 // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 N = 5; // Number o f l a y e r s
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f eddy l o s s f a c t o r f o r d i f f e r e n t
layers
11 a = 100*( b / Ws ) ^(1/2) ;
12 ah = a * h *10^( -3) ;
13 ah4 = ah ^(4) ;
14 Ke1 = 1; // 1 s t l a y e r
15 Ke2 = 1+ ah4 *2*(2 -1) /3; // 2 nd l a y e r
16 Ke3 = 1+ ah4 *3*(3 -1) /3; // 3 r d l a y e r
58
17 Ke4 = 1+ ah4 *4*(4 -1) /3; // 4 t h l a y e r
18 Ke5 = 1+ ah4 *5*(5 -1) /3; // 5 t h l a y e r
19 disp ( Ke1 , ’ 1 s t l a y e r Ke1 = ’ ) ;
20 disp ( Ke2 , ’ 2 nd l a y e r Ke2 = ’ ) ;
21 disp ( Ke3 , ’ 3 r d l a y e r Ke3 = ’ ) ;
22 disp ( Ke4 , ’ 4 t h l a y e r Ke4 = ’ ) ;
23 disp ( Ke5 , ’ 5 t h l a y e r Ke5 = ’ ) ;
24 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e eddy c u r r e n t loss factor
f o r a l l the f i v e l a y e r s
25 Ke_av = 1+ ah4 * N * N /9;
26 disp ( Ke_av , ’ A v e r a g e eddy c u r r e n t l o s s f a c t o r f o r a l l
the f i v e l a y e r s = ’ );
27 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l d e p t h f o r minimum l o s s
28 hc = 1/( a *(3* N * N /9) ^(1/4) ) *1000; // C r i t i c a l d e p t h (
i n mm)
29 disp ( hc , ’ C r i t i c a l d e p t h (mm)= ’ ) ;
30 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f a v e r a g e eddy c u r r e n t l o s s f a c t o r
f o r a l l the f i v e l a y e r s f o r t h i s c r i t i c a l depth
31 ahc = a * hc *10^( -3) ;
32 ahc4 = ahc ^(4) ;
33 Ke_av = 1+ ahc4 * N * N /9;
34 disp ( Ke_av , ’ A v e r a g e eddy c u r r e n t l o s s f a c t o r f o r
t h i s c r i t i c a l d e p t h= ’ ) ;
35 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 1 , 1 . 1 3 , 1 . 4 , 1 . 8 , 2 . 3 3 , 1 . 5 5 ,
7 mm and 1 . 3 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s v a r y
59
Chapter 8
Aspects of Design of
Mechanical Parts
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Calculating the stress on the ring
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r e s s on t h e r i n g
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 rpm = 3000; // Speed i n r . p .m.
6 Rm = 0.35; // R a d i u s o f o v e r h a n g ( i n m e t e r )
7 Rmr = 0.49; // R a d i u s o f r i n g ( i n m e t e r )
8 G = 300; // Weight o f c o p p e r w i n d i n g ( i n kg )
9 gr = 7800; // D e n s i t y o f r i n g m a t e r i a l ( i n kg p e r
meter cube )
10 tb = 350*45*10^( -6) ; // Area o f r e t a i n i n g r i n g
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s t r e s s on t h e r i n g
12 n = rpm /60; // Speed i n r . p . s
13 Dm = 2* Rm ; // D i a m e t e r o f o v e r h a n g ( i n m e t e r )
14 Dmr = 2* Rmr ; // D i a m e t e r o f r i n g ( i n m e t e r )
15 ft = ( %pi * n * n * G * Dm / tb ) +( %pi * %pi * n * n * gr * Dmr * Dmr ) ; //
S t r e s s on r i n g ( i n Newton p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
60
16 disp ( ft , ’ S t r e s s on r i n g ( Newton p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )= ’ )
;
17 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 8 9 . 5 (MN p e r m e t e r s q u a r e ) .
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Calculating the tensile stress and factor of safety
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s and f a c t o r o f
safety
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 rpm = 3000; // Speed i n r . p .m.
6 Dr1 = 1.15; // Outer d i a m e t e r o f r o t o r ( i n meter )
7 Nrs = 39; // Number o f r o t o r s l o t
8 Drs = 140; // Depth o f r o t o r s l o t ( i n mm)
9 Wrs = 45; // Width o f r o t o r s l o t ( i n mm)
10 gs = 7800; // D e n s i t y o f s t e e l ( i n kg p e r m e t e r c u b e )
11 yield_stress = 520*10^(6) ; // Y i e l d s t r e s s o f r o t o r
s t e e l ( i n Newton p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s and f a c t o r o f
safety
13 n = rpm /60; // Speed i n r . p . s
14 Dr2 = Dr1 -2* Drs *10^( -3) ; // D i a m e t e r o f r o t o r a t t h e
bottom o f s l o t s ( i n m e t e r )
15 t = ( %pi * Dr2 *10^(3) / Nrs ) - Wrs ; // Width o f t o o t h a t
t h e bottom o f s l o t ( i n mm)
16 alpha = 360/ Nrs ; // A n g l e s u b t e n d e d by e a c h s l o t ( i n
degree )
17 f = %pi ^(3) /(3* t *10^( -3) ) * gs * n * n *( alpha /360) *( Dr1
^(3) - Dr2 ^(3) ) ; // T e n s i l e s t r e s s ( i n Newton p e r
meter square )
18 disp (f , ’ T e n s i l e s t r e s s a t t h e r o o t o f t h e t e e t h a t
61
n o r m a l o p e r a t i n g s p e e d ( Newton p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )=
’ );
19 f_20 = 1.2^(2) * f ; // T e n s i l e s t r e s s a t 20% o v e r s p e e d
. Since c e n t r i f u g a l force i s propartional of
square of speed
20 disp ( yield_stress / f_20 , ’ F a c t o r o f s a f e t y a t 20% o v e r
speed = ’ );
21 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 178 ( Mega Newton p e r m e t e r
s q u a r e ) and 2 . 0 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Calculating the inertia constant of the generator
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t o f t h e g e n e r a t o r
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 P = 500; // Power r a t i n g ( i n MW)
6 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
7 J = 50*10^(3) ; // Moment o f i n e r t i a ( i n kg−m e t e r
square )
8 pf = 0.85; // Power f a c t o r
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e i n e r t i a c o n s t a n t o f t h e
generator
10 w = 2* %pi * f ; // A n g u l a r s p e e d ( i n r a d / s )
11 Q = 500*10^(3) / pf ; // kVA r a t i n g
12 H = (1/2) * J * w * w /( Q *10^(3) ) ; // I n e r t i a c o n s t a n t ( i n
seconds )
13 disp (H , ’ I n e r t i a c o n s t a n t ( s e c o n d s )= ’ ) ;
14 // i n book a n s w e r i s 4 . 2 s e c o n d s . The a n s w e r s v a r y
62
Chapter 9
DC Machines
Scilab code Exa 9.7 Calculating the maximum permissible core length for
the machine
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e c o r e l e n g t h
f o r t h e machine
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Kf = 0.67; // Form f a c t o r
6 Bg = 1; // Maximum gap d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square )
7 Va = 40; // Armature p e r i p h e r a l s p e e d ( i n m e t e r )
8 E = 7; // Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e v a l u e o f emf i n d u c e d i n
a c o n d u c t o r a t no l o a d ( i n V o l t s )
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e c o r e
l e n g t h f o r t h e machine
10 Bav = Kf * Bg ; // A v e r a g e gap d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square )
11 L = E /( Bav * Va ) ; // Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e c o r e l e n g t h (
i n meter )
12 disp (L , ’ Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e c o r e l e n g t h ( m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
63
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 0 . 2 6 ( m e t e r ) . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 9.8 Calculating the maximum permissible output from a
machine
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e o u t p u t from a
machine
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 D = 2; // D i a m e t e r ( i n m e t e r )
6 ac = 50000; // S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g
7 ez = 7.5; // emf g e n e r a t e d i n a c o n d u c t o r a t no l o a d
( in Volts )
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e o u t p u t
from a machine
9 P = %pi * D * ac * ez *10^( -3) ; // Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e
o u t p u t ( i n kW)
10 disp (P , ’ Maximum p e r m i s s i b l e o u t p u t (kW)= ’ ) ;
11 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 3 5 0 (kW) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 9.9 Calculating the number of extra shunt field turns to
neutralize the demagnetization
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f e x t r a s h u n t f i e l d t u r n s
to n e u t r a l i z e the demagnetization
2 clc ;
64
4 // Given Data
6 Is = 140; // C u r r e n t s u p p l i e d by g e n e r a t o r ( i n ampere
)
7 Z = 480; // Number o f a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r s
