Mathematics Quarter 1 and 2

GRADE 7 MATH LEARNING GUIDE
Lesson I: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION Time: 1.5 hours

Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers
About the Lesson:

This is an introductory lesson on sets. A clear understanding of the concepts
in this lesson will help you easily grasp number properties and enable you to quickly
identify multiple solutions involving sets of numbers.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Describe and illustrate
a. well-defined sets;
b. subsets;
c. universal set, and;
d. the null set.
2. Use Venn Diagrams to represent sets and subsets.
Lesson Proper:
A.
I. Activity
Below are some objects. Group them as you see fit and label each group.
Answer the following questions:

a. How many groups are there?
b. Does each object belong to a group?
c. Is there an object that belongs to more than one group? Which one?
1 1
The groups are called sets for as long as the objects in the group share a
characteristic and are thus, well defined.
Problem: Consider the set consisting of whole numbers from 1 to 200. Let
this be set U. Form smaller sets consisting of elements of U that share a different
characteristic. For example, let E be the set of all even numbers from 1 to 200.
Can you form three more such sets? How many elements are there in each
of these sets? Do any of these sets have any elements in common?
Did you think of a set with no element?
Important Terms to Remember

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
1. A set is a well-definedgroup of objects, called elements that share a
common characteristic. For example, 3 of the objects above belong to the
set of head covering or simply hats (ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat).
2. The set F is a subset of set A if all elements of F are also elements of A. For
example, the even numbers 2, 4 and 12 all belong to the set of whole
numbers. Therefore, the even numbers 2, 4, and 12 form a subset of the set
of whole numbers. F is a proper subset of A if F does not contain all
elements of A.
3. The universal setU is the set that contains all objects under consideration.
4. The null set is an empty set. The null set is a subset of any set.
5. The cardinality of a set A is the number of elements contained in A.
Notations and Symbols

In this section, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to sets.
1. Uppercase letters will be used to name sets and lowercase letters will be
used to refer to any element of a set. For example, let H be the set of all
objects on page 1 that cover or protect the head. We write
H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat}
This is the listing or roster method of naming the elements of a set.
Another way of writing the elements of a set is with the use of a descriptor.
This is the rule method. For example,H = {x| x covers and protects the head}.
This is read as “the set H contains the element x such that x covers and
protects the head.”
2. The symbol or { } will be used to refer to an empty set.

3. If F is a subset of A, then we write F A. We also say that A contains the
set F and write it as A F . If F is a proper subset of A, then we write F A .
4. The cardinality of a set A is written as n(A).
II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in the opening activity.
1. How many sets are there?
There is the set of head covers (hats), the set of trees, the set of even
numbers, and the set of polyhedra. But, there is also a set of round objects
and a set of pointy objects. There are 6 well-defined sets.
2. Does each object belong to a set?Yes.
3. Is there an object that belongs to more than one set? Which ones?
All the hats belong to the set of round objects. The pine trees and two of the
polyhedra belong to the set of pointy objects.
III. Exercises
Do the following exercises.
1. Give 3 examples of well-defined sets.
2. Name two subsets of the set of whole numbers using both the listing
method and the rule method.
3. Let B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. List all the possible subsets of B.
4. Answer this question: How many subsets does a set of n elements have?
B. Venn Diagrams
Sets and subsets may be represented using Venn Diagrams. These are diagrams
that make use of geometric shapes to show relationships between sets.
Consider the Venn diagram below. Let the universal set U be all the elements in sets
A, B, C and D.
C
D
Each shape represents a set. Note that although there are no elements shown inside
each shape, we can surmise how the sets are related to each other.Notice that set B
is inside set A. This indicates that all elements in B are contained in A. The same
with set C. Set D, however, is separate from A, B, C. What does it mean?
Exercises
Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between the following pairs or
groups of sets:
1. E = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
F = {2, 32}
2. V is the set of all odd numbers
W = {5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55,….}
3. R = {x| x is a factor of 24}
S={}
T = {7, 9, 11}
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about sets, subsets, the universal set, the null set and
the cardinality of the set. You also learned to use the Venn diagram to show
relationships between sets.
Lesson 2.1: Union and Intersection of Sets Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole Numbers, definition of sets, Venn diagrams
About the Lesson:

After learning some introductory concepts about sets, a lesson on set operations
follows. The student will learn how to combine sets (union) and how to determine the
elements common to 2 or 3 sets (intersection).
Objectives:
1. Describe and define
a. union of sets;
b. intersection of sets.
2. Perform the set operations
a. union of sets;
b. intersection of sets.
` 3. Use Venn diagrams to represent the union and intersection of sets.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activities
A B

1. Which of the following shows the union of set A and set B? How many
elements are in the union of A and B?
1 2 3
2. Which of the following shows the intersection of set A and set B? How
many elements are there in the intersection of A and B?
1 2 3
Here’s another activity:

Let
V = {2x | x , 1 x 4}
2
W = {x | x , -2 x 2}
What elements may be found in the intersection of V and W? How many are
there? What elements may be found in the union of V and W? How many are
there?
Do you remember how to use Venn Diagrams? Based on the diagram below,
(1) determine the elements that belong to both A and B; (2) determine the
elements that belong to A or B or both. How many are there in each set?
10 1 25
12
2 3
A B
Important Terms/Symbols to Remember

1. Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B, denoted by A B, is

the set that contains those elements that belong to A, B, or to both.
An element x belongs to the union of the sets A and B if and only if x

belongs to A or x belongs to B or to both. This tells us that
A B = { x l x A or x B }
Using the Venn diagram, all of the set of A and of B are shaded to show A
B.
A
B
2. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by A

B, is the set containing those elements that belong to both A and B.
An element x belongs to the intersection of the sets A and B if and only if x

belongs to A and x belongs to B. This tells us that
A B = {x l x A and B}
Using the Venn diagram, the set A B consists of the shared regions of A
and B.
A B
A
B
Sets whose intersection is an empty set are called disjoint sets.
3. The cardinality of the union of two sets is given by the following equation:
n (A B) = n (A) + n (B) – n (A B ).

1. Which of the following shows the union of set A and set B? Set 2.
This is because it contains all the elements that belong to A or B or
both. There are 8 elements.
2. Which of the following shows the intersection of set A and set B?
Set 3. This is because it contains all elements that are in both A and B.
There are 3 elements.
In the second activity:

V = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }
W = { 0, 1, 4}
Therefore, V W = { 4 } has 1 element and V W = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 } has 6

elements. Note that the element { 4 } is counted only once.
On the Venn Diagram: (1) The set that contains elements that belong to both
A and B consists of two elements {1, 12 }; (2) The set that contains elements
that belong to A or B or both consists of 6 elements {1, 10, 12, 20, 25, 36 }.
III. Exercises
1. Given sets A and B,
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente
Angela Dominguez
Mayumi Torres
Joanna Cruz
determine which of the following shows (a) A B; and (b) A B?
Set 1
Ethan Molina
Chris Clemente Angela Dominguez Mayumi Torres Joanna Cruz
2. Do the following exercises. Write your answers on the spaces provided:

A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Given the sets above, determine the elements and cardinality of:
a. A B =
b. A C =
c. A B C =
d. A B =
e. B C =
f. A B C =
g. (A B) C =
3. Let W = { x | 0 < x < 3 }, Y = { x | x > 2}, and Z = {x | 0 x 4 }.
Determine (a) (W Y) Z; (b) W Y Z.
Summary
In this lesson, you learned the definition of union and intersection of
sets. You also learned how use Venn diagram to represent the union and the
intersection of sets. You also learned how to determine the elements that
belong to the union and intersection of sets.
Grade 7 Math LESSON 2.2: COMPLEMENT OF A SET
LEARNING GUIDE
Lesson 2.2: Complement of a Set Time: 1.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: sets, universal set, empty set, union and intersection of
sets, cardinality of sets, Venn diagrams
About the Lesson:

The complement of a set is an important concept. There will be times when
one needs to consider the elements not found in a particular set A. You must know
that this is when you need the complement of a set.
Objectives:
1. Describe and define the complement of a set;
2. Find the complement of a given set;
3. Use Venn diagrams to represent the complement of a set.
Lesson Proper:
I. Problem
In a population of 8000 students, 2100 are Freshmen, 2000 are
Sophomores, 2050 are Juniors and the remaining 1850 are either in their
fourth or fifth year in university. A student is selected from the 8000 students
and it is not a Sophomore, how many possible choices are there?
Discussion
Definition: The complement of a set A, written as A’, is the set of all
elements found in the universal set, U, that are not found in set A. The cardinality n
(A’) is given by
n (A’) = n (U) – n (A) .
Venn diagram:
U
A’
Examples:
1. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, and A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
Then the elements of A’ are the elements from U that are not
found in A.
Therefore, A’ = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and n (A’ ) = 5
2. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 5}. Then

A’ = {1, 3, 5}
B’ = {2, 3, 4}
A’ B’ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = U
3. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 7, 8}.

Then
LEARNING GUIDE
A’ = {5, 6, 7, 8}
B’ = {1, 2, 5, 6}
A’ B’ = {5, 6}
4. Let U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 5, 7, 9}. Then

A B = {5, 7, 9}
(A B)’ = {1, 3}
5. Let U be the set of whole numbers. If A = {x | x is a whole number

and x > 10}, then A’ = {x | x is a whole number and 0 x 10}.
The opening problem asks for how many possible choices there are for a
student that was selected and known to be a non-Sophomore. Let U be the set of all
students and n (U) = 8000. Let A be the set of all Sophomores then n (A) = 2000.
The set A’ consists of all students in U that are not Sophomores and n (A’) = n (U) –
n (A) = 6000. Therefore, there are 6000 possible choices for that selected student.
II. Activity
Shown in the table are names of students of a high school class by
sets according to the definition of each set.
A
Likes Singing
Jasper
Faith
Jacky Miguel Joel
After the survey has been completed, find the following sets.
a. U =
b. A B’ =
c. A’ C =
d. (B D)’ =
e. A’ B =
f. A’ D’ =
g. (B C)’ =
The easier way to find the elements of the indicated sets is to use a Venn
diagram showing the relationships of U, sets A, B, C, and D. Set D does not share
any members with A, B, and C. However, these three sets share some members.
The Venn diagram below is the correct picture:
LEARNING GUIDE
Leby B
A Faith Charmaine
Joel Jezryl
Miguel
Jacky
Billy
Jasper Ethan
Ben
C Camille
Tina
Now, it is easier to identify the elements of the required sets.
a. U = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky, Jasper,

Jezryl, Joel, Leby, Miguel, Tina}
b. A B’ = {Faith, Miguel, Joel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben, Billy, Ethan,
Camille, Tina}
c. A’ C = {Jasper, Jacky, Joel, Ben, Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Billy,
Ethan, Camille, Tina}
d. (B D)’ = {Faith, Miguel, Jacky, Jasper, Ben}
e. A’ B = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl}
f. A’ D’ = {Leby, Charmaine, Jezryl, Ben}
g. (B C)’ = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky,
Jasper, Jezryl, Leby, Miguel, Tina}
III. Exercises
1. True or False. If your answer is false, give the correct answer.
Let U = the set of the months of the year
X = {March, May, June, July, October}
Y = {January, June, July}
Z = {September, October, November, December}
a. Z’ = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July,

August}
b. X’ Y’ = {June, July}
11 11
LEARNING GUIDE
c. X’ Z’ = {January, February, March, April, May, June,

July, August, September, November, December}
d. (Y Z)’ = {February, March, April, May}
2. Place the elements in their respective sets in the diagram below

based on the following elements assigned to each set:
A
C
B
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j}
A’ = {a, c, d, e, g, j}
B’ = {a, b, d, e, h, i}
C’ = {a, b, c, f, h, i, j}
3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between sets U, X, Y,

and Z, given the following information.
 U, the universal set contains set X, set Y, and set Z.

 X Y Z=U
 Z is the complement of X.
 Y’ includes some elements of X and the set Z
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about the complement of a given set. You learned
how to describe and define the complement of a set, and how it relates to the
universal set, U and the given set.
Lesson 3: Problems Involving Sets Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Operations on Sets and Venn Diagrams
About the Lesson:

This is an application of your past lessons about sets. You will appreciate
more the concepts and the use of Venn diagrams as you work through the different
word problems.
Objectives:
1. Solve word problems involving sets with the use of Venn diagrams
2. Apply set operations to solve a variety of word problems.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Try solving the following problem:
In a class of 40 students, 17 have ridden an airplane, 28 have ridden a
boat. 10 have ridden a train, 12 have ridden both an airplane and a
boat. 3 have ridden a train only and 4 have ridden an airplane only.
Some students in the class have not ridden any of the three modes of
transportation and an equal number have taken all three.
a. How many students have used all three modes of transportation?
b. How many students have taken only the boat?
II. Questions/Points to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
Venn diagrams can be used to solve word problems involving union and
intersection of sets. Here are some worked out examples:
1. A group of 25 high school students were asked whether they use either
Facebook or Twitter or both. Fifteen of these students use Facebook and
twelve use Twitter.
a. How many use Facebook only?
b. How many use Twitter only?
c. How many use both social networking sites?
Solution:
Let S1 = set of students who use Facebook only
S2 = set of students who use both social networking sites
S3 = set of students who use Twitter only
The Venn diagram is shown below
Facebook Twitter
S1 S3
S2
Finding the elements in each region:
n(S1) + n( S2) + n(S3) = 25 n(S1) + n( S2) + n(S3) = 25
n(S1) + n( S2) = 15 n( S2) + n(S3) = 12
n(S3) = 10 n(S1) = 13
But n( S2) + n(S3) = 12
n( S2) = 2
The number of elements in each region is shown below

U
Facebook Twitter
13 2
10
2. A group of 50 students went in a tour in Palawan province. Out of the 50

students, 24 joined the trip to Coron; 18 went to Tubbataha Reef; 20
visited El Nido; 12 made a trip to Coron and Tubbataha Reef; 15 saw
Tubbataha Reef and El Nido; 11 made a trip to Coron and El Nido and 10
saw the three tourist spots.
a. How many of the students went to Coron only?
b. How many of the students went to Tubbataha Reef only?
c. How many joined the El Nido trip only?
d. How many did not go to any of the tourist spots?
Solution:
To solve this problem, let
P1 = students who saw the three tourist spots
P2 = those who visited Coron only
P3 = those who saw Tubbataha Reef only
P4 = those who joined the El Nido trip only
P5 = those who visited Coron and Tubbataha Reef only
P6 = those who joined the Tubbataha Reef and El Nido trip
only
P7 = those who saw Coron and El Nido only
P8 = those who did not see any of the three tourist spots
Draw the Venn diagram as shown below and identify the region where the
students went.
Coron El Nido
P2
P7
P4
P5
P1
P6
P8 P3 Tubbataha Reef
Determine the elements in each region starting from P1.

P1 consists of students who went to all 3 tourist spots. Thus, n(P1) = 10.
P1 P5 consists of students who visited Coron and Tubbataha Reef but this
set includes those who also went to El Nido. Therefore, n(P5) = 12 – 10 =
2 students visited Coron and Tubbatha Reef only.
P1 P6 consists of students who went to El Nido and Tubbataha Reef but
this set includes those who also went to Coron. Therefore, n(P6) = 15 –
10 = 5 students visited El Nido and Tubbataha Reef only.
P1 P7 consists of students who went to Coron and El Nido but this set
includes those who also went to Tubbataha Reef. Therefore, n(P7) = 11 –
10 = 1 student visited Coron and El Nido only.
From here, it follows that
n(P2) = 24 – n(P1) – n(P5) – n(P7) = 24 – 10 – 2 – 1 = 11 students
visited Coron only.
n(P3) = 18 – n(P1) – n(P5) – n(P6) = 18 – 10 – 2 – 5 = 1 student visited
Tubbataha Reef only
n(P4) = 20 – n(P1) – n(P6) – n(P7) = 20 – 10 – 5 – 1 = 4 students
visited Coron and El Nido only.
Therefore
n(P8) = 50 – n(P1) – n(P2) – n(P3) – n(P4) – n(P5) – n(P6) – n(P7) = 16
students did not visit any of the three spots.
The number of elements is shown below.
Coron El
Nido
11
1
4
2
10
5 Tubbataha Reef
16
15 15
Now, what about the opening problem?
16 16
Solution to the Opening Problem (Activity):
A B
8 14
4
4
1 2
3
4 T
Can you explain the numbers?
III. Exercises
Do the following exercises. Represent the sets and draw a Venn diagram
when needed.
1. If A is a set, give two subsets of A.

2. (a) If and are finite sets and , what can you say about the
cardinalities of the two sets?
(b) If the cardinality of is less than the cardinality of , does it follow
that ?
3. If A and B have the same cardinality, does it follow that A = B? Explain.
4. If and . Does it follow that ? Illustrate your reasoning
using a Venn diagram.
5. Among the 70 kids in Barangay Magana, 53 like eating in Jollibee while
42 like eating in McDonalds. How many like eating both in Jollibee and in
McDonalds? in Jollibee only? in McDonalds only?
6. The following diagram shows how all the First Year students of
Maningning High School go to school.
Walking 100 Jeep

76
Car 19
55 15
17
20
67 MRT
a. How many students ride in a car, jeep and the MRT going to
their school?
b. How many students ride in both a car and a jeep?
c. How many students ride in both a car and the MRT?
d. How many students ride in both a jeep and the MRT?
e. How many students go to school a jeep only
in a car only walking
in the MRT only
f. How many students First Year students of Maningning High

School are there?
7. The blood-typing system is based on the presence of proteins called

antigens in the blood. A person with antigen A has blood type A. A person
with antigen B has blood type B, and a person with both antigens A and B
has blood type AB. If no antigen is present, the blood type is O. Draw a
Venn diagram representing the ABO System of blood typing.
A protein that coats the red blood cells of some persons was discovered
in 1940. A person with the protein is classified as Rh positive (Rh+), and a
person whose blood cells lack the protein is Rh negative (Rh–). Draw a
Venn diagram illustrating all the blood types in the ABO System with the
corresponding Rh classifications.
Summary
In this lesson, you were able to apply what you have learned about sets, the
use of a Venn diagram and set operations in solving word problems.
Lesson 4.1: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Addition of Integers
Time: 1 hour
Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Exponents, Concept of Integers
About the Lesson: This lesson focuses on addition of integers using different
approaches. It is a review of what the students learned in Grade 6.
Objectives:
1. Add integers using different approaches;
2. Solve word problems involving addition of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Study the following examples:
A. Addition Using Number Line
1. Use the number line to find the sum of 6 & 5.