8 mech_degree = 10; // S i n c e b r u s h e s a r e g i v e n an
a c t u a l l e a d o f 10 d e g r e e
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e e x t r a s h u n t f i e l d t u r n s t o
n e u t r a l i z e the demagnetization
10 Ia = Is +10; // Armature c u r r e n t (A) . Since f i e l d
w i n d i n g i s s h u n t c o n n e c t e d and t a k e s a c u r r e n t o f
10 ampere
11 alpha = p /2* mech_degree ; // A n g l e o f l e a d ( i n
e l e c t r i c a l degree )
12 disp ( ’ ( a ) Wave c o n n e c t e d ’ )
13 a = 2 // With wave w i n d i n g number o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
14 ATa = Ia * Z /( a *2* p ) ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e (A)
15 ATad = ATa *2* alpha /180;; // D e m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r
p o l e (A)
16 ATaq = ATa - ATad ; // C r o s s m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e (A
)
17 Extra_turns = ATad /10; // E x t r a t u r n s r e q u i r e d on t h e
shunt f i e l d . Since f i e l d winding i s shunt
c o n n e c t e d and t a k e s a c u r r e n t o f 10 ampere
18 disp ( Extra_turns , ’ E x t r a t u r n s r e q u i r e d on t h e s h u n t
f i e l d = ’ );
19 disp ( ’ ( b ) Lap c o n n e c t e d ’ )
20 a = p // With l a p w i n d i n g number o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s
21 ATa = Ia * Z /( a *2* p ) ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e (A)
p o l e (A)
)
24 Extra_turns = ATad /10; // E x t r a t u r n s r e q u i r e d on t h e
shunt f i e l d . Since f i e l d winding i s shunt
c o n n e c t e d and t a k e s a c u r r e n t o f 10 ampere
25 disp ( Extra_turns , ’ E x t r a t u r n s r e q u i r e d on t h e s h u n t
65
f i e l d = ’ );
26 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 100 and 50 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The
Scilab code Exa 9.10 Calculating the demagnetizing and cross magnetiz-
ing mmf per pole
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e d e m a g n e t i z i n g and c r o s s
m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 rpm = 375; // Speed i n r . p .m.
8 flux = 0.0885; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r )
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e d e m a g n e t i z i n g and c r o s s
m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e
10 n = rpm /60; // Speed i n r . p . s .
11 alpha = 5/100*180; // Brush s h i f t ( i n e l e c t r i c a l
degree ) . S i n c e t h e b r u s h e s a r e g i v e n a l e a d by
o f 5% o f p o l e p i t c h
12 ATa = P /(2* flux * n * p * p *10^( -3) ) ; // Armature mmf p e r
p o l e (A)
p o l e (A)
)
15 disp ( ATad , ’ D e m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e (A) = ’ ) ;
16 disp ( ATaq , ’ C r o s s m a g n e t i z i n g mmf p e r p o l e (A) = ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 706 (A) and 6 3 5 4 (A)
error
66
Scilab code Exa 9.12 Calculating the armature voltage drop
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e d r o p
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 V = 500; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g ( i n v o l t s )
7 a = 6; // Number o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s ( S i n c e l a p w i n d i n g
)
8 p = 0.021; // r e s i s t i v i t y ( i n ohm mm s q u a r e )
9 Ns = 150; // Number o f s l o t s
11 az = 25; // Area o f e a c h c o n d u c t r o r ( i n mm s q u a r e )
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e d r o p
13 Z = Ns *8; // Number o f a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r s . Since 8
conductors per s l o t
14 ra = Z * p * Lmt /(2* a * a * az ) ; // R e s i s t a n c e o f a r m a t u r e (
i n ohm )
15 Ia = P *10^(3) / V ; // Armature c u r r e n t
16 disp ( Ia * ra , ’ Armature v o l t a g e d r o p ( V o l t s ) = ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r i s 21 ( V o l t ) . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 9.26 Calculating the number of turns on each commu-
tating pole
67
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f t u r n s on e a c h
commutating p o l e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 Bgi = 0.5; // Flux d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
7 Ia = 500; // Armature f u l l l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n ampere )
9 Kgi = 1; // I n e r p o l e i n t e r a c t i o n f a c t o r
10 lgi = 4; // E f f e c t i v e l e n g t h o f a i r gap
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e number o f t u r n s on e a c h
commutating p o l e
12 a = p ; // Number o f p a r a l l e l p a t h s . Since armature
i s l a p wound
13 ATa = Ia / a * Z /(2* p ) ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e
14 mmf_airgap = 800000* Bgi * Kgi * lgi *10^( -3) ; // Mmf
r e q u i r e d f o r a i r gap ( i n A)
15 mmf_iron = 0.1* mmf_airgap ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n
p a r t s ( i n A) . S i n c e mmf r e q u i r e d i s one−t e n t h
t h a t f o r a i r gap
16 ATi = ATa + mmf_airgap + mmf_iron ; // T o t a l mmf p e r p o l e
on e a c h i n t e r p o l e ( i n A)
17 Ti = ATi / Ia ; // Number o f t u r n s on e a c h i n t e r p o l e
18 disp ( Ti , ’ Number o f t u r n s on e a c h i n t e r p o l e = ’ ) ;
19 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 1 . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
Scilab code Exa 9.27 Calculating the reactance voltage for a machine with
straight line and sinusoidal commutation
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e r e a c t a n c e v o l t a g e f o r a machine
w i t h s t r a i g h t l i n e and s i n u s o i d a l commutation
68
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Ns = 60; // Number o f s e g m e n t s
6 rev = 10; // Number o f r e v o l u t i o n p e r s e c o n d
7 W = 1.5; // Brush w i d t h i n s e g m e n t s
8 L = 0.2; // Co− e f f i c i e n t o f s e l f −i n d u c t i o n ( i n mH)
9 I = 20; // C u r r e n t p e r c o i l
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r e a c t a n c e v o l t a g e f o r a
machine w i t h s t r a i g h t l i n e and s i n u s o i d a l
commutation
11 Tc = W /( Ns * rev ) ; // Time o f commutation
12 Erav = L *10^( -3) *2* I / Tc ; // A v e r a g e r e a c t a n c e v o l t a g e
13 disp ( Erav , ’ R e a c t a n c e v o l t a g e w i t h s t r a i g h t l i n e
commutation ( V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
14 disp ( %pi /2* Erav , ’ R e a c t a n c e v o l t a g e w i t h s i n u s o i d a l
commutation ( V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
15 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 3 . 2 V o l t s and 5 V o l t s
error
Scilab code Exa 9.32 Calculating the minimum number of poles
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e minimum number o f p o l e s
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 Ec = 15; // A v e r a g e v o l t a g e b e t w e e n commutator
segments ( in Volts )
7 ATa = 10000; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e minimum number o f p o l e s
9 a = P *10^(3) /( ATa * Ec ) ; // Minimum number o f p a r a l l e l
69
paths
10 p = a ; // Minimum number o f p o l e s . Since these
p a r a l l e l p a t h s can be o b t a i n e d by u s i n g a s i m p l e x
winding
11 disp (p , ’ Minimum number o f p o l e s = ’ ) ;
12 // i n book a n s w e r i s 8 p o l e s . The a n s w e r s v a r y due
Scilab code Exa 9.33 Calculating the maximum armature voltage
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e maximum a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 Vc = 40; // P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d o f commutator ( i n m e t e r
per second )
6 Ec = 20; // A v e r a g e emf b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t s e g m e n t s ( i n
Volts )
7 Bc = 4; // Minimum p i t c h o f commutator s e g m e n t s ( i n
mm)
8 f = 40; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e maximum a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e
10 E = Vc * Ec /(2* f * Bc *10^( -3) ) ; // Maximum a r m a t u r e
voltage ( in Volts )
11 disp (E , ’ Maximum a r m a t u r e v o l t a g e ( V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
12 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 5 0 0 V o l t s . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 9.34 Calculating the total commutator losses
70
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e t o t a l commutator l o s s e s
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 V = 400; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g ( i n V o l t s )
7 rpm = 300; // r . p .m.
9 Dc = 1; // Commutator d i a m e t e r ( i n m e t e r ) . S i n c e 100
cm = 1 m e t e r
10 u = 0.23; // Co− e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n
11 Pb = 14.7; // Brush p r e s s u r e ( i n kN p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
12 J = 0.075; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n b r u s h e s ( i n A p e r mm
square )
13 Vcb = 2.2; // T o t a l b r u s h c o n t a c t d r o p ( i n V o l t s )
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l commutator l o s s e s
15 n = rpm /60; // r . p . s .
16 Ia = P *10^(3) / V ; // Armature c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
17 Ib = 2* Ia / p ; // C u r r e n t p e r b r u s h arm ( i n Ampere )
18 Ab = Ib / J ; // Brush a r e a p e r b r u s h arm ( i n mm s q u a r e )
19 AB = p * Ab *10^( -6) ; // T o t a l b r u s h a r e a on t h e
commutator ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
20 Vc = %pi * Dc * n ; // P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d ( i n m e t e r p e r
second )
21 Wcf = u * Pb *10^(3) * AB * Vc ; // Brush f r i c t i o n l o s s ( i n
Watts )
22 Wcb = Ia * Vcb ; // Brush c o n t a c t l o s s ( i n Watts )
23 disp ( Wcf + Wcb , ’ T o t a l commutator l o s s e s ( Watts )= ’ ) ;
24 // i n book a n s w e r i s 7 2 3 0 Watts . The a n s w e r s v a r y
71
Chapter 10
Three Phase Induction Motors
Scilab code Exa 10.2 Calculating the main dimentions of squirrel cage in-
duction motor
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e main d i m e n t i o n s o f s q u i r r e l c a g e
i n d u c t i o n motor
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 1 0 . 2 , Page No . = 1 0 . 1 4 ’ )
4 // Given Data
7 rpm = 2810; // r . p .m.
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 e = 0.88; // E f f i c i e n c y
10 pf = 0.9; // F u l l l o a d power f a c t o r
11 ac = 25000; // S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c a l l o a d i n g ( i n A p e r
meter )
12 Bav = 0.5; // S p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c l o a d i n g ( i n Wb p e r
meter square )
13 Kw = 0.955;
14 // t h e r o t o r p e r i p h e r a l s p e e d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20
meter per second at synchronous speed
72
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e main d i m e n t i o n s o f s q u i r r e l
c a g e i n d u c t i o n motor
16 Q = P /( e * pf ) ; // kVA i n p u t
17 Co = 11* Kw * Bav * ac *10^( -3) ; // Output co− e f f i c i e n t
18 ns = 3000/60; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o
50 Hz ( i n r . p . s . )
19 D2L = Q /( Co * ns ) ; // P r o d u c t o f Dˆ ( 2 ) ∗L
20 D = 20/( %pi * ns ) ; // S i n c e t h e r o t o r d i a m e t e r i n an
i n d u c t i o n motor i s a l m o s t e q u a l t o s t a t o r b o r e
21 L = D2L /( D * D ) ;
22 disp ( ’ Main d i m e n t i o n s o f s q u i r r e l c a g e i n d u c t i o n
motor ’ )
23 disp (D , ’D ( m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
24 disp (L , ’ L ( m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
25 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 1 2 5 7 m e t e r and 0 . 1 7 7 m e t e r
error
Scilab code Exa 10.13 Calculating the number of stator and rotor turns
and rotor voltage between slip rings at standstill
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f s t a t o r and r o t o r t u r n s
and r o t o r v o l t a g e b e t w e e n s l i p r i n g s a t
standstill
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 1 0 . 1 3 , Page No . = 1 0 . 3 5 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e i n d u c t i o n motor
7 Nrs = 72; // Number o f r o t o r s l o t s
8 V = 400; // A p p l i e d v o l t a g e a c r o s s t h e s t a t o r
terminals
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e number o f s t a t o r and r o t o r
73
t u r n s and r o t o r v o l t a g e b e t w e e n s l i p r i n g s a t
standstill
10 Ts = Nss *8/6; // S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e . Since 8
11 Tr = Nrs *4/6; // R o t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e . Since 4
12 Es = 400/3^(1/2) ; // S t a t o r v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
13 Er = Es * Tr / Ts ; // R o t o r v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e a t
standstill
14 disp ( Ts , ’ S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e = ’ ) ;
15 disp ( Tr , ’ R o t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e = ’ ) ;
16 disp (3^(1/2) * Er , ’ R o t o r v o l t a g e b e t w e e n s l i p r i n g s a t
s t a n d s t i l l ( V o l t s )= ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 7 2 , 48 and 2 6 6 . 7 V o l t s
error
Scilab code Exa 10.15 Calculating the number of stator turns per phase
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f s t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d i n d u c t i o n motor
6 P = 75; // Power r a t i n g ( i n kw )
7 V = 3000; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
10 AT60 = 500; // mmf r e q u i r e d f o r f l u x d e n s i t y a t 30
d e g r e e from p o l e a x i s
11 Kws = 0.95; // Winding f a c t o r
12 e = 0.94; // F u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y
13 pf = 0.86; // F u l l l o a d power f a c t o r
74
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e number o f s t a t o r t u r n s p e r
phase
15 I = P *10^(3) /(3^(1/2) * V * e * pf ) ; // F u l l l o a d c u r r e n t (
i n ampere )
16 Im = 0.35* I ; // M a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere ) .
S i n c e m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t i s 35% o f f u l l l o a d
current
17 Ts = 0.427* p * AT60 /( Kws * Im ) ; // S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e
18 disp ( Ts , ’ S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e = ’ ) ;
19 // i n book a n s w e r i s 2 8 8 . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
Scilab code Exa 10.16 Calculating the magnetizing current per phase
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e d e l t a c o n n e c t e d i n d u c t i o n motor
6 P = 75; // Power r a t i n g ( i n kw )
7 V = 400; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
10 D = 0.3; // D i a m e t e r o f motor c o r e ( i n m e t e r )
11 L = 0.12; // Length o f motor c o r e ( i n m e t e r )
13 Nc = 20; // Number o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
14 lg = 0.55; // Length o f a i r gap ( i n m e t e r )
15 Kg = 1.2 // Gap c o n s t r a c t i o n f a c t o r
16 Coil_Span = 11; // C o i l s p a n ( s l o t s )
17 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e m a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
18 q = Nss /(3* p ) ; // S l o t s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
19 Kd = sin (60/2* %pi /180) /( q * sin (60/(2*4) * %pi /180) ) ; //
75
Distribution factor
20 Ns_pole = Nss / p ; // S l o t s p e r p o l e
21 alpha = 1/ Ns_pole *180; // A n g l e o f c h o r d i n g ( i n
degree ) . S i n c e t h e w i n d i n g i s c h o r d e d by 1 s l o t
pitch
22 Kp = cos ( alpha /2* %pi /180) ; // P i t c h f a c t o r
23 Kws = Kd * Kp ; // S t a t o r w i n d i n g f a c t o r
24 Ns = Nss * Nc ; // T o t a l s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s
25 Ts = Ns /(3*2) ; // S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e
26 Eb = V ; // S t a t o r v o l t a g e p e r p h a s e . S i n c e machine
i s delta connected
27 Fm = Eb /(4.44* f * Ts * Kws ) ; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n Wb)
28 A = %pi * D * L / p ; // Area p e r p o l e ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