1 2 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
On the number line, start with point 6 and count 5 units to the right. At what
point on the number line does it stop ?
It stops at point 11; hence, 6 + 5 = 11.
2. Find the sum of 7 and (-3) .
3 2 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
On the number line, start from 7 and count 3 units going to the left since the
sign of 3 is negative.
At which point does it stop?
It stops at point 4; hence, (-3) + (7) = 4.
After the 2 examples, can you now try the next two problems?
a. (-5) + (-4) b. (-8) + (5)
We now have the following generalization:

Adding a positive integer to means moving along the real line a distance of
units to the right from . Adding a negative integer – to means moving along the
real line a distance of units to the left from .
B. Addition Using Signed Tiles
This is another device that can be used to represent + re

integers.The tile
presents integer 1, the represents -1, and the flexible + - represents
tile -
0.
Recall that a number and its negative cancel each other under the
operation of addition. This means
In general, .
Examples: + + + + + + + + + +
1. 4 + 5 +
------
four (+1) + five

(+1)
hence, 4 +
5=9
2. 5 + (-3) + + + + + - - -
-----
0
0
hence,
0
3.
– – – – – – + – – – – –
– –
h
e
n
c
e
Now, try these:

1. (-5) + (-11)
2. (6) + (-9)
II. Questions/ Points to Ponder
Using the above model, we summarize the procedure for adding integers as follows:
1. If the integers have the same sign, just add the positive equivalents of the
integers and attach the common sign to the result.
a. 27 + 30 = + (/27/ + /30/)
= + ( /57/ )
= + 57
b. (-20) + (-15) = - (/20/ + /15/)

= - ( 20 + 15 )
= - ( 35 )
= - 35
2. If the integers have different signs, get the difference of the positive
equivalents of the integers and attach the sign of the larger number to the
result.
a. (38) + (-20)
Get the difference between 38 and 20: 18
Since 38 is greater than 20, the sign of the sum is positive.
Hence
b.
Get the difference between 42 and 16: 26
Since 42 is greater than 16, the sum will have a negative sign.
Hence
If there are more than two addends in the problem the first step to do is to combine
addends with same signs and then get the difference of their sums.
Examples:
1.
2.
III. Exercises
A. Who was the first English mathematician who first used the modern
symbol of equality in 1557?
(To get the answer, compute the sums of the given exercises below.
Write the letter of the problem corresponding to the answer found in
each box at the bottom).
A 25 + 95
B 38 + (-15)
O 45 + (-20)
R (-65) + (-20)
E (78) + (-15)
-105 25 63 23 -85 -22
140 -55 10 -155 80 35 145
B. Addthe following:
1. (18) + (-11) + (3)

2. (-9) + (-19) + (-6)
3. (-4) + (25) + (-15)
4. (50) + (-13) + (-12)
5. (-100) + (48) + (49)
C. Solve the following problems:
1. Mrs. Reyes charged P3,752.00 worth of groceries on her credit

card. Find her balance after she made a payment of P2,530.00.
2. In a game, Team Azcals lost 5 yards in one play but gained 7 yards
in the next play. What was the actual yardage gain of the team?
3. A vendor gained P50.00 on the first day; lost P28.00 on the second
day, and gained P49.00 on the third day. How much profit did the
vendor gain in 3 days?
4. Ronnie had PhP2280 in his checking account at the beginning of
the month. He wrote checks for PhP450, P1200, and PhP900. He
then made a deposit of PhP1000. If at any time during the month
the account is overdrawn, a PhP300 service charge is deducted.
What was Ronnie’s balance at the end of the month?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned how to add integers using two different methods.
The number line model is practical for small integers. For larger integers, the signed
tiles model provides a more useful tool.
Lesson 4.2: Fundamental Operation on Integers:Subtraction of Integers
Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Exponents, Concept of Integers, Addition

of Integers
About the Lesson: This lesson focuses on the subtraction of integers using
different approaches. It is a review of what the students learned in Grade 6.
Objectives:
1. Subtract integers using
a. Number line
b. Signed tiles
2. Solve problems involving subtraction of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Study the material below.
1. Subtraction as the reverse operation of addition.

Recall how subtraction is defined. We have previously defined subtraction as
the reverse operation of addition. This means that when we ask “what is 5
minus 2?”, we are also asking “what number do we add to 2 in order to get
5?” Using this definition of subtraction, we can deduce how subtraction is
done using the number line.
a. Suppose you want to compute . You ask “What number must be

added to 3 to get ?
To get from 3 to , you need to move 7 units to the left. This is

equivalent to adding to 3. Hence in order to get , must be
added to 3. Therefore,
b. Compute
What number must be added to to get ?
To go from to , move 4 units to the right, or equivalently, add 4.
Therefore,
2. Subtraction as the addition of the negative

Subtraction is also defined as the addition of the negative of the number. For
example, . Keeping in mind that and are negatives of
each other, we can also have . Hence the examples above
can be solved as follows:
This definition of subtraction allows the conversion of a subtraction problem

to an addition problem.
Problem:
Subtract (-45) from 39 using the two definitions of subtraction.
Can you draw your number line?Where do you start numbering it to make the
line shorter?
Solution:
1.
What number must be added to in order to obtain 39?
2.
II. Questions/Points to Ponder
Rule in Subtracting Integers

In subtracting integers, add the negative of the subtrahend to the minuend,
Using signed tiles or colored counters

Signed tiles or colored counters can also be used to model subtraction of integers. In
this model, the concept of subtraction as “taking away” is utilized.
Examples:
1. means take away 6 from 10. Hence
2.
3.
Since there are not enough counters from which to take

away 9, we add 9 black counters and 9 white counters.
Remember that these added counters are equivalent to
zero.
We now take away

9 black counters.
Notice that this configuration is the
same configuration for .
We proceed with the addition and

obtain the answer
4.
Hence
The last two examples above illustrate the definition of subtraction as the addition of
the negative.
III. Exercices
A. What is the name of the 4th highest mountain in the world?
(Decode the answer by finding the difference of the following subtraction
problems. Write the letter to the answer corresponding to the item in the box
provided below:
O Subtract (-33) from 99
L Subtract (-30) from 49
H 18 less than (-77)
E Subtract (-99) from 0
T How much is 0 decreased by (-11)?
S (-42) – (-34) – (-9) - 18
79
B. Mental Math
Give the difference:
1. 53 -25
2. (-6) - 123
3. (-4) - (-9)
4. 6 - 15
5. 16 - (-20)
C. Solve the ff. Problems:

1. Maan deposited P53,400.00 in her account and withdrew P19,650.00 after
a week. How much of her money was left in the bank?
2. Two trains start at the same station at the same time. Train A travels
92km/h, while train B travels 82km/h. If the two trains travel in opposite
directions, how far apart will they be after an hour?
If the two trains travel in the same direction, how far apart will they be in
two hours?
3. During the Christmas season. The student gov’t association was able to
solicit 2,356 grocery items and was able to distribute 2,198 to one
barangay. If this group decided to distribute 1,201 grocery items to the
next barangay, how many more grocery items did they need to solicit?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned how to subtract integers by reversing the process
of addition, and by converting subtraction to addition using the negative of the
subtrahend.
Lesson 4.3: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Multiplication of Integers
Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Operations on whole numbers, addition and subtraction of

integers
About the Lesson: This is the third lesson on operations on integers. The intent of
the lesson is to deepen what students have learned in Grade 6, by expounding on
the meaning of multiplication of integers.
Objective:
In this lesson; you are expected to:
1. Multiply integers.
2. Apply multiplication of integers in solving problems
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Answer the following question.
How do we define multiplication?
We learned that with whole numbers, multiplication is repeated addition. For

example, means three groups of 4. Or, putting it into a real context, 3 cars with
4 passengers each, how many passenger in all? Thus
But, if there are 4 cars with 3 passengers each, in counting the total number of
passengers, the equation is . We can say then that
and
We extend this definition to multiplication of a negative integer by a positive integer.

Consider the situation when a boy loses P6 for 3 consecutive days.His total loss for
three days is
. Hence, we could have

The following examples illustrate further how integers are multiplied.
Example 1. Multiply : 5 ×(-2)
However,
5 × (-2) = (-2) × (5)
Therefore:
(-2) × (5)= (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2) + (-2) = -10
The result shows that the product of a negative multiplier and a positive multiplicand
is a negative integer.
Generalization:Multiplying unlike signs
We know that adding negative numbers means adding their positive equivalents and
attaching the negative sign to the result, then
for any positive integers and .
We know that any whole number multiplied by 0 gives 0. Is this true for any integer
as well? The answer is YES. In fact, any number multiplied by 0 gives 0. This is
known as the Zero Property.
What do we get when we multiply two negative integers?
Example 2. Multiply: (-8) × (-3)
We know that .
Therefore,
(Distributive Law)
( and are additive inverses)
(Zero Property)
The only number which when added to gives 0 is the additive

inverse of . Therefore, is the additive inverse of 24,
or
The result shows that the product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
Generalization:Multiplying Two Negative Integers

If and are positive integers, then .
Rules in Multiplying Integers:

In multiplying integers, find the product of their positive equivalents.
1. If the integers have the same signs, their product is positive.
2. If the integers have different signs their product is negative.
III. Exercises
A. Find the product of the following:
1. (5)(12)
2. (-8)(4)
3. (-5)(3)(2)
4. (-7)(4)(-2)
5. (3)(8)(-2)
6. (9)(-8)(-9)
7. (-9)(-4)(-6)
MATH DILEMMA
B. How can a person fairly divide 10 apples among 8 children so that each
child has the same share.
To solve the dilemma, match the letter in column II with the number that
corresponds to the numbers in column I.
Column I Column II
1. (6)(-12)
2. (-13)(-13)
3. (19)(-17)
4. (-15)(29)
5. (165)(0)
6. (-18)(-15)
7. (-15)(-20)
8. (-5)(-5)(-5)
9. (-2)(-2)(-2)(-2)
10 . (4)(6)(8)
5 4 3 7
4 1 1 9 7
8 2 10 6 7
C. Problem Solving
1. Jof has twenty P5 coins in her coin purse. If her niece took 5 of
the coins, how much has been taken away?
2. Mark can type 45 words per minute, how many words can Mark
type in 30 minutes?
3. Give an arithmetic equation which will solve the following
a. The messenger came and delivered 6 checks worth PhP50
each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
b. The messenger came and took away 3 checks worth
PhP120 each. Are you richer or poorer? By how much?
c. The messenger came and delivered 12 bills for PhP86
d. The messenger came and took away 15 bills for PhP72
Summary
This lesson emphasized the meaning of multiplication to set the rules for
multiplying integers. To multiply integers, first find the product of their positive
equivalents. If the integers have the same signs, their product is positive. If the
integers have different signs their product is negative.
Lesson 4.4: Fundamental Operations on Integers: Division of Integers
Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Addition and subtraction of Integers, Multiplication of

Integers
About the Lesson: Like in the previous lessons, this lesson is meant to deepen
students’ understanding of the division operation on integers. The concept of
division used here relies on its relationship to multiplication.
Objective:
In this lesson you are expected to:
1. Find the quotient of two integers.
2. Solve problems involving division of integers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
What is (-51) ÷ (-3)?
What is (-51) ÷ 3?
What is 51 ÷ (-3)?
What are the rules in dividing integers?

We have learned that Subtraction is the inverse operation of Addition,
In the same manner, Division is the inverse operation of Multiplication.
Example 1.Find the quotient of (-51) and (-3)

Solution:
Since division is the inverse of multiplication, determine whatnumber
multiplied by (-3) produces (-51).
If we ignore the signs for the meantime, we know that
We also know that in order to get a negative product, the factors must have
different signs. Hence
Therefore (-51) ÷ (-3) = 17
Example 2. What is
Solution:
Hence
Therefore
Example 3.Show why 273 ÷ (–21) = –13.

Solution: (-13) × (-21) = 57
Therefore, 273 ÷ (–21) = –13
Generalization
The quotient of two integers with the same signs is a positive integer and the
quotient of two integers having unlike signs is a negative integer.However,
division by zero is not possible.
When several operations have to be performed, the GEMDAS rule applies.
Example 4. Perform the indicated operations

1.
2.
3.
Solution:
1.
2.
3.
III. Exercises:
A. Compute the following
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. What was the original name for the butterfly?
To find the answer find the quotient of each of the following and write the
letter of the problems in the box corresponding to the quotient.
R (-352) ÷
U (-120) ÷ 8
(128) ÷ -
T L (-444) ÷ (-12)
Y
(144) ÷ -3 B (108) ÷ 9 E (168) ÷ 6
(-147) ÷ 7
T F (-315) ÷ (-
9
C. Solvethe following problems:
1. Vergara’s store earned P8750 a week, How much is her average
earning in a day?
2. Russ worked in a factory and earned P7875.00 for 15 days. How
much is his earning in a day?
3. There are 336 oranges in 12 baskets. How many oranges are there in
3 baskets?
4. A teacher has to divide 280 pieces of graphing paper equally among
his 35 students. How many pieces of graphing paper will each student
recieve?
5. A father has 976 sq. meters lot, he has to divide it among his 4
children. What is the share of each child?
D. Complete the three-by-three magic square (that is, the sums of the numbers
in each row, in each column and in each of the diagonals are the same) using
the numbers -10, -7, -4, -3, 0, 3, 4, 7, 10. What is the sum for each row,
column and diagonal?
Summary
Division is the reverse operation of multiplication. Using this definition, it is
easy to see that the quotient of two integers with the same signs is a positive integer
and the quotient of two integers having unlike signs is a negative integer.
Lesson 5: Properties of the Operations on Integers Time: 1.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of

Integers
About the Lesson:

This lesson will strengthen the skills of students in performing the
fundamental operations of integers. Knowledge of these will serve as an
axiom/guide in performing said operations. In addition, this will help students
solve problems including real life situations in algebra. This section also
discusses how an application of the properties of real numbers in real life
situations can be helpful in sustaining harmonious relationships among people.
Objectives
1. State and illustrate the different properties of the operations on
integers
a. closure d. distributive
b. commutative e. identity
c. associative f. inverse
2. Rewrite given expressions according to the given property.
Lesson Proper:
I. A. Activity 1: Try to reflect on these . . .
1. Give at least 5 words synonymous to the word “property”.
Activity 2: PICTIONARY GAME: DRAW AND TELL!
Needed Materials: Rules of the Game:

5 strips of cartolina with adhesive tape The mission of each player holding a
where each of the following words will strip of cartolina is to let the
be written: classmates guess the hidden word
Closure by drawing symbols, figures or
Commutative images on the board without any
Associative word.
Distributive
If the hidden property is discovered,
Identity a volunteer from the class will give
Inverse his/her own meaning of the identified
Printed Description: words. Then, from the printed
Stays the same descriptions, he/she can choose the
Swapping /Interchange appropriate definition of the disclosed
Bracket Together/Group Together word and verify if his/her initial
description is correct.
Share Out /Spread Out /Disseminate
One and the Same/Alike The game ends when all the words
Opposite/Contrary are revealed.
The following questions will be answered as you go along to the next activity.
What properties of real numbers were shown in the Pictionary Game?
Give one example and explain.
How are said properties seen in real life?
Activity 3: SHOW AND TELL!

Determine what kind of property of real numbers is being illustrated in the
following images:
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the motorbike and bicycle
riders.
+
equals
+
If a represents the number of motorbike riders and b represents the
number of bicycle riders, show the mathematical statement for the
diagram below.
+ = +
Guide Questions:
What operation is used in illustrating the diagram?
What happened to the terms in both sides of the equation?
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied?
What if the operation is replaced by multiplication, will the same property
be applicable? Give an example to prove your answer.
Define the property.
Give a real life situation in which the commutative property can be

applied.
Test the property on subtraction and division operations by using
simple examples. What did you discover?
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the set of cellphones,
ipods and laptops.
+ +
equals
+ +
If a represents the number of cellphones, b represents the ipods and c

represents the laptops, show the mathematical statement for the diagram
below.
( + )+ = +( + )
Guide Questions:
What operation is used in illustrating the diagram?
What happened to the groupings of the given sets that correspond to both
sides of the equation?
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied?
What if the operation is replaced by multiplication, will the same property
be applicable? Give an example to prove your answer.
Give a real life situation wherein associative property can be applied.