29 Bav = Fm / A ; // A v e r a g e a i r gap d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r
meter square )
30 Bg60 = 1.36* Bav ; // Gap f l u x d e n s i t y a t 30 d e g r e e
from p o l e a x i s
31 ATg = 800000* Bg60 * Kg * lg *10^( -3) ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r
a i r gap ( i n A)
32 ATi = 0.35* ATg ; // Mmf f o r i r o n p a r t s ( i n A) . Since
mmf r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n p a r t s i s 35% o f a i r gap mmf
33 AT60 = ATg + ATi ; // T o t a l mmf ( i n A)
34 Im = 0.427* p * AT60 /( Kws * Ts ) ; // M a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t
p e r p h a s e ( i n ampere )
35 disp ( Im , ’ M a g n e t i z i n g c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
36 // i n book a n s w e r i s 4 . 5 6 Ampere . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 10.19 Calculating the current in rotor bars and in end
rings
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e c u r r e n t i n r o t o r b a r s and i n end
rings
76
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
6 ms = 3; // Number o f p h a s e s o f s t a t o r
8 Nc = 15; // Number o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
9 Sr = 55; // Number o f s t a t o r s l o t s
10 Is = 24.1; // S t a t o r c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
11 Coil_Span = 11; // C o i l s p a n ( s l o t s )
12 pf = 0.83; // Power f a c t o r
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t i n r o t o r b a r s and i n
end r i n g s
14 q = Nss /( ms * p ) ; // S t a t o r s l o t s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
15 Kd = sin (60/2* %pi /180) /( q * sin (60/(2*4) * %pi /180) ) ; //
Distribution factor
16 Ns_pole = Nss / p ; // S l o t s p e r p o l e
17 alpha = 1/ Ns_pole *180; // A n g l e o f c h o r d i n g ( i n
degree ) . S i n c e t h e w i n d i n g i s c h o r d e d by 1 s l o t
pitch
18 Kp = cos ( alpha /2* %pi /180) ; // P i t c h f a c t o r
19 Kws = Kd * Kp ; // S t a t o r w i n d i n g f a c t o r
20 Ir_ = Is * pf ; // S t a t o r c u r r e n t e q u i v a l e n t t o r o t o r
c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
21 Ns = Nss * Nc ; // T o t a l s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s
22 Ts = Ns /( ms *2) ; // S t a t o r t u r n s p e r p h a s e
23 Ib = 2* ms * Kws * Ts * Ir_ / Sr ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h r o t o r b a r
( i n Ampere )
24 Ie = Sr * Ib /( %pi * p ) ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h end r i n g ( i n
Ampere )
25 disp ( Ib , ’ C u r r e n t i n e a c h r o t o r b a r ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
26 disp ( Ie , ’ C u r r e n t i n e a c h end r i n g ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
27 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 3 7 5 . 4 Ampere and 1 0 9 5 . 3 Ampere
error
77
Chapter 11
Design of Synchronous
Machines
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Calculating the suitable number of slots and con-
ductors per slot
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s u i t a b l e number o f s l o t s and
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 1 1 . 4 , Page No . = 1 1 . 2 8 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d a l t e r a t o r ( S i n g l e l a y e r
winding )
6 rpm = 300; // R . p .m.
7 E = 3300; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g ( i n v o l t s )
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 D = 2.3; // D i a m e t e r o f c o r e ( i n m e t e r )
10 L = 0.35; // Length o f c o r e ( i n m e t e r )
11 Bm = 0.9; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e a i r gap ( i n
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s u i t a b l e number o f s l o t s and
78
13 ns = rpm /60; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( r . p . s )
14 p = 2* f / ns ; // Number o f p o l e s
15 Bav = 2/ %pi * Bm ; // A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y i n t h e air
gap ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
16 Flux_pole = Bav * %pi * D * L / p ; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n Wb)
17 Eph = E /3^(1/2) ; // V o l t a g e p e r p h a s e ( i n v o l t s )
18 ys = 40; // S l o t p i t c h ( i n mm) . The s l o t p i t c h
s h o u l d be n e a r l y 40 mm f o r 3 . 3 kV m a c h i n e s
19 Kw = 0.955; // Taking w i n d i n g f a c t o r
20 Tph = int ( Eph /(4.44* f * Flux_pole * Kw ) ) ; // Turns p e r
phase
21 q = int ( %pi * D /(3* p * ys *10^( -3) ) ) ; // S l o t s p e r p o l e
per phase
22 S = 3* p * q ; // T o t a l number o f s t a t o r s l o t s
23 Tph6 = 6* Tph ; // T o t a l number o f s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s
24 Zs = int ( Tph6 / S ) ; // C o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
25 disp ( Zs *S , ’ T o t a l s t a t o r c o n d u c t o r s u s e d = ’ ) ;
26 disp ( Zs * S /6 , ’ Turns p e r p h a s e u s e d= ’ ) ;
Scilab code Exa 11.10 Calculating the size of armature wire and the ac
resistance of each pahase
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s i z e o f a r m a t u r e w i r e and t h e a . c
. r e s i s t a n c e o f each pahase
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
8 ys = 0.3; // P o l e p i t c h ( i n m e t e r )
9 Iz = 100; // L i n e c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
10 L = 0.3; // G r o s s a x i a l l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
79
11 Spp =3; // S l o t s p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
12 Cs = 6; // C o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
13 Kc_av = 1.3; // A v e r a g e eddy c u r r e n t l o s s factor
14 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s u i t a b l e number o f s l o t s and
15 D = ys * p / %pi ; // Armature d i a m e t e r ( i n m e t e r )
16 ns = 2* f / p ; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n r . p . s . )
17 Va = %pi * D * ns ; // P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d ( i n m e t e r p e r
second )
18 S = Spp *3* p ; // T o t a l number o f s l o t s
19 Z = S * Cs ; // T o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r s
20 Tph = Z /6; // Turns p e r p h a s e
21 ac = Iz * Z /( %pi * D ) ; // ( i n Ampere p e r m e t e r )
22 J = (43000/ ac ) +( Va /16) ; // C u r r e n t d e n s i t y ( i n Ampere
p e r mm s q u a r e )
23 as = 100/ J ; // Area o f a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r
24 disp ( as , ’ ( a ) Area o f a r m a t u r e c o n d u c t o r (mm s q u a r e )=
’ );
25 L_active = 2* L ; // A c t i v e l e n g t h o f e a c h t u r n ( i n
meter )
26 Lmt = 2* L_active ; // S i n c e T o t a l l e n g t h o f a t u r n i s
t w i c e the a c t i v e l e n g t h ( i n meter )
27 resistivity = 0.021; // R e s i s t i v i t y o f c o p p e r a t 75
d e g r e e c e l s i u s ( i n ohm p e r m e t e r )
28 r_dc = resistivity * Tph * Lmt / as ; // D . C . r e s i s t a n c e o f
e a c h p h a s e a t 75 d e g r e e c e l s i u s ( i n ohm )
29 r_ac = Kc_av * r_dc ; // A . C . r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h p h a s e
30 disp ( r_ac , ’ ( b ) A . C . r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h p h a s e ( ohm )= ’
);
31 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 3 . 8 mm s q u a r e and 0 . 0 9 9 ohm
error
80
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Calculating the length of air gap
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e l e n g t h o f a i r gap
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s i l i e n t p o l e a l t e r n a t o r
6 kVA = 500; // kVA r a t i n g
7 V = 3.3; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g ( i n kV )
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 rpm = 600; // R . p .m.
10 Tph = 180; // Turns p e r p h a s e
11 Bav = 0.54; // A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r
square )
12 SCR = 1.2; // S h o r t c i r c u i t r a t i o
13 Kw = 0.955; // Winding f a c t o r
14 Kg = 1.15; // Gap c o n s t r a c t i o n f a c t o r
15 Kf = 0.65; // S i n c e f i e l d form f a c t o r i s e q u a l t o t h e
r a t i o of pole arc to pole pitch
16 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e l e n g t h o f a i r gap
17 ns = rpm /60; // S y n c h r o n o u s s p e e d ( i n r . p . s . )
19 Iph = kVA *1000/(3^(1/2) * V *1000) ; // Armature d i a m e t e r
( i n meter )
20 ATa = 2.7* Iph * Tph * Kw / p ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e ( i n
A)
21 AT_f0 = SCR * ATa ; // No l o a d f i e l d mmf p e r p o l e
22 Bg = Bav / Kf ; // Maximum f l u x d e n s i t y i n a i r gap ( i n
23 lg = 0.8* AT_f0 /(800000* Bg * Kg ) ; // Length o f a i r gap
24 // S i n c e mmf r e q u i r e d f o r gap i s 80% o f no l o a d
f i e l d mmf
25 disp ( lg *1000 , ’ Length o f a i r gap (mm)= ’ ) ;
26 // i n book a n s w e r i s 5 . 2 mm. The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
81
Scilab code Exa 11.13 Calculating the stator bore and stator core length
and turns per phase and armature mmf per pole and mmf for air gap and
field current
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t a t o r b o r e and s t a t o r c o r e
l e n g t h and t u r n s p e r p h a s e and a r m a t u r e mmf p e r
p o l e and mmf f o r a i r gap and f i e l d c u r r e n t
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s y n c h r o n o u s g e n e r a t o r
6 Q = 1250; // kVA r a t i n g
7 E = 3300; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g ( i n kV )
8 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 rpm = 300; // R . p .m.
10 Bav = 0.58; // S p e c i f i c m a g n e t i c l o a d i n g ( i n Wb p e r
meter square )
11 ac = 33000; // S p e c i f i c e l e c t r i c l o a d i n g ( i n Ampere
per meter )
12 lg = 5.5; // Gap l e n g t h ( i n mm)
13 T_field = 60; // F i e l d t u r n s p e r p o l e
14 SCR = 1.2; // S h o r t c i r c u i t r a t i o
16 Va = 30; // P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d ( i n m e t e r p e r s e c o n d )
17 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e s t a t o r b o r e and s t a t o r c o r e
l e n g t h and t u r n s p e r p h a s e and a r m a t u r e mmf p e r
p o l e and mmf f o r a i r gap and f i e l d c u r r e n t
20 Co = 11* Kw * Bav * ac *10^( -3) ; // Output co− e f f i c i e n t
21 D2L = Q /( Co * ns ) ; // P r o d u c t o f D∗D∗L
22 D = Va /( %pi * ns ) ; // S t a t o r b o r e ( i n m e t e r )
82
23 disp (D , ’ S t a t o r b o r e ( m e t e r ) = ’ ) ;
24 L = D2L / D ^(2) ; // S t a t o r c o r e l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
25 disp (L , ’ S t a t o r c o r e l e n g t h ( m e t e r )= ’ ) ;
26 A_pole = %pi * D * L / p ; // Area p e r p o l e
27 F_pole = Bav * A_pole ; // Flux p e r p o l e
28 Eph = E /3^(1/2) ; // V o l t a g e p e r p h a s e
29 Tph = int ( Eph /(4.44* f * F_pole * Kw ) ) ; // Turns p e r p h a s e
30 disp ( Tph , ’ Turns p e r p h a s e = ’ ) ;
31 Iph = Q *1000/(3^(1/2) * E ) ; // C u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
32 ATa = 2.7* Iph * Tph * Kw / p ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e ( i n
A)
33 disp ( ATa , ’ Armature mmf p e r p o l e ( Ampere )= ’ ) ;
34 A_effective = 0.6* A_pole ; // E f f e c t i v e gap a r e a i s
0.6 times the actual area
35 KgBg = F_pole / A_effective ; // E f f e c t i v e gap d e n s i t y (
i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
36 mmf_airgap = 800000* KgBg * lg *10^( -3) ; // Mmf f o r a i r
gap ( i n A)
37 disp ( mmf_airgap , ’Mmf f o r a i r gap ( Ampere )= ’ ) ;
38 AT_f0 = SCR * mmf_airgap ; // No l o a d f i e l d mmf p e r p o l e
39 If = AT_f0 / T_field ; // F i e l d c u r r e n t a t no l o a d
40 disp ( If , ’ F i e l d c u r r e n t a t no l o a d ( Ampere )= ’ ) ;
41 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 1 . 9 meter , 0 . 3 4 5 meter , 1 5 0 ,
4 2 4 0 ampere , 4 2 5 0 ampere and 85 ampere
error
Scilab code Exa 11.14 Calculating the flux per pole and length and width
of pole and winding height and pole height
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e f l u x p e r p o l e and l e n g t h and
w i d t h o f p o l e and w i n d i n g h e i g h t and p o l e h e i g h t
2 clc ;
83
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d s e l i e n t p o l e a l t e r n a t o r
6 Q = 2500; // kVA r a t i n g
8 f = 60; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 rpm = 225; // R . p .m.
10 D = 2.5; // S t a t o r b o r e ( i n m e t e r )
12 Nspp = 3; // Number o f s l o t p e r p o l e p e r p h a s e
13 Ncs = 4; // Number o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
14 a = 2; // C i r c u i t s p e r p h a s e
15 Bp = 1.5; // Flux d e n s i t y i n p o l e c o r e ( i n Wb p e r
meter square )
16 df = 30; // Depth o f w i n d i n g ( i n mm)
17 Sf = 0.84; // F i e l d w i d i n d s p a c e f a c t o r
18 Cl = 1.2; // L e a k a g e f a c t o r
20 qf =1800; // L o s s d i s s i p a t e d by f i e l d w i n d i n g
21 h_insulation = 30; // H e i g h t o f i n s u l a t i o n
22 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e f l u x p e r p o l e and l e n g t h and
w i d t h o f p o l e and w i n d i n g h e i g h t and p o l e h e i g h t
25 S = 3* p *3.5; // T o t a l number o f s l o t s
26 Z = Ncs * S ; // T o t a l number o f c o n d u c t o r s
27 Tph = int ( Z /6) ; // Turns p e r p h a s e
29 F_pole = Eph * a /(4.44* Tph * f * Kw ) ; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n
Wb)
30 disp ( F_pole , ’ ( a ) Flux p e r p o l e (Wb) = ’ ) ;
31 Fp = Cl * F_pole ; // Flux i n p o l e body ( i n Wb)
32 Ap = Fp / Bp ; // Area o f p o l e body ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
33 Lp = L ; // Length o f p o l e body = Length o f a r m a t u r e
core
34 bp = Ap / Lp ; // Width o f p o l e body
35 disp ( Lp , ’ ( b ) Length o f p o l e body ( m e t e r ) = ’ ) ;
36 disp ( bp , ’ Width o f p o l e body ( m e t e r ) = ’ ) ;
84
37 Iph = Q *1000/(3^(1/2) * E ) ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e
38 Iz = Iph / a ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r
39 ATa = 2.7* Iz * Tph * Kw / p ; // Armature mmf p e r p o l e ( i n A
)
40 AT_fl = 2* ATa ; // F i e l d mmf a t f u l l l o a d ( i n A)
41 hf = AT_fl /(10^(4) *( Sf * df *10^( -3) * qf ) ^(1/2) ) ; //
Height o f f i e l d winding ( i n meter )
42 disp ( hf , ’ ( c ) H e i g h t o f f i e l d w i n d i n g ( m e t e r ) = ’ ) ;
43 disp ( hf + h_insulation *10^( -3) , ’ ( d ) H e i g h t o f p o l e (
meter ) = ’ );
44 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 0 4 9 Wb, 0 . 4 4 meter , 0 . 0 8 9
meter , 0 . 1 6 m e t e r and 0 . 1 9 m e t e r r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Scilab code Exa 11.18 Calculating the direct and quadrature axis syn-
chronous reactances
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e d i r e c t and q u a d r a t u r e a x i s
synchronous reactances
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d s e l i e n t p o l e a l t e r n a t o r
6 Q = 2500; // kVA r a t i n g
8 f = 60; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
12 Tph = 224; // Turns p e r p h a s e
13 lg = 10; // A i r gap l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
14 Kg = 1.11; // A i r gap c o n s t r a c t i o n f a c t o r
85
16 R = 0.69; // R a t i o o f p o l e a r c t o p o l e p i t c h
17 A1 = 1.068; // R a t i o o f a m p l i t u d e o f f u n d a m e n t a l o f
gap f l u x d e n s i t y t o maximum gap d e n s i t y
18 Xl = 0.14; // Per u n i t l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e
19 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e d i r e c t and q u a d r a t u r e a x i s
synchronous reactances
20 xm = 7.54* f * Tph * Tph * Kw * Kw * D * L /( p * p * lg *10^( -3) * Kg )
*10^( -6) ; // M a g n e t i c r e a c t a n c e p e r p h a s e ( i n ohm )
22 Iph = Q *1000/(3^(1/2) * E ) ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h p h a s e
23 Xm = Iph * xm / Eph ; // Per u n i t m a g n e t i s i n g r e a c t a n c e
24 a = R * %pi ; // A n g l e embraced by p o l e a r c ( i n r a d )
25 pd = ( a + sin ( a ) ) /(4* sin ( a /2) ) ; // R e d u c t i o n f a c t o r f o r
d i r e c t a x i s a r m a t u r e mmf