Test the property on subtraction and division operations by using simple
examples. What did you discover?
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical values of the set of oranges and
set of strawberries.
2× +
equals
2× + 2×
If a represents the multiplier in front, b represents the set of oranges and

c represents the set of strawberries, show the mathematical statement for
the diagram below.
( + )= • + •
Guide Questions:
Based on the previous activity, what property is being applied in the
images presented?
In the said property can we add/subtract the numbers inside the
parentheses and then multiply or perform multiplication first and then
addition/subtraction? Give an example to prove your answer.
Give a real life situation wherein distributive property can be applied.
D. Fill in the blanks with the correct numerical representation of the given
illustration.
Guide Questions:
images presented?
What will be the result if you add something represented by any number
to nothing represented by zero?
What do you call zero “0” in this case?
Is there a number multiplied to any number that will result to that same
number? Give examples.
What property is being illustrated? Define.
What do you call one “1” in this case?
E. Give the correct mathematical statement of the given illustrations. To do this,

refer to the guide questions below.
PUT IN
PLUS
REMOVE
?
Guide Questions:
How many cabbages are there in the crate?
Using integers, represent “put in 14 cabbages” and “remove 14
cabbages”? What will be the result if you add these representations?
images presented?
What will be the result if you add something to its negative?
What do you call the opposite of a number in terms of sign? What is the
opposite of a number represented by a?
What do you mean by reciprocal and what is the other term used for it?
What if you multiply a number say 5 by its multiplicative inverse , what
will be the result?
What property is being illustrated? Define.

1. Closure Property
Two integers that are added and multiplied remain as integers. The set of
integers is closed under addition and multiplication.
2. Commutative Property
Changing the order of two numbers that are either being added or
multiplied does not change the value.
3. Associative Property
Changing the grouping of numbers that are either being added or
multiplied does not change its value.
4. Distributive Property
When two numbers have been added / subtracted and then multiplied by
a factor, the result will be the same when each number is multiplied by
the factor and the products are then added / subtracted.
5. Identity Property
Additive Identity
- states that the sum of any number and 0 is the given number. Zero,
“0” is the additive identity.
Multiplicative Identity
- states that the product of any number and 1 is the given number, a • 1
= a. One, “1” is the multiplicative identity.
6. Inverse Property
In Addition
- states that the sum of any number and its additive inverse, is zero.
The additive inverse of the number a is –a.
In Multiplication
- states that the product of any number and its multiplicative inverse or
1
reciprocal, is 1.The multiplicative inverse of the number a is .
a
In this segment, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to
properties of real number applied in the operations of integers.
Closure Property under addition and multiplication
Commutative property of addition
Commutative property of multiplication
Associative property of addition
Associative property of multiplication
Distributive property
Additive identity property
Multiplicative identity property
Multiplicative inverse property
Additive inverse property
III. Exercises
A. Complete the Table: Which property of real number justifies each

statement?
1. 0 + (-3) = -3
2. 2(3 - 5) = 2(3) - 2(5)
3. (- 6) + (-7) = (-7) + (-6)
4. 1 x (-9) = -9
5. -4 x - = 1
6. 2 x (3 x 7) = (2 x 3) x 7
7. 10 + (-10) = 0
8. 2(5) = 5(2)
9. 1 x (- ) = -
10. (-3)(4 + 9) = (-3)(4) + (-3)(9)
B. Rewrite the following expressions using the given property.
1. 12a – 5a
2. (7a)b
3. 8+5
4. -4(1)
5. 25 + (-25)
C. Fill in the blanks and determine what properties were used to solve the
equations.
1. 5x( + 2) = 0
2. -4 + 4 =
3. -6 + 0 =
4. (-14 + 14) + 7 =
5. 7x( + 7) = 49
Summary
The lesson on the properties or real numbers explains how numbers or
values are arranged or related in an equation. It further clarifies that no matter
how these numbers are arranged and what processes are used, the
composition of the equation and the final answer will still be the same. Our
society is much like these equations - composed of different numbers and
operations, different people with varied personalities, perspectives and
experiences. We can choose to look at the differences and forever highlight
one's advantage or superiority over the others. Or we can focus on the
commonality among people and altogether, work for the common good. A
peaceful society and harmonious relationship starts with recognizing,
appreciating and fully maximizing the positive traits that we, as a people, have
in common.
404 40
0
Lesson 6: Rational Numbers in the Number Line Time: 1 hour
Prerequisite Concepts: Subsets of Real Numbers, Integers
About the lesson:

This lesson is a more in-depth discussion of the set of Rational Numbers and
focuses on where they are found in the real number line.
Objective:
In this lesson, you, the students, are expected to
1. Define rational numbers;
2. Illustrate rational numbers on the number line;
3. Arrange rational numbers on the number line.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity
Determine whether the following numbers are rational numbers or not.

1 3
- 2, , , 4 , 16 , -1.89,
11
Now, try to locate them on the real number line below by plotting:
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
II. Questions to Ponder

Consider the following examples and answer the questions that follow:
a. 7 ÷ 2 = 3 ½ ,
b. (-25) ÷ 4 = -6 ¼
c. (-6) ÷ (-12) = ½
1. Are quotients integers?

2. What kind of numbers are they?
3. Can you represent them on a number line?
Recall what rational numbers are...

3 ½, -6 ¼, ½, are rational numbers. The word rational is derived from the word
“ratio” which means quotient. Rational numbers are numbers which can be written as
a quotient of two integers, where b ≠ 0.
The following are more examples of rational numbers:
6
5= 1
5
0.06 = 100 1.3 =
From the example, we can see that an integer is also a rational number and
therefore, integers are a subset of rational numbers. Why is that?
1 3
Let’s check on your work earlier. Among the numbers given, - 2, , , 4 , 16 , -
11
3
1.89, the numbers and 4 are the only ones that are not rational numbers.
Neither can be expressed as a quotient of two integers. However, we can express
the remaining ones as a quotient of two intergers:
2 4
189
2 1 , 16 4 1 , 1.89
100
1 is already a quotient by itself.
Of course,
11
We can locate rational numbers on the real number line.
Example 1. Locate ½ on the number line.
a. Since 0 < ½ < 1, plot 0 and 1 on the number line.
0 1
b. Get the midpoint of the segment from 0 to 1. The midpoint now corresponds to
½
0 1
½
Example 2. Locate 1.75 on the number line. < 2. Divide the segment from
7and, 14 <
a. The number 1.75 can be written as
4 7
0 to 2 into 8 equal parts.
0 1 2
b. The 7th mark from 0 is the point 1.75.
1.75
0 1 2
Example 3. Locate the point on the number line.
Note that -2 < < -1. Dividing the segment from -2 to 0 into 6 equal parts, it is
easy to plot . The number is the 5th mark from 0 to the left.
-2 -1 0
Go back to the opening activity. You were asked to locate the rational numbers and
plot them on the real number line. Before doing that, it is useful to arrange them in
order from least to greatest. To do this, express all numbers in the same form –
either as similar fractions or as decimals. Because integers are easy to locate, they
need not take any other form. It is easy to see that
1
- 2 < -1.89 < < 16
11
Can you explain why?

Therefore, plotting them by approximating their location gives
1
-1.89 11
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2
III. Exercises
1. Locate and plot the following on a number line (use only one number line).
10
a. e. -0.01
3
1
b. 2.07 f. 7
9
2
c. g. 0
5
1
d. 12 h.
6
2. Name 10 rational numbers that are greater than -1 but less than 1 and
arrange them from least to greatest on the real number line?
3. Name one rational number x that satisfies the descriptions below:

a. 10 x 9
1 1
b. x
10 2
c. 3 x
1 1
d. x
4 3
1 1
e. x
8 9
Summary
In this lesson, you learned more about what rational numbers are and where
they can be found in the real number line. By changing all rational numbers to
equivalent forms, it is easy to arrange them in order, from least to greatest or vice
versa.
Lesson 7: Forms of Rational Numbers and Addition and Subtraction of
Rational Numbers
Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: definition of rational numbers, subsets of real numbers,

fractions, decimals
About the Lesson:

Like with any set of numbers, rational numbers can be added and subtracted.
In this lesson, you will learn techniques in adding and subtracting rational numbers.
Techniques include changing rational numbers into various forms convenient for the
operation as well as estimation and computation techniques.
Objectives:
1. Express rational numbers from fraction form to decimal form (terminating
and repeating and non-terminating) and vice versa;
2. Add and subtract rational numbers;
3. Solve problems involving addition and subtraction of rational numbers.
Lesson Proper:
A. Forms of Rational Numbers
I. Activity
1. Change the following rational numbers in fraction form or mixed number form
to decimal form:
1 5
a. = d. =
4 2
3 17
b. = e. =
10 10
5 1
c. 3 = f. 2 =
100 5
2. Change the following rational numbers in decimal form to fraction form.

a. 1.8 = d. -0.001 =
b. - 3.5 = e. 10.999 =
c. -2.2 = f. 0.11 =
II. Discussion
Non-decimal Fractions
There is no doubt that most of the above exercises were easy for you. This is
because all except item 2f are what we call decimal fractions. These numbers are all
1 25 which is easily convertible to a
parts of powers of 10. For example, =
4 10 0
5 35
decimal form, 0.25. Likewise, the number -3.5 = 3 .
10 10
What do you do when the rational number is not a decimal fraction? How
do you convert from one form to the other?
Remember that a rational number is a quotient of 2 integers. To change
a rational number in fraction form, you need only to divide the numerator by the
denominator.
1
Consider the number . The smallest power of 10 that is divisible by 8 is
8
1
1000. But, means you are dividing 1 whole unit into 8 equal parts. Therefore,
8
1
divide 1 whole unit first into 1000 equal parts and then take of the thousandths
8
125
part. That is equal to 1000 or 0.125.
1 9 1
Example: Change , and to their decimal forms.
16 11 3
The smallest power of 10 that is divisible by 16 is 10,000. Divide 1 whole unit

1
into 10,000 equal parts and take of the ten thousandths part. That is equal to
16
625
or 0.625. You can obtain the same value if you perform the long division
10000
1 16.
9
Do the same for . Perform the long division 9 11 and you should obtain
11 9 1
9 1 0.3. Note that both 11 and 3 are non-
0.81. Therefore, = 0.81. Also,
11 3
terminating but repeating decimals.
To change rational numbers in decimal forms, express the decimal part of

the numbers as a fractional part of a power of 10. For example, -2.713 can be
changed
713 and then changed to 2173
initially to 2 .
1000 1000
What about non-terminating but repeating decimal forms? How can they
be changed to fraction form? Study the following examples:
Example 1: Change 0.2 to its fraction form.
Solution: Let
r 0.222... Since there is only 1 repeated digit,
multiply the first equation by 10.
10r 2.222...
Then subtract the first equation from the second equation and obtain
9r 2.0
2
r
9
2
Therefore, 0.2 = .
9
Example 2. Change 1.35 to its fraction form.

Solution: Let r 1.353535... Since there are 2 repeated digits,
100r multiply the first equation by 100. In
general, if there are n repeated digits,
135.353535...
multiply the first equation by 10 .
n
Then subtract the first equation from the second equation and obtain
99r 134
35
134 1
r 99
99
135
Therefore, 1.35 = .
99
B. Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers in Fraction Form

I. Activity
Recall that we added and subtracted whole numbers by using the number line
or by using objects in a set.
Using linear or area models, find the sum or difference.

a. = c. =
b. = d. =
Without using models, how would you get the sum or difference?
Consider the following examples:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1. Is the common denominator always the same as one of the denominators
of the given fractions?
2. Is the common denominator always the greater of the two denominators?
3. What is the least common denominator of the fractions in each example?
4. Is the resulting sum or difference the same when a pair of dissimilar
fractions is replaced by any pair of similar fractions?
Problem: Copy and complete the fraction magic square. The sum in each
row, column, and diagonal must be 2.
» What are the values of a, b, c, d and e?
Important things to remember

To Add or Subtract Fraction
With the same denominator,
If a, b and c denote integers, and b ≠ 0, then
and
With different denominators, , where b ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0

If the fractions to be added or subtracted are dissimilar
» Rename the fractions to make them similar whose denominator is the

least common multiple of b and d.
» Add or subtract the numerators of the resulting fractions.
» Write the result as a fraction whose numerator is the sum or difference
of the numerators and whose denominator is the least common
multiple of b and d.
Examples:
To Add: To Subtract:
a. a.
b. b.
LCM/LCD of 5 and 4 is 20
II. Question to Ponder (Post –Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in activity.
You were asked to find the sum or difference of the given fractions.
a. = c. =
b. = d. =
Without using the models, how would you get the sum or difference?
You would have to apply the rule for adding or subtracting similar fractions.
1. Is the common denominator always the same as one of the denominators of the
given fractions?
2 3
Not always. Consider . Their least common denominator is 20 not 5 or
5 4
4.
2. Is the common denominator always the greater of the two denominators?

Not always. The least common denominator is always greater than or equal to
one of the two denominators and it may not be the greater of the two
denominators.
3. What is the least common denominator of the fractions in each example?

(1) 6 ( 2) 21 ( 3) 15 (4) 35 (5) 12 (6) 60
4. Is the resulting sum or difference the same as when a pair of dissimilar

fractions is replaced by any pair of similar fractions?
Yes, for as long as the replacement fractions are equivalent to the original
fractions.
III. Exercises
Do the following exercises.
a. Perform the indicated operations and express your answer in simplest
form.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 2
6.
7.
8.
b. Give the number asked for.

1. What is three more than three and one-fourth?
2. Subtract from the sum of . What is the result?
3. Increase the sum of . What is the result?
4. Decrease . What is the result?
5. What is ?
c. Solve each problem.

1. Michelle and Corazon are comparing their heights. If Michelle’s height
is 120 cm. and Corazon’s height is 96 cm. What is the difference in
their heights?
2. Angel bought meters of silk, meters of satin and meters of
velvet. How many meters of cloth did she buy?
3. Arah needs kg. of meat to serve 55 guests, If she has kg of
chicken, a kg of pork, and kg of beef, is there enough meat for
55 guests?
4. Mr. Tan has liters of gasoline in his car. He wants to travel far so
he added 16 liters more. How many liters of gasoline is in the tank?
5. After boiling, the liters of water was reduced to 9 liters. How much
water has evaporated?
C. Addition and Subtraction of Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
There are 2 ways of adding or subtracting decimals.

1. Express the decimal numbers in fractions then add or subtract as
described earlier.
Example:
Add: 2.3 + 7.21 Subtract:: 9.6 – 3.25
9 +
50 50
2. Arrange the decimal numbers in a column such that the decimal
points are aligned, then add or subtract as with whole numbers.
Example:
Add: 2.3 + 7.21 Subtract: 9.6-

3.25
2.3 9.6
+ 7.21 - 3.25
9.51 6.35
Exercises:
1. Perform the indicated operation.
1) 1,902 + 21.36 + 8.7

2) 45.08 + 9.2 + 30.545
3) 900 + 676.34 + 78.003
4) 0.77 + 0.9768 + 0.05301
5) 5.44 – 4.97
2. Solve the following problems:
a. Helen had P7500 for shopping money. When she got home, she had
P132.75 in her pocket. How much did she spend for shopping?
b. Ken contributed P69.25, while John and Hanna gave P56.25 each for
their gift to Teacher Daisy. How much were they able to gather
altogether?
c. Ryan said, “I’m thinking of a number N. If I subtract 10.34 from N, the
difference is 1.34.” What was Ryan’s number?
d. Agnes said, “I’m thinking of a number N. If I increase my number by 56.2,
the sum is 14.62.”What was Agnes number?
e. Kim ran the 100-meter race in 135.46 seconds. Tyron ran faster by 15.7
seconds. What was Tyron’s time for the 100-meter dash?
SUMMARY
This lesson began with some activities and instruction on how to change
rational numbers from one form to another and proceeded to discuss addition and
subtraction of rational numbers. The exercises given were not purely computational.
There were thought questions and problem solving activities that helped in
deepening one’s understanding of rational numbers.
Lesson 8: Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers
Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: addition and subtraction of rational numbers, expressing

rational numbers in different forms
About the lesson:

In this lesson, you will learn how to multiply and divide rational numbers.
While there are rules and algorithms to remember, this lesson also shows why those
rules and algorithms work.
Objectives:
1. Multiply rational numbers;
2. Divide rational numbers;
3. Solve problems involving multiplication and division of rational numbers.
Lesson Proper
A. Models for the Multiplication and Division
I. Activity:
Make a model or a drawing to show the following:
1. A pizza is divided into 10 equal slices. Kim ate of of the pizza. What
part of the whole pizza did Kim eat?
2. Miriam made 8 chicken sandwiches for some street children. She cut up
each sandwich into 4 triangular pieces. If a child can only take a piece, how
many children can she feed?
Can you make a model or a drawing to help you solve these problems?
A model that we can use to illustrate multiplication and division of rational numbers is
the area model.
1 1
What is ? Suppose we have one bar of chocolate represent 1 unit.
4 3
1
Divide the bar first into 4 equal parts vertically. One part of it is
4
Then, divide each fourth into 3 equal parts, this time horizontally to make the
1
divisions easy to see. One part of the horizontal division is .
3
1 1 1
3 4 12
1
. But, that one piece
There will be 12 equal-sized pieces and one piece is
12
1 1 1 1
is of , which we know from elementary mathematics to mean .
3 4 3 4
What about a model for division of rational numbers?