26 Ad1 = pd * A1 ; // Flux d i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r f o r d i r e c t
axis
27 Xad = Ad1 * Xm ; // Per u n i t d i r e c t a x i s a r m a t u r e
reaction reactance
28 Aq1 = ((4* R +1) /5) -( sin ( R * %pi ) / %pi ) ; // Flux
d i s t r i b u t i o n co− e f f i c i e n t f o r q u a d r a t u r e a x i s
29 Xaq = Aq1 * Xm ; // Per u n i t q u a d r a t u r e a x i s a r m a t u r e
reaction reactance
30 Xd = Xl + Xad ; // Per u n i t d i r e c t a x i s s y n c h r o n o u s
reactance
31 Xq = Xl + Xaq ; // Per u n i t q u a d r a t u r e a x i s s y n c h r o n o u s
reactance
32 disp ( Xd , ’ Per u n i t d i r e c t a x i s s y n c h r o n o u s r e a c t a n c e
= ’ );
33 disp ( Xq , ’ Per u n i t q u a d r a t u r e a x i s s y n c h r o n o u s
r e a c t a n c e = ’ );
34 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 0 . 9 1 6 and 0 . 5 3 3 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
86
Scilab code Exa 11.20 Calculating the kVA output of the machine
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e kVA o u t p u t o f t h e machine
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e t u r b o −a l t e r n a t o r
6 rpm = 3000; // R . p .m.
7 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
9 Bav = 0.45; // A v e r a g e gap d e n s i t y ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r
sqaure )
10 ac = 25000; // Ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r
11 Va = 100; // P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d o f r o t o r ( i n m e t e r p e r
second )
12 lg = 20; // Length o f a i r gap ( i n mm)
14 // Winding i s i n f i n i t e l y d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h a p h a s e
s p r e a d o f 60 d e g r e e
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e kVA o u t p u t o f t h e machine
16 ns = rpm /60; // R . p . s
17 Dr = Va /( %pi * ns ) ; // D i a m e t e r o f r o t o r ( i n m e t e r )
18 D = Dr +(2* lg *10^( -3) ) ; // S t a t o r b o r e ( i n m e t e r )
19 // f o r f u l l p i t c h
20 Kd = 0.955; // D i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
21 Kp = 1; // P i t c h f a c t o r
22 Kw = Kd * Kp ; // Winding f a c t o r
23 Q = 11* Kw * Bav * ac * D * D * L * ns *10^( -3) ; // kVA o u t p u t
24 disp (Q , ’ ( a ) kVA o u t p u t o f machine (kVA)= ’ ) ;
25 // f o r c h o r d e d by 1/3 p o l e p i t c h
26 alpha = 180/3; // A n g l e o f c h o r d i n g
27 Kp = cos ( alpha * %pi /180/2) ; // P i t c h f a c t o r
28 Kd = 0.955; // D i s t r i b u t i o n f a c t o r
29 Kw = Kd * Kp ; // Winding f a c t o r
30 Q = 11* Kw * Bav * ac * D * D * L * ns *10^( -3) ; // kVA o u t p u t
31 disp (Q , ’ ( b ) kVA o u t p u t o f machine (kVA)= ’ ) ;
32 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 4 8 0 kVA and 2 1 4 7 kVA
r e s p e c t i v e l y . The p r o v i d e d i n t h e t e x t b o o k i s
87
wrong
Scilab code Exa 11.32 Calculating the number of stator slots and average
flux density
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e number o f s t a t o r s l o t s and
average flux density
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // 3 p h a s e s t a r c o n n e c t e d d i r e c t w a t e r c o o l e d
generator
6 Q = 588; // MVA r a t i n g
7 E = 22000; // V o l t a g e r a t i n g
8 p =2; // Number o f p o l e s
9 rpm = 2500; // R . p .m.
10 f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y ( i n Hz )
12 L = 6; // Core l e n g t h ( i n m e t e r )
13 Nc =2; // Number o f c o n d u c t o r s p e r s l o t
14 a = 2; // C i r c u i t s p e r p h a s e
15 ac = 200000; // Ampere c o n d u c t o r s p e r m e t e r
17 // Winding i s i n f i n i t e l y d i s t r i b u t e d w i t h a p h a s e
s p r e a d o f 60 d e g r e e
18 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e number o f s t a t o r s l o t s and
average flux density
19 ns = rpm /60; // Speed ( r . p . s )
21 Iph = Q *10^(6) /(3^(1/2) * E ) ; // C u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
22 Is = Iph / a ; // C u r r e n t i n e a c h c o n d u c t o r ( i n ampere )
23 Z = %pi * D * ac / Is ; // T o t a l number o f a r m a t u r e
conductors
88
24 Tph = int ( Z /6+1) ; // Turns p e r p h a s e f o r a t h r e e
p h a s e machine
25 Z = 6* Tph ; // A c t u a l number o f c o n d u c t o r s u s e d
26 S = Z / Nc ; // Number o f s l o t s
27 disp (S , ’ ( a ) Number o f s l o t s = ’ ) ;
28 F_pole = a * Eph /(4.44* f * Tph * Kw ) ; // Flux p e r p o l e ( i n
Wb)
29 pole_pitch = %pi * D / p ; // P o l e p i t c h ( i n m e t e r )
30 Bav = F_pole /( pole_pitch * L ) ; // A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y
( i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
31 disp ( Bav , ’ ( b ) A v e r a g e f l u x d e n s i t y (Wb p e r m e t e r
s q u a r e ) = ’ );
32 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 54 and 0 . 5 6 5 Wb p e r m e t e r
s q u a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y . The a n s w e r s v a r y due t o
89
Chapter 15
Design of Magnetic Circuits
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Calculating the current in exciting coil
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e c u r r e n t i n e x c i t i n g c o i l
2 clc ;
3 disp ( ’ Example 1 5 . 1 , Page No . = 1 5 . 7 ’ )
4 // Given Data
5 F = 200; // Mass ( i n kg )
6 lg = 5; // D i s t a n c e ( i n mm)
7 A = 5*10^( -3) ; // Area o f p o l e f a c e ( i n m e t e r s q u a r e )
8 T = 3000; // E x c i t i n g c o i l t u r n s
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c u r r e n t i n e x c i t i n g c o i l
11 B = ( F * u0 /(0.051* A ) ) ^(1/2) ; // f l u x d e n s i t y i n a i r
gap ( i n Wb p e r m e t e r s q u a r e )
12 mmf_air = 800000* B * lg *10^( -3) ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r
a i r ( i n A)
13 mmf_iron = 0.1* mmf_air ; // Mmf r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n
p a r t s ( i n A) . S i n c e mmf r e q u i r e d f o r i r o n p a r t s
i s 10% o f a i r gap mmf
14 AT = mmf_air + mmf_iron ; // T o t a l mmf
15 I = AT / T ; // C u r r e n t i n e x c i t i n g c o i l ( i n Ampere )
90
16 disp (I , ’ C u r r e n t i n e x c i t i n g c o i l ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
17 // i n book a n s w e r i s 1 . 4 5 6 Ampere . The a n s w e r s v a r y
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Calculating the winding depth and winding space
and space factor and the number of turns
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e w i n d i n g d e p t h and w i n d i n g s p a c e
and s p a c e f a c t o r and t h e number o f t u r n s
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 hf = 80; // i n b e t w e e n f l a n g e s ( i n mm)
6 Do = 75; // i n f l a n g e d i a m e t e r ( i n mm)
7 Di = 30; // i n g r o s s d i a m e t e r t u b e ( i n mm)
8 a = 0.0357; // Area o f c o p p e r w i r e
9 d = 0.213; // D i a m e t e r o f b a r e c o n d u c t o r ( i n mm)
10 d1 = 0.213+2*0.05; // D i a m e t e r o f i n s u l a t e d c o n d u c t o r
( i n mm)
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e w i n d i n g d e p t h and w i n d i n g
s p a c e and s p a c e f a c t o r and t h e number o f t u r n s
12 df = ( Do - Di ) /2; // Winding d e p t h ( i n mm)
13 Aw = hf *10^( -3) * df *10^( -3) ; // Winding s p a c e
14 disp ( df , ’ ( a ) Winding d e p t h = ’ ) ;
15 disp ( Aw , ’ Winding s p a c e = ’ ) ;
16 disp ( ’ ( b ) f o r c o n d u c t o r s when t h e y bed ’ )
17 Sf = 0.9*( d / d1 ) ^(2) ; // S p a c e f a c t o r
18 T = Sf * Aw / a *10^(6) ; // Number o f t u r n s
19 disp ( Sf , ’ Space f a c t o r = ’ );
20 disp (T , ’ Number o f t u r n s = ’ ) ;
21 disp ( ’ f o r c o n d u c t o r s when t h e y do n o t bed ’ )
22 Sf = 0.78*( d / d1 ) ^(2) ; // S p a c e f a c t o r
23 T = Sf * Aw / a *10^(6) ; // Number o f t u r n s
91
24 disp ( Sf , ’ Space f a c t o r = ’ );
25 disp (T , ’ Number o f t u r n s = ’ ) ;
26 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e 2 2 . 5 mm, 0 . 0 0 1 8 mm s q u a r e ,
0 . 4 1 7 , 2 1 0 2 5 , 0 . 3 6 1 and 1 8 2 0 0 . The a n s w e r s v a r y
92
Chapter 16
Design of Heating Elements

and Inductors and Welding
Transformers
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Calculating the inductance
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e i n d u c t a n c e
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 N = 25; // Number o f t u r n s
6 Ac = 1; // C r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a o f t h e c o r e ( i n cm
square )
8 ur = 200; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y
9 lc = 15; // ( i n cm )
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e i n d u c t a n c e
11 L = u0 * ur * Ac *10^( -4) * N ^(2) /( lc *10^( -2) ) *10^(6) ; //
I n d u c t a n c e ( i n m i c r o H)
12 disp (L , ’ I n d u c t a n c e ( m i c r o H) = ’ ) ;
13 // i n book a n s w e r i s 105 m i c r o H . The a n s w e r s v a r y
93
94
Chapter 18
Design of Starters and Field

Regulators
Scilab code Exa 18.1 Calculating the upper and lower limits of current
during starting and resistance of each section
1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e u p p e r and l o w e r l i m i t s o f c u r r e n t
d u r i n g s t a r t i n g and r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h s e c t i o n
2 clc ;
4 // Given Data
5 // d . c . s h u n t motor
8 e = 0.84; // F u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y
9 rm = 0.2; // Armature c i r c u i t r e s i s t a n c e ( i n ohm )
10 ns = 8; // Number o f s t u d s
11 // Maximum t o r q u e i s 150% o f f u l l l o a d t o r q u e
12 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e u p p e r and l o w e r l i m i t s o f
current during s t a r t i n g
13 Ifl = P *10^(3) /( V * e ) ; // F u l l l o a d c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere
)
95
14 I1 = 1.5* Ifl ; // Maximum c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere ) . Since
torque i s p r o p o r t i o n a l to current
15 n = ns -1; // Number o f s e c t i o n s
16 alpha = ( rm * I1 / V ) ^(1/ n ) ;
17 I2 = alpha * I1 ; // Lower l i m i t o f c u r r e n t ( i n Ampere )
18 disp ( I1 , ’ Upper l i m i t o f c u r r e n t ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
19 disp ( I2 , ’ Lower l i m i t o f c u r r e n t ( Ampere ) = ’ ) ;
20 // C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h s e c t i o n
21 R1 = V / I1 ; // T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e a t s t a r t i n g ( i n ohm )
22 r1 = (1 - alpha ) * R1 ;
23 r2 = alpha * r1 ;
24 r3 = alpha * r2 ;
25 r4 = alpha * r3 ;
26 r5 = alpha * r4 ;
27 r6 = alpha * r5 ;
28 r7 = alpha * r6 ;
29 disp ( R1 , ’ T o t a l r e s i s t a n c e a t s t a r t i n g ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
30 disp ( ’ R e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h s e c t i o n ’ )
31 disp ( r1 , ’ r 1 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
32 disp ( r2 , ’ r 2 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
33 disp ( r3 , ’ r 3 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
34 disp ( r4 , ’ r 4 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
35 disp ( r5 , ’ r 5 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
36 disp ( r6 , ’ r 6 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
37 disp ( r7 , ’ r 7 ( ohm ) = ’ ) ;
38 // i n book a n s w e r s a r e I 1 = 264 ampere , I 2 = 211
ampere , R1 = 0 . 9 4 7 ohm , r 1 = 0 . 1 8 9 ohm , , r 2 =
0 . 1 5 1 ohm , r 3 = 0 . 1 2 1 ohm , r 4 = 0 . 0 9 7 ohm , r 5 =
0 . 0 7 7 ohm , r 6 = 0 . 0 6 2 ohm , r 7 = 0 . 0 5 0 ohm . The
96