4 1
Take the division problem: . One unit is divided into 5 equal parts and 4
5 2
of them are shaded.
Each of the 4 parts now will be cut up in halves
1 4
Since there are 2 divisions per part (i.e. 5)
and there are 4 of them (i.e. 5 ), then
4 1 8
there will be 8 pieces out of 5 original pieces or .
5 2 5
1. A pizza is divided into 10 equal slices. Kim ate of of the pizza. What part
of the whole pizza did Kim eat?
3 1 3
5 2 10
// 3
½ Kim ate of the whole pizza.
10
3/5
2. Miriam made 8 chicken sandwiches for some street children. She cut up
each sandwich into 4 triangular pieces. If a child can only take a piece, how
many children can she feed?
1
The equation is 8 4 32. Since there are 4 fourths in one sandwich, there
will be 4 x 8 = 32 triangular pieces and hence, 32 children will be fed.
How then can you multiply or divide rational numbers without using models or
drawings?
Important Rules to Remember

The following are rules that you must remember. From here on, the symbols to be
used for multiplication are any of the following: , x, , or x.
1. To multiply rational numbers in fraction form simply multiply the numerators and
multiply the denominators.
In symbol, where b and d are NOT equal to zero, ( b ≠ 0; d ≠

0)
2. To divide rational numbers in fraction form, you take the reciprocal of the second
fraction (called the divisor) and multiply it by the first fraction.
In symbol, where b, c, and d are NOT equal to

zero.
Example:
Multiply the following and write your answer in
simplest form The easiest way to solve for this
number is to change mixed
numbers to an improper fraction
a. and then multiply it. Or use
prime factors or the greatest
common factor, as part of the
b. multiplication process.
Divide: Take the reciprocal of , which is then multiply it
with the first fraction. Using prime factors, it is easy
to see that 2 can be factored out of the numerator
= then cancelled out with the denominator, leaving 4
and 3
as the remaining factors in the numerator and 11 as
the remaining factors in the denominator.
III. Exercises.
Do the following exercises. Write your answer on the spaces provided:
1. Find the products:
a. f.
b. 7 g.
c. h.
d. i.
e. j.
B. Divide:
1. 20
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Solve the following:
1. Julie spent hours doing her assignment. Ken did his assignment for
times as many hours as Julie did. How many hours did Ken spend doing his
assignment?
2. How many thirds are there in six-fifths?

3. Hanna donated of her monthly allowance to the Iligan survivors. If her
monthly allowance is P3500, how much did she donate?
4. The enrolment for this school year is 2340. If are sophomores and are
seniors, how many are freshmen and juniors?
5. At the end of the day, a store had 2/5 of a cake leftover. The four employees
each took home the same amount of leftover cake. How much did each
employee take home?
55 55
B. Multiplication and Division of Rational Numbers in Decimal Form
This unit will draw upon your previous knowledge of multiplication and
division of whole numbers. Recall the strategies that you learned and developed
when working with whole numbers.
Activity:
1. Give students several examples of multiplication sentences with the answers
given. Place the decimal point in an incorrect spot and ask students to
explain why the decimal place does not go there and explain where it
should go and why.
Example:
215.2 x 3.2 = 68.864
2. Five students ordered buko pie and the total cost was P135.75. How much
did each student have to pay if they shared the cost equally?
Questions and Points to Ponder:

1. In multiplying rational numbers in decimal form, note the importance of
knowing where to place the decimal point in a product of two decimal
numbers. Do you notice a pattern?
2. In dividing rational numbers in decimal form, how do you determine where to
place the decimal point in the quotient?
Rules in Multiplying Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

1. Arrange the numbers in a vertical column.
2. Multiply the numbers, as if you are multiplying whole numbers.
3. Starting from the rightmost end of the product, move the decimal point to the left
the same number of places as the sum of the decimal places in the multiplicand and
the multiplier.
Rules in Dividing Rational Numbers in Decimal Form

1. If the divisor is a whole number, divide the dividend by the divisor applying the
rules of a whole number. The position of the decimal point is the same as that in the
dividend.
2. If the divisor is not a whole number, make the divisor a whole number by moving
the decimal point in the divisor to the rightmost end, making the number seem like a
whole number.
3. Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same number of places as
the decimal point was moved to make the divisor a whole number.
4. Lastly divide the new dividend by the new divisor.
Exercises:
A. Perform the indicated operation
1. 3.5 ÷ 2 6. 27.3 x 2.5
2. 78 x 0.4 7. 9.7 x 4.1
3. 9.6 x 13 8. 3.415 ÷ 2.5
4. 3.24 ÷ 0.5 9. 53.61 x 1.02
5. 1.248 ÷ 0.024 10. 1948.324 ÷ 5.96
B. Finds the numbers that when multiplied give the products shown.
1. . 3. . 5. .
x ___ x ___ x __ _
10.6 2 1. 6 2 1 . 9 8
2. . 4. .
x ___ x ___
1 6 . 8 9 . 5
Summary
In this lesson, you learned to use the area model to illustrate multiplication
and division of rational numbers. You also learned the rules for multiplying and
dividing rational numbers in both the fraction and decimal forms. You solved
problems involving multiplication and division of rational numbers.
Lesson 9: Properties of the Operations on Rational Numbers
Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Operations on rational numbers
About the Lesson: The purpose of this lesson is to use properties of operations on
rational numbers when adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing rational
numbers.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to
1. Describe and illustrate the different properties of the operations on
rational numbers.
2. Apply the properties in performing operations on rational numbers.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity
Pick a Pair
2 3 13
0 1
14 5 40
13 1 3
12 3 20
From the box above, pick the correct rational number to be placed in the spaces
provided to make the equation true.
1. = 6.
2. + 7. =
2 3 3
3. =0 8. ___
5 4 20
4. 1 x = 9. =
5. + = 10.
=

1. What is the missing number in item 1?
2. How do you compare the answers in items 1 and 2
3. What about item 3? What is the missing number?
4. In item 4, what number did you multiply with 1 to get ?
5. What number should be added to in item 5 to get the same
number?
6. What is the missing number in items 6 and 7?
7. What can you say about the grouping in items 6 and 7?
8. What do you think are the answers in items 8 and 9?
9. What operation did you apply in item 10?
Problem:
Consider the given expressions:
a.
b. =
* Are the two expressions equal? If yes, state the property illustrated.
PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS (ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION)
1. CLOSURE PROPERTY: For any two rational numbers. , their sum

and product is also rational.
For example:
a. =
b.
2. COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY: For any two rational numbers ,
i. =
ii. =
where a, b, c and d are integers and b and d are not equal to zero.
For example:
a.
b.
3. ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY: For any three rational numbers
i.
ii.
where a, b, c, d, e and f are integers and b, d and f are not equal to zero.
For example:
a.
b.
4. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY of multiplication over addition for rational

numbers.
If are any rational numbers, then
For example:
5. DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY of multiplication over subtraction for rational

numbers.
If are any rational numbers, then
For example:
6. IDENTITY PROPERTY
Addition: Adding 0 to a number will not change the identity or value of that
number.
+ 0 =
For example:
Multiplication: Multiplying a number by 1 will not change the identity or value

of that number.
For example:
7. ZERO PROPERTY OF MULTIPLICATION: Any number multiplied by zero

equals 0, i. e.
For example:
2 II. Question to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
15
1. What is the missing number in item1? »
2. How do you compare the answers in items 1 and 2? » The answer is the
same, the order of the numbers is not important.
3. What about item 3? What is the missing number? » The missing number is
0. When you multiply a number with zero the product is zero.
4. In item 4, what number did you multiply with 1 to get ? » When you
multiply a number by one the answer is the same.
5. What number should be added to in item 5 to get the same number? » 0,
When you add zero to any number, the value of the number does not
change.
6. What do you think is the missing number in items 6 and 7?»
7. What can you say about the grouping in items 6 and 7? » The groupings
are different but they do not affect the sum.
8. What do you think are the answers in items 8 and 9? » The answer is the
same in both items, .
9. What operation did you apply in item 10? » The Distributive Property of
Multiplication over Addition
III. Exercises:
Do the following exercises. Write your answer in the spaces provided.
A. State the property that justifies each of the following statements.
1.
2. 1 =
3.
4.
2 2 1 2
5. 7
1
5
2
3 1 7 5 3
6.
1 5 4
7. 2 6 3
8. =
1
9. 4
5
10. 0 0
7
B. Find the value of N in each expression
1. N +
2. =
3. = +
4. 0 + N =
6. N =
7.
8. =N
Summary
This lesson is about the properties of operations on rational numbers. The
properties are useful because they simplify computations on rational numbers. These
properties are true under the operations addition and multiplication. Note that for the
Distributive Property of Multiplication over Subtraction, subtraction is considered part
of addition. Think of subtraction as the addition of a negative rational number.
Lesson 10: Principal Roots and Irrational Numbers Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Set of rational numbers
About the Lesson:

This is an introductory lesson on irrational numbers, which may be daunting
to students at this level. The key is to introduce them by citing useful examples.
Objectives:
1. describe and define irrational numbers;
2. describe principal roots and tell whether they are rational or irrational;
3. determine between what two integers the square root of a number is;
4. estimate the square root of a number to the nearest tenth;
5. illustrate and graph irrational numbers (square roots) on a number line with
and without appropriate technology.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activities
A. Take a look at the unusual wristwatch and answer the questions below.
1. Can you tell the time?

2. What time is shown in the wristwatch?
3. What do you get when you take the
4. How will you describe the result?
5. Can you take the exact value of
6. What value could you get?
Taking the square root of a number is like doing the reverse operation of squaring a
2
number. For example, both 7 and -7 are square roots of 49 since 7 49 and
2
7 49. Integers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25 and 36 are called perfect squares.
4
Rational numbers such as 0.16, 10 0 and 4.84 are also, perfect squares. Perfect
squares are numbers that have rational numbers as square roots. The square roots
of perfect squares are rational numbers while the square roots of numbers that are
not perfect squares are irrational numbers.
Any number that cannot be expressed as a quotient of two integers is an

irrational number. The numbers 2 , , and the special number e are all irrational
numbers. Decimal numbers that are non-repeating and non-terminating are irrational
numbers.
B. Activity
Use the n button of a scientific calculator to find the following values:
6
1. 64 2.
4
16 3.
3
90
5
4. 3125 5. 24
II. Questions to Ponder ( Post-Activity Discussions )
Let us answer the questions in the opening activity.
1. Can you tell the time? Yes

2. What time is it in the wristwatch? 10:07
3. What do you get when you take the ? ? ? ? 1, 2, 3, 4
4. How will you describe the result? They are all positive integers.
5. Can you take the exact value of ? No.
6. What value could you get? Since the number is not a perfect square you could
estimate the value to be between 121 and 144 , which is about 11.4.
Let us give the values asked for in Activity B. Using a scientific calculator, you
probably obtained the following:
6
1. 64 = 2
4
2. 16 Math Error, which means not defined
3
3. 90 = 4.481404747, which could mean non-terminating and non-repeating since
the calculator screen has a limited size
5
4. 3125 = -5
5. 24 = 4.898979486, which could mean non-terminating and non-repeating since
the calculator screen has a limited size
th
On Principal n Roots
th th
Any number, say a, whose n power (n, a positive integer), is b is called the n root
of b. Consider the following: 7 2 49, 2 4 16 and 10 3 1000. This means
nd th rd
that -7 is a 2 or square root of 49, 2 is a 4 root of 16 and -10 is a 3 or cube root
of -1000.
th
However, we are not simply interested in any n root of a number; we are more
th th
concerned about the principal n root of a number. The principal n root of a
th th
positive number is the positive n root. The principal n root of a negative
th
number is the negative n root if n is odd. If n is even and the number is
th th
negative, the principal n root is not defined. The notation for the principal n
root of a number b is n b . In this expression, n is the index and b is the
th
radicand. The n roots are also called radicals.
th
Classifying Principal n Roots as Rational or Irrational Numbers
To determine whether a principal root is a rational or irrational number, determine if
th
the radicand is a perfect n power or not. If it is, then the root is rational. Otherwise, it
is irrational.
Problem 1. Tell whether the principal root of each number is rational or irrational.
(a) 3 225 (b) 0.04 (c)
5
111 (d)
4
(e) 625
Answers:
3
a) 225 is irrational
(b) 0.04 = 0.2 is rational
5
(c) 111 is irrational
(d) = 100 is rational
(e) 4 625 = 5 is rational
If a principal root is irrational, the best you can do for now is to give an estimate of its
value. Estimating is very important for all principal roots that are not roots of perfect
th
n powers.
Problem 2. The principal roots below are between two integers. Find the two closest
such integers.
3
(a) (b) 101 (c)
Solution:
(a)
16 is a perfect integer square and 4 is its principal square root. 25 is the next
perfect integer square and 5 is its principal square root. Therefore, is between 4
and 5.
(b) 3 101
64 is a perfect integer cube and 4 is its principal cube root. 125 is the next
3
perfect integer cube and 5 is its principal cube root. Therefore, 101 is between
4 and 5.
(c) 289 is a perfect integer square and 17 is its principal square root. 324 is the
next perfect integer square and 18 is its principal square root. Therefore, is
between 17 and 18.
Problem 3. Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth.

(a) (b) (c)
Solution:
(a)
The principal root is between 6 and 7, principal roots of the two perfect
squares 36 and 49, respectively. Now, take the square of 6.5, midway between 6
2
and 7. Computing, 6.5 42.25. Since 42.25 > 40 then is closer to 6 than to
2
7. Now, compute for the squares of numbers between 6 and 6.5: 6.1 37.21,
2
6.2
2
38.44, 6.3
2 39.69 , and 6.4 40.96 . Since 40 is close to 39.69 than to
40.96, is approximately 6.3.
(b)
The principal root is between 3 and 4, principal roots of the two perfect
squares 9 and 16, respectively. Now take the square of 3.5, midway between 3 and
2
4. Computing 3.5 12.25 . Since 12.25 > 12 then is closer to 3 than to 4.
2
Compute for the squares of numbers between 3 and 3.5: 3.1 9.61,
2
2
3.2 10.24
,
2 10.89, and 3 .4
3 .3 11.56. Since 12 is closer to 12.25 than to
11.56, is approximately 3.5.
(c)
The principal root is between 13 and 14, principal roots of the two
perfect squares 169 and 196. The square of 13.5 is 182.25, which is greater than
2
175. Therefore, is closer to 13 than to 14. Now: 1 3.1 171.61,
2
13.2
2 174.24 1 3.3 176.89
, . Since 175 is closer to 174.24 than to 176.89 then,
is approximately 13.2.
Problem 4. Locate and plot each square root on a number line.

(a) (b) (c)
Solution: You may use a program like Geogebra to plot the square roots on a
number line.
(a)
This number is between 1 and 2, principal roots of 1 and 4. Since 3 is closer

to 4 than to 1, is closer to 2. Plot closer to 2.
(b)
This number is between 4 and 5, principal roots of 16 and 25. Since 21 is

closer to 25 than to 16, is closer to 5 than to 4. Plot closer to 5.
(c)
This number is between 9 and 10, principal roots of 81 and 100. Since 87 is
closer to 81, then is closer to 9 than to 10. Plot closer to 9.
III. Exercises
A. Tell whether the principal roots of each number is rational or irrational.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
B. Between which two consecutive integers does the square root lie?
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
C. Estimate each square root to the nearest tenth and plot on a number line.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
D. Which point on the number line below corresponds to which square root?
A B C D E
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Summary
th
In this lesson, you learned about irrational numbers and principal n roots,
particularly square roots of numbers. You learned to find two consecutive integers
between which an irrational square root lies. You also learned how to estimate the
square roots of numbers to the nearest tenth and how to plot the estimated square
roots on a number line.
Lesson 11: The Absolute Value of a Number Time: 1.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Set of real numbers
About the Lesson:

This lesson explains why a distance between two points, even if represented
on a number line cannot be expressed as a negative number. Intuitively, the absolute
value of a number may be thought of as the non-negative value of a number. The
concept of absolute value is important to designate the magnitude of a measure such
as the temperature dropped by 23 (the absolute value) degrees. A similar concept is
applied to profit vs loss, income against expense, and so on.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to describe and illustrate
a. the absolute value of a number on a number line.
b. the distance of the number from 0.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity 1: THE METRO MANILA RAIL TRANSIT (MRT) TOUR
Suppose the MRT stations from Pasay City to Quezon City were on a straight
line and were 500 meters apart from each other.
Araneta Center - Cubao
Shaw Boulevard
Quezon Avenue
North Avenue
Taft Avenue
Magallanes
Guadalupe
Kamuning
Santolan
Buendia
Ortigas
Ayala
Boni
1. How far would the North Avenue station be from Taft Avenue?
2. What if Elaine took the MRT from North Avenue and got off at the last
station? How far would she have travelled?
3. Suppose both Archie and Angelica rode the MRT at Shaw Boulevard and the
former got off in Ayala while the latter in Kamuning. How far would each have
travelled from the starting point to their destinations?
4. What can you say about the directions and the distances travelled by Archie
and Angelica?
Activity 2: THE BICYCLE JOY RIDE OF ARCHIEL AND ANGELICA
Problem: Archie and Angelica were at Aloys’ house. Angelica rode her bicycle 3
miles west of Aloys’ house, and Archie rode his bicycle 3 miles east of
Aloys’ house. Who travelled a greater distance from Aloys’ house –
Archie or Angelica?
Questions To Ponder:
1. What subsets of real numbers are used in the problem? Represent the trip of
Archie and Angelica to the house of Aloys using a number line.
2. What are opposite numbers on the number line? Give examples and show on
the number line.
3. What does it mean for the same distance travelled but in opposite directions?
How would you interpret using the numbers -3 and +3?
4. What can you say about the absolute value of opposite numbers say -5 and
+5?
5. How can we represent the absolute value of a number? What notation can
we use?

1. Absolute Value – of a number is the distance between that number
and zero on the number line.
2. Number Line –is best described as a straight line which is extended
in both directions as illustrated by arrowheads. A number line consists
of three elements:
a. set of positive numbers, and is located to the right of zero.
b. set of negative numbers, and is located to the left of zero; and
c. Zero.

The absolute value of a number is denoted by two bars ││.
Let's look at the number line:
The absolute value of a number, denoted "| |" is the distance of the number
from zero. This is why the absolute value of a number is never negative. In thinking
about the absolute value of a number, one only asks "how far?" not "in which
direction?" Therefore, the absolute value of 3 and of -3 is the same, which is 3
because both numbers have the same distance from zero.
Warning: The absolute-value notation is bars, not parentheses or brackets. Use the
proper notation; the other notations do not mean the same thing.
It is important to note that the absolute value bars do NOT work in the same way as
do parentheses. Whereas – (–3) = +3, this is NOT how it works for absolute value:
Problem: Simplify – | –3 |.
Solution: Given – | – 3 |, first find the absolute value of – 3.
– | –3 | = – (3)
Now take the negative of 3. Thus, :
– | –3 | = – (3) = –3
This illustrates that if you take the negative of the absolute value of a number, you
will get a negative number for your answer.
II. Questons to Ponder(Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions posed in Activity 2.
1. What subsets of real numbers are used in the problem? Represent the
trip of Archie and Angelica to the house of Aloys using a number line.
The problem uses integers. Travelling 3 miles west can be represented by -3
(pronounced negative 3). Travelling 3 miles east can be represented by
+3 (pronounced positive 3). Aloys’ house can be represented by the
integer 0.
2. What are opposite numbers on the number line? Give examples and
show on the number line.
Two integers that are the same distance from zero in opposite directions
+ -
opposites. The integers 3 and 3 are opposites since they are each 3
zero.
3. What does it mean for the same distance travelled but in opposite
directions? How would you interpret using the numbers -3 and +3?
The absolute value of a number is its distance from zero on the number
line. The absolute value of +3 is 3, and the absolute value of -3 is 3.
4. What can you say about the absolute value of opposite numbers say -5
and +5?
Opposite numbers have the same absolute values.
5. How can we represent the absolute value of a number? What notation

can we use?
The symbol ││is used for the absolute value of a number.
III. Exercises
Carry out the following tasks. Write your answers on the spaces provided for
each number.
+ - + - + - + -
1. Find the absolute value of 3, 3, 7, 5, 9, 8, 4, 4. You may
refer to the number line below. What should you remember when we
talk about the absolute value of a number?
Solution: |+3| = 3 +
| 9| = 9
- -
| 3| = 3 | 8| = 8
+ +
| 7| = 7 | 4| = 4
- -
| 5| = 5 | 4| = 4
Remember that when we find the absolute value of a number, we are finding its
distance from 0 on the number line. Opposite numbers have the same absolute
value since they both have the same distance from 0. Also, you will notice that
taking the absolute value of a number automatically means taking the positive value
of that number.
+ - + - + - + -
2. Find the absolute value of: 11, 9, 14, 10, 17, 19, 20, 20.
You may extend the number line below to help you solve this
problem.
Solution: |+11| = 11 +
| 17| = 17
- -
| 9| = 9 | 19| = 19
+ +
| 14| = 14 | 20| = 20
- -
| 10| = 10 | 20| = 20
3. Use the number line below to find the value of N: |N| = 5.1
Solution: This problem asks us to find all numbers that are a distance of 5.1 units
from zero on the number line. We let N represent all integers that satisfy
this condition.
+
The number 5.1 is 5.1 units from zero on the number line, and the number
- + -
5.1 is also 5.1 units from zero on the number line. Thus both 5.1 and 5.1
satisfy the given condition.
4. When is the absolute value of a number equal to itself?
Solution:
When the value of the number is positive or zero.
5. Explain why the absolute value of a number is never negative. Give
73 73
an example that will support your answer.
Solution: Let │N │= -4. Think of a number that when you get the absolute value will
give you a negative answer. There will be no solution since the distance of
any number from 0 cannot be a negative quantity.
74 74
Enrichment Exercises:
A. Simplify the following.

1. │7.04 │
2. │0 │
2
3. │- 9 │
4. -│15 + 6 │
5. │- 2 2 │ - │- 3 2 │
B. List at least two integers that can replace N such that.

1. │N │= 4
2. │N │< 3
3. │N │> 5
4. │N │≤ 9
5. 0<│N │< 3
C. Answer the following.

1. Insert the correct relation symbol(>, =, <): │-7 │ │-4 │.
2. If │x - 7│= 5, what are the possible values of x?
3. If │x │= , what are the possible values of x?
4. Evaluate the expression, │x + y │ - │y - x │, if x = 4 and y = 7.
5. A submarine navigates at a depth of 50 meters below sea level while
exactly above it; an aircraft flies at an altitude of 185 meters. What is
the distance between the two carriers?
Summary: In this lesson you learned about the absolute value of a number, that
it is a distance from zero on the number line denoted by the notation
|N|. This notation is used for the absolute value of an unknown
number that satisfies a given condition. You also learned that a
distance can never be a negative quantity and absolute value
pertains to the magnitude rather than the direction of a number.
LESSON 12: SUBSETS OF REAL NUMBERS Time: 1.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: whole numbers and operations, set of integers, rational

numbers, irrational numbers, sets and set operations, Venn diagrams
About the Lesson:

This lesson will intensify the study of mathematics since this requires a
good understanding of the sets of numbers for easier communication. Classifying
numbers is very helpful as it allows us to categorize what kind of numbers we are
dealing with every day.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to :
2. Describe and illustrate the real number system.
3. Apply various procedures and manipulations on the different subsets of
the set of real numbers.
a. Describe, represent and compare the different subsets of real
number.
b. Find the union, intersection and complement of the set of real
numbers and its subsets
Lesson Proper:
A. The Real Number System
I. Activity 1: Try to reflect on these . . .

It is difficult for us to realize that once upon a time there were no symbols or
names for numbers. In the early days, primitive man showed how many animals he
owned by placing an equal number of stones in a pile, or sticks in a row. Truly our
number system evolved over hundreds of years.
Sharing Ideas! What do you think?
1. In what ways do you think did primitive man need to use numbers?
2. Why do you think he needed names or words to tell “how many”?
3. How did number symbols come about?
4. What led man to invent numbers, words and symbols?
Activity 2: LOOK AROUND!
Fifteen different words/partitions of numbers are hidden in this puzzle. How many
can you find? Look up, down, across, backward, and diagonally. Figures are
scattered around that will serve as clues to help you locate the mystery words.
0, 1, 2, 3, ...
π, e,
,
-1, 0, 1, - , , 1, 2, 3, ...
0.25, 0.1313...
-4, -5, -6, ...
0 0.25,
0.33... N
S
T
O
...,-3, -2, -1, I
0, 1, 2, 3, ... L
A
R
U
T
100%, A
15%, 25% N

1. How many words in the puzzle were familiar to
you?
2. What word/s have you encountered in your early
years? Define and give examples.
3. What word/s is/are still strange to you?
Activity 3: Determine what set of numbers will represent the following
situations:
1. Finding out how many cows there are in a barn
2. Corresponds to no more apples inside the basket
3. Describing the temperature in the North Pole
4. Representing the amount of money each member gets when P200 prize is
divided among 3 members
5. Finding the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, denoted π (read
“pi”)
The set of numbers called the real number system consists of different partitions/
subsets that can be represented graphically on a number line.

Consider the activities done earlier and recall the different terms you encountered
including the set of real numbers and together let us determine the various subsets.
Let us go back to the first time we encountered the numbers...
Let's talk about the various subsets of real numbers.
Early Years...
1. What subset of real numbers do children learn at an early stage when they
were just starting to talk? Give examples.
One subset is the counting (or natural) numbers. This

subset includes all the numbers we use to count starting
-1, 0, 1, - , , with "1" and so on. The subset would look like this: {1, 2,
3, 4, 5...}
0.25, 0.33...,
π, e, , 10%, In School at an Early Phase...
15%, 25%
2. What do you call the subset of real numbers that includes

zero (the number that represents nothing) and is combined with the subset of
real numbers learned in the early years? Give examples.
Another subset is the whole numbers. This subset is exactly like the subset
of counting numbers, with the addition of one extra number. This extra
number is "0". The subset would look like this:{0, 1, 2, 3, 4...}
In School at Middle Phase...
3. What do you call the subset of real numbers that includes negative numbers
(that came from the concept of “opposites” and specifically used in describing
debt or below zero temperature) and is united with the whole numbers? Give
examples.
A third subset is the integers. This subset includes all the whole numbers
and their “opposites”. The subset would look like this: {... -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3, 4...}
Still in School at Middle Period...
4. What do you call the subset of real numbers that includes integers and non-
integers and are useful in representing concepts like “half a gallon of milk”?
Give examples.
The next subset is the rational numbers. This subset includes all numbers
that "come to an end" or numbers that repeat and have a pattern. Examples
of rational numbers are: 5.34, 0.131313..., , , 9
5. What do you call the subset of real numbers that is not a rational number but
are physically represented like “the diagonal of a square”?
Lastly we have the set of irrational numbers. This subset includes

numbers that cannot be exactly written as a decimal or fraction. Irrational
numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio of two integers. Examples of
irrational numbers are:
2 , 3 101 , and π

1. Natural/Counting Numbers – are the numbers we use in counting

things, that is {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }. The three dots, called ellipses, indicate
that the pattern continues indefinitely.
2. Whole Numbers – are numbers consisting of the set of natural or

counting numbers and zero.
3. Integers – are the result of the union of the set of whole numbers and
the negative of counting numbers.
4. Rational Numbers – are numbers that can be expressed as a

quotient of two integers. The integer a is the numerator while the
integer b, which cannot be 0 is the denominator. This set includes
fractions and some decimal numbers.
5. Irrational Numbers – are numbers that cannot be expressed as a

quotient of two integers. Every irrational number may be
represented by a decimal that neither repeats nor terminates.
6. Real Numbers – are any of the numbers from the preceding subsets.
They can be found on the real number line. The union of rational
numbers and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers.
78 78
7. Number Line – a straight line extended on both directions as
illustrated by arrowheads and is used to represent the set of real
numbers. On the real number line, there is a point for every real
number and there is a real number for every point.
III. Exercises
a. Locate the following numbers on the number line by naming the correct point.
-2.66... , , -0.25 , , ,
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
b. Determine the subset of real numbers to which each number belongs. Use a tick
mark
(√) to answer.
Number
1. -86
2. 34.74
3.
4.
5.
6. -0.125
7. -
8. e
9. -45.37
10. -1.252525...
B. Points to Contemplate
It is interesting to note that the set of rational numbers and the set of irrational
numbers are disjoint sets; that is their intersection is empty. In fact, they are
complements of each other. The union of these two sets is the set of real numbers.
Exercises:
1. Based on the stated information, show the relationships among natural/counting
numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers and
real numbers using the Venn diagram. Fill each broken line with its corresponding
answer.
2. Answer the following questions on the space provided for each number.
a) Are all real numbers rational numbers? Prove your answer.
b) Are all rational numbers whole numbers? Prove your answer.
c) Are and negative integers? Prove your answer.
80 81
d) How is a rational number different from an irrational number?
e) How do natural numbers differ from whole numbers?
3. Complete the details in the Hierarchy Chart of the Set of Real Numbers.
THE REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Summary
In this lesson, you learned different subsets of real numbers that enable you to
name numbers in different ways. You also learned to determine the hierarchy and
relationship of one subset to another that leads to the composition of the real
number system using the Venn Diagram and Hierarchy Chart. You also learned
that it was because of necessity that led man to invent number, words and
symbols.
Lesson 13: Significant Digits and the Scientific Notation OPTIONAL
Prerequisite Concepts: Rational numbers and powers of 10
About the Lesson:

This is a lesson on significant digits and the scientific notation combined. The
use of significant digits and the scientific notation is often in the area of measures
and in the natural sciences. The scientific notation simplifies the way we write very
large and very small numbers. On the other hand, numerical data become more
accurate when significant digits are taken into account.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you are expected to :
1. determine the significant digits in a given situation.
2. write very large and very small numbers in scientific notation
Lesson Proper:
I. A. Activity
The following is a list of numbers. The number of significant digits in each number
is written in the parenthesis after the number.
234 (3)
745.1 (4)
6007 (4)
2
1.3 X 10 (2)
-7
7.50 X 10 (3)
-3
0.012300 (5) 2.222 X 10 (4)
5
100.0 (4) 8.004 X 10 (4)
100 (1) 6120. (4)
7890 (3) 120.0 (4)
4970.00 (6) 530 (2)
Describe what digits are not significant.

Significant digits are the digits in a number that express the precision of a
measurement rather than its magnitude. The number of significant digits in a given
measurement depends on the number of significant digits in the given data. In
82 83
calculations involving multiplication, division, trigonometric functions, for example,
the number of significant digits in the final answer is equal to the least number of
significant digits in any of the factors or data involved.
Rules for Determining Significant Digits

A. All digits that are not zeros are significant.
For example: 2781 has 4 significant digits
82.973 has 5 significant digits
B. Zeros may or may not be significant. Furthermore,
1. Zeros appearing between nonzero digits are significant.
For example: 20.1 has 3 significant digits
79002 has 5 significant digits
2. Zeros appearing in front of nonzero digits are not significant.
0.0000009 has 1 significant digit
3. Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal are significant
digits. Zeros between nonzero digits and significant zeros are also
significant.
25000.00 has 7 significant digits
4. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal may or may not be
significant. If such a zero has been measured or is the first estimated digit,
it is significant. On the other hand, if the zero has not been measured or
estimated but is just a place holder it is not significant. A decimal placed
after the zeros indicates that they are significant
For example: 560000 has 2 significant digits
560000. has 6 significant digits
Significant Figures in Calculations

1. When multiplying or dividing measured quantities, round the answer to as
many significant figures in the answer as there are in the measurement with
the least number of significant figures.
2. When adding or subtracting measured quantities, round the answer to the
same number of decimal places as there are in the measurement with the
least number of decimal places.
For example:
a. 3.0 x 20.536 = 61.608
Answer: 61 since the least number of significant digits is 2, coming
from 3.0
b. 3.0 + 20.536 = 23.536
Answer: 23.5 since the addend with the least number of decimal
places is 3.0
II. Questions to Ponder ( Post-Activity Discussion )
Describe what digits are not significant. The digits that are not significant are the
zeros before a non-zero digit and zeros at the end of numbers without the decimal
point.
Problem 1. Four students weigh an item using different scales. These are the values
they report:
a. 30.04 g
b. 30.0 g
c. 0.3004 kg
d. 30 g
How many significant digits are in each measurement?
Answer: 30.04 has 4 significant; 30.0 has 3 significant digits; 0.3004 has 4 significant
digits; 30 has 1 significant digit
Problem 2. Three students measure volumes of water with three different devices.
They report the following results:
Device
Large graduated cylinder
Small graduated cylinder
Calibrated buret
If the students pour all of the water into a single container, what is the total volume of
water in the container? How many digits should you keep in this answer?
Answer: The total volume is 232.86 mL. Based on the measures, the final answer
should be 232.9 mL.
84 85
On the Scientific Notation
The speed of light is 300 000 000 m/sec, quite a large number. It is cumbersome to
8
write this number in full. Another way to write it is 3.0 x 10 . How about a very small
number like 0.000 000 089? Like with a very large number, a very small number may
-8
be written more efficiently. 0.000 000 089 may be written as 8.9 x 10 .
Writing a Number in Scientific Notation

1. Move the decimal point to the right or left until after the first significant digit
and copy the significant digits to the right of the first digit. If the number is a
whole number and has no decimal point, place a decimal point after the first
significant digit and copy the significant digits to its right.
For example, 300 000 000 has 1 significant digit, which is 3. Place a
decimal point after 3.0
The first significant digit in 0.000 000 089 is 8 and so place a decimal
point after 8, (8.9).
2. Multiply the adjusted number in step 1 by a power of 10, the exponent of
which is the number of digits that the decimal point moved, positive if moved
to the left and negative if moved to the right.
8
For example, 300 000 000 is written as 3.0 x 10 because the decimal
point was moved past 8 places.
-8
0.0 000 089 is written as 8.9 x 10 because the decimal point was moved
8 places to the right past the first significant digit 8.
III. Exercises
A. Determine the number of significant digits in the following measurements.
Rewrite the numbers with at least 5 digits in scientific notation.
1. 0.0000056 L 6. 8207 mm
2. 4.003 kg 7. 0.83500 kg
3. 350 m 8. 50.800 km
3
4. 4113.000 cm 9. 0.0010003 m
5. 700.0 mL 10. 8 000 L
B. a. Round off the following quantities to the specified number of significant

figures.
1. 5 487 129 m to three significant figures
2. 0.013 479 265 mL to six significant figures
2
3. 31 947.972 cm to four significant figures
2
4. 192.6739 m to five significant figures
5. 786.9164 cm to two significant figures
b. Rewrite the answers in (a) using the scientific notation
C. Write the answers to the correct number of significant figures
1. 4.5 X 6.3 ÷ 7.22

2. 5.567 X 3.0001 ÷ 3.45
3. ( 37 X 43) ÷ ( 4.2 X 6.0 )
4. ( 112 X 20 ) ÷ ( 30 X 63 )
5. 47.0 ÷ 2.2
D. Write the answers in the correct number of significant figures
1. 5.6713 + 0.31 + 8.123

2. 3.111 + 3.11 + 3.1
3. 1237.6 + 23 + 0.12
4. 43.65 – 23.7
5. 0.009 – 0.005 + 0.013
E. Answer the following.