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

September 29, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Electrical Machine Design

Publisher: Dhanpat Rai

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

3 Principles of Magenetic Circuit Design 5

4 Thermal Design Aspects of Electrical Machines 15

6 General Concepts and Constraints in Design of Rotating

8 Aspects of Design of Mechanical Parts 57

10 Three Phase Induction Motors 69

11 Design of Synchronous Machines 75

15 Design of Magnetic Circuits 87

16 Design of Heating Elements and Inductors and Welding

18 Design of Starters and Field Regulators 92

Exa 3.1 Calculating effective length of air gap . . . . . . . . . 5

Principles of Magenetic Circuit

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Calculating effective length of air gap

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Calculating the apparent flux density

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Calculating the apparent flux density

Scilab code Exa 3.11 Calculating the specific iron loss

Scilab code Exa 3.12 Calculating the specific iron loss

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Calculating the hysteresis loss

Thermal Design Aspects of

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Estimating the hot spot temperature

Scilab code Exa 4.19 Calculating the rate of change of temperature

1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f machine and amount

Scilab code Exa 4.24 Calculating the temperature rise of hydrogen

1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e amount o f o i l and amount o f w a t e r

Scilab code Exa 4.35 Calculating the continuous rating of motor

Scilab code Exa 4.37 Calculating the mean temperature rise

1 // C a l c u l a t i n g t h e n e t i r o n a r e a and window a r e a and

Scilab code Exa 5.12 Calculating the resistance of secondary winding

General Concepts and

Scilab code Exa 6.9 Calculating the specific electric loading

Scilab code Exa 8.2 Calculating the stress on the ring

Scilab code Exa 9.32 Calculating the minimum number of poles

Scilab code Exa 9.33 Calculating the maximum armature voltage

Scilab code Exa 9.34 Calculating the total commutator losses

Three Phase Induction Motors

Design of Magnetic Circuits

Scilab code Exa 15.1 Calculating the current in exciting coil

Design of Heating Elements

Scilab code Exa 16.2 Calculating the inductance

Design of Starters and Field

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