1. A runner runs the last 45m of a race in 6s. How many significant
figures will the runner's speed have?
2. A year is 356.25 days, and a decade has exactly 10 years in it. How
many significant figures should you use to express the number of
days in two decades?
3. Which of the following measurements was recorded to 3 significant
digits : 50 mL , 56 mL , 56.0 mL or 56.00 mL?
4. A rectangle measures 87.59 cm by 35.1 mm. Express its area with
2
the proper number of significant figures in the specified unit: a. in cm
2
b. in mm
5. A 125 mL sample of liquid has a mass of 0.16 kg. What is the density
of the liquid in g/mL?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about significant digits and the scientific notation.
You learned the rules in determining the number of significant digits. You also
learned how to write very large and very small numbers using the scientific notation.
Lesson 14: More Problems Involving Real Numbers Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Integers, Rational Numbers, Real

Numbers, Sets
About the Lesson: This is the culminating lesson on real numbers. It combines all
the concepts and skills learned in the past lessons on real numbers.
Objectives:
1. Apply the set operations and relations to sets of real numbers
2. Describe and represent real-life situations which involve integers, rational
numbers, square roots of rational numbers, and irrational numbers
3. Apply ordering and operations of real numbers in modeling and solving real-
life problems
Lesson Proper:
Recall how the set of real numbers was formed and how the operations are
performed. Numbers came about because people needed and learned to count. The
set of counting numbers was formed. To make the task of counting easier, addition
came about. Repeated addition then got simplified to multiplication. The set of
counting numbers is closed under both the operations of addition and multiplication.
When the need to represent zero arose, the set W of whole numbers was formed.
When the operation of subtraction began to be performed, the W was extended to
the set or integers. is closed under the operations of addition, multiplication and
subtraction. The introduction of division needed the expansion of to the set of
rational numbers. is closed under all the four arithmetic operations of addition,
multiplication, subtraction and division. When numbers are used to represent
measures of length, the set or rational numbers no longer sufficed. Hence, the set
of real numbers came to be the field where properties work.
The above is a short description of the way the set of real numbers was built
up to accommodate applications to counting and measurement and performance of
the four arithmetic operations. We can also explore the set of real numbers by
dissection – beginning from the big set, going into smaller subsets. We can say that
is the set of all decimals (positive, negative and zero). The set includes all the
decimals which are repeating (we can think of terminating decimals as decimals in
which all the digits after a finite number of them are zero). The set comprises all
the decimals in which the digits to the right of the decimal point are all zero. This
view gives us a clearer picture of the relationship among the different subsets of in
terms of inclusion.
87
W
We know that the nth root of any number which is not the nth power of a rational
number is irrational. For instance, , , and are irrational.
Example 1. Explain why is irrational.

We use an argument called an indirect proof. This means that we will show
why becoming rational will lead to an absurd conclusion. What happens
if is rational? Because is closed under multiplication and is rational,
then is rational. However, , which we know to be
irrational. This is an absurdity. Hence we have to conclude that must be
irrational.
Example 2. A deep-freeze compartment is maintained at a temperature of 12°C

below zero. If the room temperature is 31°C, how much warmer is the room
temperature than the temperature in the deep-freeze compartment.
Get the difference between room temperature and the temperature inside the
deep-freeze compartment
. Hence, room temperature is 43°C warmer than the
compartment.
Example 3. Hamming Code
A mathematician, Richard Hamming
developed an error detection code to a
E G
determine if the information sent
electronically is transmitted correctly. c
Computers store information using bits b d
(binary digits, that is, a 0 or a 1). For
example, 1011 is a four-bit code.
F
Hamming uses a Venn diagram with three “sets” as follows:
1. The digits of the four-bit code are placed in regions a, b, c, and d, in

this order.
2. Three additional digits of 0’s and 1’s are put in the regions E, F, and G
so that each “set” has an even number of 1’s.
3. The code is then extended to a 7-bit code using (in order) the digits in
the regions a, b, c, d, E, F, G.
For example, the code 1011 is encoded as follows:
1 0 1
1 1011001
1011 1 1
0 1 0 1
0
Example 4. Two students are vying to represent their school in the regional chess
competition. Felix won 12 of the 17 games he played this year, while Rommel
won 11 of the 14 games he played this year. If you were the principal of the
school, which student would you choose? Explain.
The Prinicpal will likely use fractions to get the winning ratio or percentage of
each player. Felix has a winning ratio, while Rommel has a winning ratio.
Since , Rommel will be a logical choice.
Example 5. A class is having an election to decide whether they will go on a

fieldtrip. They will have a fieldtrip if more than 50% of the class will vote Yes.
Assume that every member of the class will vote. If 34% of the girls and 28%
of the boys will vote Yes, will the class go on a fieldtrip? Explain.
Although , less than half of the girls and less than half of
the boys voted Yes. This means that less than half all students voted Yes.
Example 6. A sale item was marked down by the same percentage for three years
in a row. After two years the item was 51% off the original price. By how
much was the price off the original price in the first year?
Since the price after 2 years is 51% off the original price, this means that the
price is then 49% of the original. Since the percentage ratio must be
multiplied to the original price twice (one per year), and , then
the price per year is 70% of the price in the preceding year. Hence the
discount is 30% off the original.
Exercises:
1. The following table shows the mean temperature in Moscow by month from 2001
to 2011
January
February
March
April
Plot each temperature point on the number line and list from lowest to highest.
2. Below are the ingredients for chocolate oatmeal raisin cookies. The recipe yields
32 cookies. Make a list of ingredients for a batch of 2 dozen cookies.
1 ½ cups all-purpose flour

1 tsp baking soda
1 tsp salt
1 cup unsalted butter
¾ cup light-brown sugar
¾ cup granulated sugar
2 large eggs
1 tsp vanilla extract
2 ½ cups rolled oats
1 ½ cups raisins
12 ounces semi-sweet chocolate
chips
3. In high-rise buildings, floors are numbered in increasing sequence from the

ground-level floor to second, third, etc, going up. The basement immediately
below the ground floor is usually labeled B1, the floor below it is B2, and so on.
th
How many floors does an elevator travel from the 39 floor of a hotel to the
basement parking at level B6?
4. A piece of ribbon 25 m long is cut into pieces of equal length. Is it possible to get
a piece with irrational length? Explain.
5. Explain why is irrational. (See Example 1.)
90
Lesson 15: Measurement and Measuring Length Time: 2.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Real Numbers and Operations
About the Lesson:

This is a lesson on the English and Metric System of Measurement and using
these systems to measure length. Since these systems are widely used in our
community, a good grasp of this concept will help you be more accurate in dealing
with concepts involving length such as distance, perimeter and area.
Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Describe what it means to measure;
2. Describe the development of measurement from the primitive to the present
international system of unit;
3. Estimate or approximate length;
4. Use appropriate instruments to measure length;
5. Convert length measurement from one unit to another, including the English
system;
6. Solve problems involving length, perimeter and area.
Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Instructions: Determine the dimension of the following using only parts of your arms.
Record your results in the table below. Choose a classmate and compare your
results.
Arm part used*
Measurement
Comparison to:
(classmate’s
name)
* For the arm part, please use any of the following only: the palm, the handspan and
the forearm length
Important Terms to Remember:

>palm – the width of one’s hand excluding the thumb
> handspan – the distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger of
one’s hand with fingers spread apart.
> forearm length – the length of one’s forearm: the distance from the elbow to the tip
of the middle finger.
1. What was your reason for choosing which arm part to use? Why?
2. Did you experience any difficulty when you were doing the actual measuring?
3. Were there differences in your data and your classmate’s data? Were the
differences significant? What do you think caused those differences?

Let us answer the questions in the opening activity:
1. What is the appropriate arm part to use in measuring the length and width of the
sheet of paper? of the teacher’s table? Of the classroom? What was your reason for
choosing which arm part to use? Why?
 While all of the units may be used, there are appropriate units of measurement
to be used depending on the length you are trying to measure.
 For the sheet of paper, the palm is the appropriate unit to use since the
handspan and the forearm length is too long.
 For the teacher’s table, either the palm or the handspan will do but the forearm
length might be too long to get an accurate measurement.
 For the classroom, the palm and handspan may be used but you may end up
with a lot of repetitions. The best unit to use would be the forearm length.
The difficulties you may have experienced might include having to use too many
repetitions.
differences significant? What do you think caused those differences?
If you and your partner vary a lot in height, then chances are your forearm length,
handspan and palm may also vary, leading to different measurements of the same
thing.
History of Measurement
One of the earliest tools that human beings invented was the unit of
measurement. In olden times, people needed measurement to determine how long
or wide things are; things they needed to build their houses or make their clothes.
rd
Later, units of measurement were used in trade and commerce. In the 3 century
BC Egypt, people used their body parts to determine measurements of things; the
same body parts that you used to measure the assigned things to you.
The forearm length, as described in the table below, was called a cubit. The
handspan was considered a half cubit while the palm was considered 1/6 of a cubit.
Go ahead, check out how many handspans your forearm length is. The Egyptians
came up with these units to be more accurate in measuring different lengths.
However, using these units of measurement had a disadvantage. Not
everyone had the same forearm length. Discrepancies arose when the people
started comparing their measurements to one another because measurements of the
same thing differed, depending on who was measuring it. Because of this, these
units of measurement are called non-standard units of measurement which later on
evolved into what is now the inch, foot and yard, basic units of length in the English
system of measurement.
92
III. Exercise:
1. Can you name other body measurements which could have been used as a non-
standard unit of measurement? Do some research on other non-standard units of
measurement used by people other than the Egyptians.
2. Can you relate an experience in your community where a non-standard unit of
measurement was used?
B.
I. Activity
Instructions: Determine the dimension of the following using the specified English
units only. Record your results in the table below. Choose a classmate and
compare your results.
Arm part used*
Measurement
Comparison to:
(classmate’s
name)
For the unit used, choose which of the following SHOULD be used: inch or foot.

1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use? Why?
differences as big as the differences when you used non-standard units of
measurement? What do you think caused those differences?

Let us answer the questions in the activity above:
 For the sheet of paper, the appropriate unit to use is inches since its length
and width might be shorter than a foot.
 For the table and the classroom, a combination of both inches and feet may
be used for accuracy and convenience of not having to deal with a large
number.
2. What difficulty, if any, did you experience when you were doing the actual
measuring?
differences as big as the differences when you used non-standard units of
measurement? What do you think caused those differences?
 If you and your partner used the steel tape correctly, both your data should
have little or no difference at all. The difference should not be as big or as
significant as the difference when non-standard units of measurement were
used. The slight difference might be caused by how accurately you tried to
measure each dimension or by how you read the ticks on the steel tape. In
doing actual measurement, a margin of error should be considered.
History of Measurement (Continued)

As mentioned in the first activity, the inch, foot and yard are said to be based
on the cubit. They are the basic units of length of the English System of
Measurement, which also includes units for mass, volume, time, temperature and
angle. Since the inch and foot are both units of length, each can be converted into
the other. Here are the conversion factors, as you may recall from previous lessons:
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
For long distances, the mile is used:
1 mile = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet
Converting from one unit to another might be tricky at first, so an organized
way of doing it would be a good starting point. As the identity property of
multiplication states, the product of any value and 1 is the value itself. Consequently,
dividing a value by the same value would be equal to one. Thus, dividing a unit by
its equivalent in another unit is equal to 1. For example:
1 foot / 12 inches = 1
3 feet / 1 yard = 1
These conversion factors may be used to convert from one unit to another. Just
remember that you’re converting from one unit to another so cancelling same units
would guide you in how to use your conversion factors. For example:
1. Convert 36 inches into feet:
2. Convert 2 miles into inches:
Again, since the given measurement was multiplied by conversion factors which are
equal to 1, only the unit was converted but the given length was not changed.
Try it yourself.
III. Exercise:
Convert the following lengths into the desired unit:
1. Convert 30 inches to feet
2. Convert 130 yards to inches
3. Sarah is running in a 42-mile marathon. How many more feet does Sarah need to
run if she has already covered64,240 yards?
C.
I. Activity:
1. When a Filipina girl is described as 1.7 meters tall, would she be considered tall
or short? How about if the Filipina girl is described as 5 ft, 7 inches tall, would she
be considered tall or short?
94
2. Which particular unit of height were you more familiar with? Why?

1. When a Filipina girl is described as 1.7 meters tall, would she be considered tall
or short? How about if the Filipina girl is described as 5 ft, 7 inches tall, would she
be considered tall or short?
 Chances are, you would find it difficult to answer the first question. As for the
second question, a Filipina girl with a height of 5 feet, 7 inches would be
considered tall by Filipino standards.
2. Which particular unit of height were you more familiar with? Why?
 Again, chances are you would be more familiar with feet and inches since
feet and inches are still being widely used in measuring and describing height
here in the Philippines.
History of Measurement (Continued)

The English System of Measurement was widely used until the 1800s and the
1900s when the Metric System of Measurement started to gain ground and became
the most used system of measurement worldwide. First described by Belgian
Mathematician Simon Stevin in his booklet, De Thiende (The Art of Tenths) and
proposed by English philosopher, John Wilkins, the Metric System of Measurement
was first adopted by France in 1799. In 1875, the General Conference on Weights
and Measures (Conférence générale des poids et mesures or CGPM) was tasked to
define the different measurements. By 1960, CGPM released the International
System of Units (SI) which is now being used by majority of the countries with the
biggest exception being the United States of America. Since our country used to be
a colony of the United States, the Filipino people were schooled in the use of the
English instead of the Metric System of Measurement. Thus, the older generation of
Filipinos is more comfortable with English System rather than the Metric System
although the Philippines have already adopted the Metric System as its official
system of measurement.
The Metric System of Measurement is easier to use than the English System
of Measurement since its conversion factors would consistently be in the decimal
system, unlike the English System of Measurement where units of lengths have
different conversion factors. Check out the units used in your steep tape measure,
most likely they are inches and centimeters. The base unit for length is the meter
and units longer or shorter than the meter would be achieved by adding prefixes to
the base unit. These prefixes may also be used for the base units for mass, volume,
time and other measurements. Here are the common prefixes used in the Metric
System:
PREFIX
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
deka
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
For example:
1 kilometer = 1,000 meters
1 millimeter = 1/1,000 meter or 1,000 millimeters = 1 meter
These conversion factors may be used to convert from big to small units or vice
versa. For example:
1. Convert 3 km to m:
2. Convert 10 mm to m:
As you can see in the examples above, any length or distance may be measured
using the appropriate English or Metric units. In the question about the Filipina girl
whose height was expressed in meters, her height can be converted to the more
familiar feet and inches. So, in the Philippines where the official system of
measurements is the Metric System yet the English System continues to be used, or
as long as we have relatives and friends residing in the United States, knowing how
to convert from the English System to the Metric System (or vice versa) would be
useful. The following are common conversion factors for length:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
3.3 feet ≈ 1 meter
For example:
Convert 20 inches to cm:
III. Exercise:
1. Using the tape measure, determine the length of each of the following in cm.
Convert these lengths to meters.
Centimeters
Meters
2. Using the data in the table above, estimate the lengths of the following without
using the steel tape measure or ruler:
96
NON- STANDARD UNIT
METRIC UNIT
3. Using the data from table 1, convert the dimensions of the sheet of paper,
teacher’s table and the classroom into Metric units. Recall past lessons on perimeter
and area and fill in the appropriate columns:
Length
English units
Metric
Units
4. Two friends, Zale and En zo, run in marathons. Zale finished a 21-km marathon in
Cebu while Enzo finished a 15-mile marathon in Los Angeles. Who between the two
ran a longer distance? By how many meters?
5. Georgia wants to fence her square garden, which has a side of 20 feet, with two
rows of barb wire. The store sold barb wire by the meter at P12/meter. How much
money will Georgia need to buy the barb wire she needs?
5. A rectangular room has a floor area of 32 square meters. How many tiles, each
measuring 50 cm x 50 cm, are needed to cover the entire floor?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned: 1) that ancient Egyptians used units of measurement
based on body parts such as the cubit and the half cubit. The cubit is the length of
the forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger; 2) that the inch and foot,
the units for length of the English System of Measurement, are believed to be based
on the cubit; 3) that the Metric System of Measurement became the dominant
system in the 1900s and is now used by most of the countries with a few exceptions,
the biggest exception being the United States of America; 4) that it is appropriate to
use short base units of length for measuring short lengths and long units of lengths
to measure long lengths or distances; 5) how to convert common English units of
length into other English units of length using conversion factors; 6) that the Metric
System of Measurement is based on the decimal system and is therefore easier to
use; 7) that the Metric System of Measurement has a base unit for length (meter)
and prefixes to signify long or short lengths or distances; 8) how to estimate lengths
and distances using your arm parts and their equivalent Metric lengths; 9) how to
convert common Metric units of length into other Metric units of length using the
conversion factors based on prefixes; 10) how to convert common English units of
length into Metric units of length (and vice versa) using conversion factors; 11) how
to solve length, perimeter and area problems using English and Metric units.
98
Lesson 16: Measuring Weight/Mass and Volume Time: 2.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Basic concepts of measurement, measurement of length
About the Lesson:

This is a lesson on measuring volume & mass/weight and converting its units
from one to another. A good grasp of this concept is essential since volume &
weight are commonplace and have practical applications.
Objectives:
7. estimate or approximate measures of weight/mass and volume;
8. use appropriate instruments to measure weight/mass and volume;
9. convert weight/mass and volume measurements from one unit to another,
including the English system;
10. Solve problems involving weight/mass and volume/capacity.
Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Read the following narrative to help you review the concept of volume.
Volume
Volume is the amount of space an object contains or occupies. The volume
of a container is considered to be the capacity of the container. This is measured by
the number of cubic units or the amount of fluid it can contain and not the amount of
3
space the container occupies. The base SI unit for volume is the cubic meter (m ).
Aside from cubic meter, another commonly used metric unit for volume of solids is
3
the cubic centimeter (cm or cc) while the commonly used metric units for volume of
fluids are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
Hereunder are the volume formulae of some regularly-shaped objects:
3
Cube: Volume = edge x edge x edge (V = e )
Rectangular prism: Volume = length x width x height (V = lwh)
Triangular prism: Volume = ½ x base of the triangular base x height of the
triangular base x Height of the prism
( )
2 2
Cylinder: Volume = π x (radius) x height of the cylinder (V = πr h)
Other common regularly-shaped objects are the different pyramids, the cone
and the sphere. The volumes of different pyramids depend on the shape of its base.
Here are their formulae:
2
Square-based pyramids: Volume = 1/3 x (side of base) x height of
2
pyramid(V = 1/3 s h)
Rectangle-based pyramid: Volume=1/3 x length of the base x width of
the base x height of pyramid(V=1/3 lwh)
Triangle-based pyramid: Volume = 1/3 x ½ x base of the triangle x
height of the triangle x Height of the pyramid
( )
2
Cone: Volume = 1/3 x π x (radius) x height
3 3
Sphere: Volume = 4/3 x πx (radius) (V = 4/3 πr )
Here are some examples:
1. V = lwh = 3 m x 4 m x 5 m
3
= (3 x 4 x 5) x (m x m x m) = 60 m
5
m
4
3
m
m
2. V = 1/3 lwh = 1/3 x 3 m x 4 m x 5 m

5 = (1/3 x 3 x 4 x 5) x (m x m x m) = 20 m3
m
4
3m
m
1. Cite a practical application of volume.
2. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been underlined?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given prisms and for the
cylinder.
3. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been shaded?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given pyramids and for
the cone.

Let us answer the questions in the opening activity:
1. Cite a practical application of volume.
Volume is widely used from baking to construction. Baking requires a degree of
precision in the measurement of the ingredients to be used thus measuring
spoons and cups are used. In construction, volume is used to measure the size
of a room, the amount of concrete needed to create a specific column or beam or
the amount of water a water tank could hold.
2. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been underlined?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given prisms and for the
cylinder.
The formulas that have been underlined are formulas for area. The general
formula for the volume of the given prisms and cylinder is just the area of the
base of the prisms or cylinder times the height of the prism or cylinder (V =
Abaseh).
100
3. What do you notice about the parts of the formulas that have been shaded?
Come up with a general formula for the volume of all the given pyramids and for
the cone.
The formulas that have been shaded are formulas for the volume of prisms or
cylinders. The volume of the given pyramids is just 1/3 of the volume of a prism
whose base and height are equal to that of the pyramid while the formula for the
cone is just 1/3 of the volume of a cylinder with the same base and height as the
cone (V = 1/3 Vprism or cylinder).
III. Exercise:
Instructions: Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. How big is a Toblerone box (triangular prism) if its triangular side has a base of 3
cm and a height of 4.5 cm and the box’s height is 25 cm?
2. How much water is in a cylindrical tin can with a radius of 7 cm and a height of 20
cm if it is only a quarter full?
3. Which of the following occupies more space, a ball with a radius of 4 cm or a
cube with an edge of 60 mm?
B.
I. Activity
Materials Needed:
Ruler / Steel tape measure
Different regularly-shaped objects (brick, cylindrical drinking glass, balikbayan
box)
Instructions: Determine the dimension of the following using the specified metric
units only. Record your results in the table below and compute for each object’s
volume using the unit used to measure the object’s dimensions. Complete the table
by expressing/converting the volume using the specified units.
Unit used*
Measurement
3
cm
3
m
Volume 3
in
3
ft
For the unit used, choose ONLY one: centimeter or meter.

3
2. How did you convert the volume from cc to m or vice versa?
3. How did you convert the volume from cc to the English units for volume?
Volume (continued)
The English System of Measurement also has its own units for measuring
3
volume or capacity. The commonly used English units for volume are cubic feet (ft )
3
or cubic inches (in ) while the commonly used English units for fluid volume are the
pint, quart or gallon. Recall from the lesson on length and area that while the
Philippine government has mandated the use of the Metric system, English units are
still very much in use in our society so it is an advantage if we know how to convert
from the English to the Metric system and vice versa. Recall as well from the
previous lesson on measuring length that a unit can be converted into another unit
using conversion factors. Hereunder are some of the conversion factors which
would help you convert given volume units into the desired volume units:
3 3
1 m = 1 million cm 1 gal = 3.79 L
3 3
1 ft = 1,728 in 1 gal = 4 quarts
3 3
1 in = 16.4 cm 1 quart = 2 pints
3 3
1 m = 35.3 ft 1 pint = 2 cups
1 cup = 16 tablespoons
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons
Since the formula for volume only requires length measurements, another
alternative to converting volume from one unit to another is to convert the object’s
dimensions into the desired unit before solving for the volume.
For example:
1. How much water, in cubic centimeters, can a cubical water tank hold if it
has an edge of 3 meters?
Solution 1 (using a conversion factor):

3 3 3
i. Volume = e = (3 m) = 27 m
3 1 million cm3 3
ii. 27 m x /1 m3 = 27 million cm
Solution 2 (converting dimensions first):

100 cm
i. 3 m x / 1 m = 300 cm
3 3 3
ii. Volume = e = (300 cm) = 27 million cm

1. What was your reason for choosing which unit to use?
Any unit on the measuring instrument may be used but the decision on what
unit to use would depend on how big the object is. In measuring the brick,
the glass and the balikbayan box, the appropriate unit to use would be
centimeter. In measuring the dimensions of the classroom, the appropriate
unit to use would be meter.
3
2. How did you convert the volume from cc to m or vice versa?
Possible answer would be converting the dimensions to the desired units first
before solving for the volume.
3
3. How did you convert the volume from cc or m to the English units for volume?
Possible answer would be by converting the dimensions into English units
first before solving for the volume.
102
III. Exercises:
Answer the following items. Show your solutions.
3 3
1. Convert 10 m to ft
2. Convert 12 cups to mL
3. A cylindrical water tank has a diameter of 4 feet and a height of 7 feet while a
water tank shaped like a rectangular prism has a length of 1 m, a width of 2 meters
and a height of 2 meters. Which of the two tanks can hold more water? By how
many cubic meters?
C.
I. Activity:
Problem: The rectangular water tank of a fire truckmeasures 3 m by 4 m by 5 m.
How many liters of water can the fire truck hold?
Volume (Continued)
While capacities of containers are obtained by measuring its dimensions, fluid
volume may also be expressed using Metric or English units for fluid volume such as
liters or gallons. It is then essential to know how to convert commonly used units for
volume into commonly used units for measuring fluid volume.
While the cubic meter is the SI unit for volume, the liter is also widely
accepted as a SI-derived unit for capacity. In 1964, after several revisions of its
definition, the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) finally defined
a liter as equal to one cubic decimeter. Later, the letter L was also accepted as the
symbol for liter.
This conversion factor may also be interpreted in other ways. Check out the
conversion factors below:
3
1 L = 1 dm
1 mL = 1 cc
3
1,000 L = 1 m

Let us answer the problem above:
3 1,000 L
Step 1: V = lwh Step 2: 60 m x / 1 m3 = 60,000 L
= 3m x 4m x 5m
3
= 60 m
III. Exercise:
1. A spherical fish bowl has a radius of 21 cm. How many mL of water is needed to
fill half the bowl?
2. A rectangular container van needs to be filled with identical cubical balikbayan
boxes. If the container van’s length, width and height are 16 ft, 4 ft and 6ft,
respectively, while each balikbayan box has an edge of 2 ft, what is the maximum
number of balikbayan boxes that can be placed inside the van?
3. A drinking glass has a height of 4 in, a length of 2 in and a width of 2 in while a
baking pan has a width of 4 in, a length of 8 in and a depth of 2 in. If the baking pan
is to be filled with water up to half its depth using the drinking glass, how many
glasses full of water would be needed?
D.
Activity:
Instructions: Fill the table below according to the column headings. Choose which of
the available instruments is the most appropriate in measuring the given object’s
weight. For the weight, choose only one of the given units.
¢25-coin
₱ 5-coin
Small toy marble
Piece of brick
Yourself
*Available instruments: triple-beam balance, nutrition (kitchen) scale, bathroom scale

1. What was your reason for choosing which instrument to use?
3. What other kinds of instruments for measuring weight do you know?
4. What other units of weight do you know?
Mass/ Weight
In common language, mass and weight are used interchangeably although
weight is the more popular term. Oftentimes in daily life, it is the mass of the given
object which is called its weight. However, in the scientific community, mass and
weight are two different measurements. Mass refers to the amount of matter an
object has while weight is the gravitational force acting on an object.
Weight is often used in daily life, from commerce to food production. The
base SI unit for weight is the kilogram (kg) which is almost exactly equal to the mass
of one liter of water. For the English System of Measurement, the base unit for
weight is the pound (lb). Since both these units are used in Philippine society,
knowing how to convert from pound to kilogram or vice versa is important. Some of
the more common Metric units are the gram (g) and the milligram (mg) while another
commonly used English unit for weight is ounces (oz). Here are some of the
conversion factors for these units:
1 kg = 2.2 lb
1 kg = 1000 g
Use these conversion factors to convert common weight units to the desired unit.
For example:
Convert 190 lb to kg:
1. What was your reason for choosing which instrument to use?
Possible reasons would include how heavy the object to be weighed to the
capacity of the weighing instrument.
The decision on which unit to use would depend on the unit used by the
weighing instrument. This decision will also be influenced by how heavy the
object is.
104
3. What other kinds of instruments for measuring weight do you know?
Other weighing instruments include the two-pan balance, the spring scale,
the digital scales.
4. What other common units of weight do you know?
Possible answers include ounce, carat and ton.
III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. Complete the table above by converting the measured weight into the specified
units.
2. When Sebastian weighed his balikbayan box, its weight was 34 kg. When he got
to the airport, he found out that the airline charged $5 for each lb in excess of the
free baggage allowance of 50 lb. How much will Sebastian pay for the excess
weight?
3. A forwarding company charges P1,100 for the first 20 kg and P60 for each
succeeding 2 kg for freight sent to Europe. How much do you need to pay for a
box weighing 88 lb?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned: 1) how to determine the volume of selected
regularly-shaped solids; 2) that the base SI unit for volume is the cubic meter; 3) how
to convert Metric and English units of volume from one to another; 4) how to solve
problems involving volume or capacity; 5) that mass and weight are two different
measurements and that what is commonly referred to as weight in daily life is
actually the mass; 6) how to use weighing intruments to measure the mass/weight of
objects and people; 7) how to convert common Metric and English units of weight
from one to another; 8) how to solve problems involving mass / weight.
Lesson 17: Measuring Angles, Time and Temperature
Prerequisite Concepts: Basic concepts of measurement, ratios

About the Lesson:
This lesson should reinforce your prior knowledge and skills on measuring
angle, time and temperature as well as meter reading. A good understanding of this
concept would not only be useful in your daily lives but would also help you in
geometry and physical sciences.
Objectives:
11. estimate or approximate measures of angle, time and temperature;
12. use appropriate instruments to measure angles, time and temperature;
13. solve problems involving time, speed, temperature and utilities usage (meter
reading).
Lesson Proper
A.
I. Activity:
Material needed:
Protractor
Instruction: Use your protractor to measure the angles given below. Write your
answer on the line provided.
1. 2. 3. 4.
Angles
Derived from the Latin word angulus, which means corner, an angle is
defined as a figure formed when two rays share a common endpoint called the
vertex. Angles are measured either in degree or radian measures. A protractor is
used to determine the measure of an angle in degrees. In using the protractor, make
sure that the cross bar in the middle of the protractor is aligned with the vertex and
one of the legs of the angle is aligned with one side of the line passing through the
cross bar. The measurement of the angle is determined by its other leg.
Answer the following items:

1. Estimate the measurement of the angle below. Use your protractor to check your
estimate.
Estimate
Measurement using the protractor
2. What difficulties did you meet in using your protractor to measure the angles?
106
3. What can be done to improve your skill in estimating angle measurements?
II. Questions to Ponder (Post-activity discussion):

1. Estimate the measurement of the angles below. Use your protractor to check
your estimates.
Measurement = 50
2. What difficulties did you meet in using your protractor to measure the angles?
One of the difficulties you may encounter would be on the use of the protractor
and the angle orientation. Aligning the cross bar and base line of the protractor
with the vertex and an angle leg, respectively, might prove to be confusing at
first, especially if the angle opens in the clockwise orientation. Another difficulty
arises if the length of the leg is too short such that it won’t reach the tick marks
on the protractor. This can be remedied by extending the leg.
3. What can be done to improve your skill in estimating angle measurements?
You may familiarize yourself with the measurements of the common angles like
the angles in the first activity and use these angles in estimating the
measurement of other angles.
III. Exercise:
Instructions: Estimate the measurement of the given angles, then check your
estimates by measuring the same angles using your protractor.
ANGLE
ESTIMATE
MEASURE
MENT
B.
I. Activity
Problem: An airplane bound for Beijing took off from the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport at 11:15 a.m. Its estimated time of arrival in Beijing is at1550 hrs. The
distance from Manila to Beijing is 2839 km.
1. What time (in standard time) is the plane supposed to arrive in Beijing?
2. How long is the flight?
3. What is the plane’s average speed?
Time and Speed

The concept of time is very basic and is integral in the discussion of other
concepts such as speed. Currently, there are two types of notation in stating time,
the 12-hr notation (standard time) or the 24-hr notation (military or astronomical
time). Standard time makes use of a.m. and p.m. to distinguish between the time
from 12midnight to 12 noon (a.m. or ante meridiem) and from 12 noon to 12 midnight
(p.m. or post meridiem). This sometimes leads to ambiguity when the suffix of a.m.
and p.m. are left out. Military time prevents this ambiguity by using the 24-hour
notation where the counting of the time continues all the way to 24. In this notation,
1:00 p.m. is expressed as 1300 hours or 5:30 p.m. is expressed as 1730 hours.
Speed is the rate of an object’s change in position along a line. Average
speed is determined by dividing the distance travelled by the time spent to cover the
distance d
distance (Speed = /time or S = /t, read as “distance per time”). The base SI unit
m
for speed is meters per second ( /s). The commonly used unit for speed is
Kilometers km mi
/hour (kph or /h) for the Metric system and miles/hour (mph or /hr) for the
English system.

1. What time (in standard time) is the plane supposed to arrive in Beijing?
3:50 p.m.
2. How long is the flight?
1555 hrs – 1115 hrs = 4 hrs, 40 minutes or 4.67 hours
3. What is the plane’s average speed?
S = d/t
= 2839 km / 4.67 hrs
= 607.92 kph
III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solutions.
1. A car left the house and travelled at an average speed of 60 kph. How many
minutes will it take for the car to reach the school which is 8 km away from the
house?
2. Sebastian stood at the edge of the cliff and shouted facing down. He heard the
echo of his voice 4 seconds after he shouted. Given that the speed of sound in air is
340 m / s, how deep is the cliff?
3. Maria ran in a 42-km marathon. She covered the first half of the marathon from
0600 hrs to 0715 hours and stopped to rest. She resumed running and was able to
cover the remaining distance from 0720 hrs to 0935 hrs. What was Maria’s average
speed for the entire marathon?
C.
I. Activity:
Problem: Zale, a Cebu resident, was packing his suitcase for his trip to New York
City the next day for a 2-week vacation. He googled New York weather and found
out the average temperature there is 59 F. Should he bring a sweater? What data
should Zale consider before making a decision?
Temperature
Temperature is the measurement of the degree of hotness or coldness of an
object or substance. While the commonly used units are Celsius ( C) for the Metric
system and Fahrenheit ( F) for the English system, the base SI unit for temperature
is the Kelvin (K). Unlike the Celsius and Fahrenheit which are considered degrees,
108
the Kelvin is considered as an absolute unit of measure and therefore can be worked
on algebraically.
Hereunder are some conversion factors:
5
C = ( /9)( F – 32)
9
F = ( /5)( C) + 32
K = C + 273.15
For example:
9
Convert 100 C to F: F = ( /5)(100 C) + 32
= 180 + 32
= 212 F

Let us answer the problem above:
1. What data should Zale consider before making a decision?
In order to determine whether he should bring a sweater or not, Zale needs to
compare the average temperature in NYC to the temperature he is used to which
is the average temperature in Cebu. He should also express both the average
temperature in NYC and in Cebu in the same units for comparison.
2. Should Zale bring a sweater?
The average temperature in Cebu is between 24 – 32 C. Since the average
temperature in NYC is 59 F which is equivalent to 15 C, Zale should probably
bring a sweater since the NYC temperature is way below the temperature he is
used to. Better yet, he should bring a jacket just to be safe.
III. Exercise:
1. Convert 14 F to K.
2. Maria was preparing the oven to bake brownies. The recipe’s direction was to
pre-heat the oven to 350 F but her oven thermometer was in C. What should be
the thermometer reading before Maria puts the baking pan full of the brownie mix in
the oven?
D.
Activity:
Instructions: Use the pictures below to answer the questions that follow.
Initial electric meter reading at 0812 hrs Final electric meter reading at 0812 hrs
on 14 Feb 2012 on 15 Feb 2012
1. What was the initial meter reading? Final meter reading?

2. How much electricity was consumed during the given period?
3. How much will the electric bill be for the given time period if the electricity charge
is P9.50 / kiloWatthour?
Reading Your Electric Meter

Nowadays, reading the electric meter would be easier considering that the
newly-installed meters are digital but most of the installed meters are still dial-based.
Here are the steps in reading the electric meter:
a. To read your dial-based electric meter, read the dials from left to right.
b. If the dial hand is between numbers,the smaller of the two numbers should be
used. If the dial hand is on the number, check out the dial to the right. If the dial
hand has passed zero, use the number at which the dial hand is pointing. If the
dial hand has not passed zero, use the smaller number than the number at
which the dial hand is pointing.
c. To determine the electric consumption for a given period, subtract the initial
reading from the final reading.

Let us answer the questions above:
1. What was the initial meter reading? final meter reading?
The initial reading is 40493 kWh. For the first dial from the left, the dial hand is
on the number 4 so you look at the dial immediately to the right which is the
second dial. Since the dial hand of the second dial is past zero already, then the
reading for the first dial is 4. For the second dial, since the dial hand is between
0 and 1 then the reading for the second dial is 0. For the third dial from the left,
the dial hand is on the number 5 so you look at the dial immediately to the right
which is the fourth dial. Since the dial hand of the fourth dial has not yet passed
zero, then the reading for the third dial is 4. The final reading is 40515 kWh.
2. How much electricity was consumed during the given period?
Final reading – initial reading = 40515 kWh – 40493 kWh = 22 kWh
3. How much will the electric bill be for the given time period if the electricity charge
is ₱ 9.50 / kiloWatthour?
Electric bill = total consumption x electricity charge
= 22 kWh x P9.50 / kWh
= P209
III. Exercise:
Answer the following items. Show your solution.
1. The pictures below show the water meter reading of Sebastian’s house.
Initial meter reading at 0726 hrs Final meter reading at 0725 hrs
on 20 February 2012 on 21 February 2012
110 110
If the water company charges P14 / cubic meter of water used, how much must
Sebastian pay the water company for the given period?
2. The pictures below show the electric meter reading of Maria’s canteen.
Initial meter reading at 1600 hrs on 20 Feb 2012 Final meter reading @ 1100 hrs on 22 Feb 2012
If the electric charge is P9.50 / kWh, how much will Maria pay the electric company
for the given period?
3. The pictures below show the electric meter reading of a school.
Initial meter reading @1700 hrs on 15 July 2012 Final meter reading @ 1200 hrs on 16
July 2012
Assuming that the school’s average consumption remains the same until 1700 hrs of
15 August 2012 and the electricity charge is P9.50 / kWh, how much will the school
be paying the electric company?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned:
1. how to measure angles using a protractor;
2. how to estimate angle measurement;
3. express time in 12-hr or 24-hr notation;
4. how to measure the average speed as the quotient of distance over time;
5. convert units of temperature from one to the other;
6. solve problems involving time, speed and temperature;
7. read utilities usage.
Lesson 18: Constants, Variables and Algebraic Expressions
Prerequisite Concepts: Real Number Properties and Operations
About the Lesson:

This lesson is an introduction to the concept of constants, unknowns and
variables and algebraic expressions. Familiarity with this concept is necessary in
laying a good foundation for Algebra and in understanding and translating
mathematical phrases and sentences, solving equations and algebraic word
problems as well as in grasping the concept of functions.
Objectives:
1. Differentiate between constants and variables in a given algebraic expression
2. Evaluate algebraic expressions for given values of the variables
Lesson Proper
I. Activity
A. Instructions: Complete the table below according to the pattern you see.
TABLE A
ROW
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
B. Using Table A as your basis, answer the following questions:

nd
1. What did you do to determine the 2 term for rows d to f?
nd
2. What did you do to determine the 2 term for row g?
3. How did you come up with your answer in row h?
st nd
4. What is the relation between the 1 and 2 terms?
st nd
5. Express the relation of the 1 and 2 terms in a mathematical sentence.

nd nd
A. The 2 terms for rows d to f are 8, 9 and 10, respectively. The 2 term in row g is
nd
63. The 2 term in row h is the sum of a given number n and 4.
B.
nd nd
1. One way of determining the 2 terms for rows d to f is to add 1 to the 2
nd
term of the preceding row (e.g 7 + 1 = 8). Another way to determine the 2
st
term would be to add 4 to its corresponding 1 term (e.g. 4 + 4 = 8).
2. Since from row f, the first term is 6, and from 6 you add 53 to get 59, to get
nd
the 2 term of row g, 10 + 53 = 63. Of course, you could have simply added
4 to 59.
3. The answer in row h is determined by adding 4 to n, which represents any
number.
nd st
4. The 2 term is the sum of the 1 term and 4.
5. To answer this item better, we need to be introduced to Algebra first.
Algebra
We need to learn a new language to answer item 5. The name of this
language is Algebra. You must have heard about it. However, Algebra is not entirely
a new language to you. In fact, you have been using its applications and some of
the terms used for a long time already. You just need to see it from a different
perspective.
Algebra comes from the Arabic word, al-jabr (which means restoration),
which in turn was part of the title of a mathematical book written around the 820 AD
by Arab mathematician, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. While this book is
widely considered to have laid the foundation of modern Algebra, history shows that
ancient Babylonian, Greek, Chinese and Indian mathematicians were discussing and
using algebra a long time before this book was published.
Once you’ve learned this new language, you’ll begin to appreciate how
powerful it is and how its applications have drastically improved our way of life.
III. Activity
Instructions: How do you understand the following symbols and expressions?
SYMBOLS /
EXPRESSIONS
1. x
2. 2 + 3
3. =
IV. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

Let us answer the questions in the previous activity:
1. You might have thought of x as the multiplication sign. From here on, x will be
considered a symbol that stands for any value or number.
2. You probably thought of 2 + 3 as equal to 5 and must have written the number 5.
Another way to think of 2 + 3 is to read it as the sum of 2 and 3.
3. You must have thought, “Alright, what am I supposed to compute?” The sign “=”
may be called the equal sign by most people but may be interpreted as a command
to carry out an operation or operations. However, the equal sign is also a symbol for
the relation between the expressions on its left and right sides, much like the less
than “<” and greater than “>” signs.
The Language Of Algebra

The following are important terms to remember.
a. constant – a constant is a number on its own. For example, 1 or 127;
b. variable – a variable is a symbol, usually letters, which represent a value or a
number. For example, a or x. In truth, you have been dealing with variables
since pre-school in the form of squares ( ), blank lines ( _) or
other symbols used to represent the unknowns in some mathematical
sentences or phrases;
c. term – a term is a constant or a variable or constants and variables multiplied
together. For example, 4, xy or 8yz. The term’s number part is called the
numerical coefficient while the variable or variables is/are called the literal
coefficient/s. For the term 8yz, the numerical coefficient is 8 and the
literal coefficients are yz;
d. expression – an Algebraic expression is a group of terms separated by
the plus or minus sign. For example, x – 2 or 4x + ½y – 45
Problem: Which of the following is/are equal to 5?

10
a. 2 + 3 b. 6 – 1 c. /2 d. 1+4 e. all of these
10
Discussion: The answer is e since 2 + 3, 6 – 1, /2 and 1 + 4 are all equal to 5.
Notation
Since the letter x is now used as a variable in Algebra, it would not only be funny
but confusing as well to still use x as a multiplication symbol. Imagine writing the
product of 4 and a value x as 4xx! Thus, Algebra simplifies multiplication of
constants and variables by just writing them down beside each other or by
separating them using only parentheses or the symbol “ ” . For example, the
product of 4 and the value x (often read as four x) may be expressed as 4x, 4(x) or
4 x. Furthermore, division is more often expressed in fraction form. The division sign
÷ is now seldom used.
Problem: Which of the following equations is true?

a. 12 + 5 = 17
b. 8 + 9 = 12 + 5
c. 6 + 11 = 3(4 + 1) + 2
Discussion: All of the equations are true. In each of the equations, both sides of the
equal sign give the same number though expressed in different forms. In a) 17 is the
same as the sum of 12 and 5. In b) the sum of 8 and 9 is 17 thus it is equal to the
sum of 12 and 5. In c) the sum of 6 and 11 is equal to the sum of 2 and the product
of 3 and the sum of 4 and 1.
On Letters and Variables

Problem: Let x be any real number. Find the value of the expression 3x (the product
of 3 and x, remember?) if
1
a) x = 5 b) x = /2 c) x = -0.25
Discussion: The expression 3x means multiply 3 by any real number x. Therefore,

a) If x = 5, then 3x = 3(5) = 15.
1 1 3
b) If x = /2 , then 3x = 3( /2) = /2
c) If x = -0.25, then 3x = 3(-0.25) = -0.75
The letters such as x, y, n, etc. do not always have specific values assigned to them.
When that is the case, simply think of each of them as any number. Thus, they can
x
be added (x + y), subtracted (x – y), multiplied (xy), and divided ( /y) like any real
number.
Problem: Recall the formula for finding the perimeter of a rectangle, P = 2L + 2W.
This means you take the sum of twice the length and twice the width of the rectangle
1
to get the perimeter. Suppose the length of a rectangle is 6.2 cm and the width is /8
cm. What is the perimeter?
1
Discussion: Let L = 6.2 cm and W = /8 cm. Then,
1
P = 2(6.2) + 2( /8) = 12.4 + ¼ = 12.65 cm
V. Exercises:
1. Which of the following is considered a constant?
a. f b. c. 500 d. 42x
2. Which of the following is a term?
a. 23m + 5 b. (2)(6x) c. x – y + 2 d. ½ x – y
3. Which of the following is equal to the product of 27 and 2?
a. 29 b. 49 + 6 c. 60 – 6 d. 11(5)
4. Which of the following makes the sentence 69 – 3 = + 2 true?
a. 33 b. 64 c. 66 d. 68
5. Let y = 2x + 9. What is y when x = 5?
a. 118 b. 34 c. 28 d. 19
Let us now answer item B.5. of the initial problem using Algebra:
st nd nd
1. The relation of the 1 and 2 terms of Table A is “the 2 term is the sum of
st
the 1 term and 4”. To express this using an algebraic expression, we use
st nd
the letters n and y as the variables to represent the 1 and 2 terms,
st nd
respectively. Thus, if n represents the 1 term and y represents the 2 term,
then
y = n + 4.
FINAL PROBLEM:
A. Fill the table below:
TABLE B
ROW
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
115 115
B. Using Table B as your basis, answer the following questions:
nd
1. What did you do to determine the 2 term for rows d to f?
nd
2. What did you do to determine the 2 term for row g?
3. How did you come up with your answer in row h?
st nd
4. What is the relation between the 1 and 2 terms?
st nd
5. Express the relation of the 1 and 2 terms using an algebraic
expression.
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about constants, letters and variables, and algebraic
expressions. You learned that the equal sign means more than getting an answer to
an operation; it just means that expressions on either side have equal values. You
also learned how to evaluate algebraic expressions when values are assigned to
letters.
Lesson 19: Verbal Phrases and Mathematical Phrases
Time: 2 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Real Numbers and Operations on Real Numbers
About the Lesson:

This lesson is about verbal phrases and sentences and their equivalent
expressions in mathematics. This lesson will show that mathematical or algebraic
expressions are also meaningful.
Objectives
In this lesson, you will be able to translate verbal phrases to mathematical phrases
and vice versa.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity 1
Directions: Match each verbal phrase under Column A to its mathematical phrase
under Column B. Each number corresponds to a letter which will reveal a quotation if
answered correctly. A letter may be used more than once.
Column A Column B
1. The sum of a number and three
2. Four times a certain number decreased by one A. x+3
3. One subtracted from four times a number B. 3 + 4x
4. A certain number decreased by two
E. 4+x
I. x+4
5. Four increased by a certain number
L. 4x – 1
6. A certain number decreased by three
M. x–2
7. Three more than a number
N. x–3
8. Twice a number decreased by three
P. 3–x
9. A number added to four
Q. 2–x
10. The sum of four and a number
R. 2x – 3
11. The difference of two and a number U. 4x + 3
12. The sum of four times a number and three
13. A number increased by three
14. The difference of four times a number and one
II. Question to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
Which phrase was easy to translate?
Translate the mathematical expression 2(x-3) in at least two ways.

Did you get the quote, “ALL MEN ARE EQUAL”? If not, what was your mistake?
III. Activity 2
Directions: Choose the words or expressions inside the boxes and write it under its
respective symbol.
plus
increased by
is greater than
the sum of
is at least
+
increased
by
added to
the sum of
more less than

than
IV. Question to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)
1. Addition would indicate an increase, a putting together, or combining. Thus,

phrases like increased by and added to are addition phrases.
2. Subtraction would indicate a lessening, diminishing action. Thus, phrases like
decreased by, less, diminished by are subtraction phrases.
3. Multiplication would indicate a multiplying action. Phrases like multiplied by or
n times are multiplication phrases.
4. Division would indicate partitioning, a quotient, and a ratio. Phrases such as
divided by, ratio of, and quotient of are common for division.
5. The inequalities are indicated by phrases such as less than, greater than, at
least, and at most.
6. Equalities are indicated by phrases like the same as and equal to.
V. THE TRANSLATION OF THE “=” SIGN
Directions: The table below shows two columns, A and B. Column A contains
mathematical sentences while Column B contains their verbal translations. Observe
the items under each column and compare. Answer the proceeding questions.
Column
Mathemat
Sentenc
x+5=4
2x – 1 = 1
7 + x = 2x + 3
3x = 15
x–2=3
VI. Question to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

1) Based on the table, what do you observe are the common verbal translations
of the “=” sign? “is”, “is equal to”
2) Can you think of other verbal translations for the “=” sign? “results in”,
“becomes”
3) Use the phrase “is equal to” on your own sentence.
4) Write your own pair mathematical sentence and its verbal translation on the
last row of the table.
VII. Exercises:
A. Directions: Write your responses on the space provided.
1. Write the verbal translation of the formula for converting temperature from
9
Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) which is F C 32 .
5
2. Write the verbal translation of the formula for converting temperature from
5
Fahrenheit (F) to Celsius (C) which is C F 32 .
9
3. Write the verbal translation of the formula for simple interest: I = PRT, where I is
simple interest, P is Principal Amount, R is Rate and T is time in years.
4. The perimeter (P) of a rectangle is twice the sum of the length (L) and width (W).
Express the formula of the perimeter of a rectangle in algebraic expressions
using the indicated variables.
119 119
5. The area (A) of a rectangle is the product of length (L) and width (W).
6. The perimeter (P) of a square is four times its side (S).
2
7. Write the verbal translation of the formula for Area of a Square (A): A = s , where
s is the length of a side of a square.
8. The circumference (C) of a circle is twice the product of π and radius (r).
2
9. Write the verbal translation of the formula for Area of a Circle (A): A = πr , where
r is the radius.
10. The midline (k) of a trapezoid is half the sum of the bases (a and b) or the sum of
the bases (a and b) divided by 2.
11. The area (A) of a trapezoid is half the product of the sum of the bases (a and b)
and height (h).
12. The area (A) of a triangle is half the product of the base (b) and height (h).
0
13. The sum of the angles of a triangle (A, B and C) is 180 .
14. Write the verbal translation of the formula for Area of a Rhombus (A): A =
1
d 1 d 2 , where d and d are the lengths of diagonals.
2 1 2
15. Write the verbal translation of the formula for the Volume of a rectangular
parallelepiped (V): A = lwh, where l is the length, w is the width and h is the
height.
16. Write the verbal translation of the formula for the Volume of a sphere (V): V =
4 3
r , where r is the radius.
3
17. Write the verbal translation of the formula for the Volume of a cylinder (V): V =
2
πr h, where r is the radius and h is the height.
18. The volume of the cube (V) is the cube of the length of its edge (a). Or the
volume of the cube (V) is the length of its edge (a) raised to 3. Write its formula.
B. Directions: Write as many verbal translations as you can for this mathematical
sentence.
3x – 2 = – 4
C. REBUS PUZZLE
Try to answer this puzzle!
What number must replace the letter x?
x+(“ “ – “b”) = “ – “kit”

SUMMARY
In this lesson, you learned that verbal phrases can be written in both words
and in mathematical expressions. You learned common phrases associated with
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, the inequalities and the equality. With
this lesson, you must realize by now that mathematical expressions are also
meaningful.
GRADE 7 MATH LEARNING GUIDE
Lesson 20: Polynomials Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Constants, Variables, Algebraic expressions
About the Lesson: This lesson introduces to students the terms associated with
polynomials. It discusses what polynomials are.
Objectives:
In this lesson, the students must be able to:
1) Give examples of polynomials, monomials, binomials, and
trinomials;
2) Identify the base, coefficient, terms and exponent sin a given
polynomial.
Lesson Proper:
I. A. Activity 1: Word Hunt
Find the following words inside the box.
BASE P
COEFFICIENT
DEGREE P
EXPONENT C
TERM Q
CONSTANT
BINOMIAL U
MONOMIAL A
POLYNOMIAL D
TRINOMIAL
CUBIC R
LINEAR A
QUADRATIC T
QUINTIC
QUARTIC I
C
Definition of Terms
2 2
In the algebraic expression 3x – x + 5, 3x , -x and 5 are called the terms.
Term is a constant, a variable or a product of constant and variable.
2 2
In the term 3x , 3 is called the numerical coefficient and x is called the literal
coefficient.
In the term –x has a numerical coefficient which is -1 and a literal coefficient which
is x.
The term 5 is called the constant, which is usually referred to as the term without a
variable.
Numerical coefficient is the constant/number.
Literal coefficient is the variable including its exponent.
The word Coefficient alone is referred to as the numerical coefficient.
2
In the literal coefficient x , x is called the base and 2 is called the exponent.
Degree is the highest exponent or the highest sum of exponents of the
variables in a term.
2
In 3x – x + 5, the degree is 2.
2 3 4 3
In 3x y – x y the degree is 7.
Similar Terms are terms having the same literal coefficients.
2 2
3x and -5x are similar because their literal coefficients are the same.
2
5x and 5x are NOT similar because their literal coefficients are NOT
the same.
3 2 2 3
2x y and –4x y are NOT similar because their literal coefficients are
NOT the same.
A polynomial is a kind of algebraic expression where each term is a constant, a

variable or a product of a constant and variable in which the variable has a whole
number (non-negative number) exponent. A polynomial can be a monomial,
binomial, trinomial or a multinomial.
An algebraic expression is NOT a polynomial if

1) the exponent of the variable is NOT a whole number {0, 1, 2, 3..}.
2) the variable is inside the radical sign.
3) the variable is in the denominator.
Kinds of Polynomial according to the number of terms

1) Monomial – is a polynomial with only one term
2) Binomial – is polynomial with two terms
3) Trinomial – is a polynomial with three terms
4) Polynomial – is a polynomial with four or more terms
B. Activity 2
Tell whether the given expression is a polynomial or not. If it is a polynomial,
determine its degree and tell its kind according to the number of terms. If it is NOT,
explain why.
2 ½
1) 3x 6) x - 3x + 4
2
2) x – 5xy 7) 2 x4 – x7 + 3
2
3) 10 8) 3x 2x 1
3
1 3x
4)
2 3
3x – 5xy + x + 5 9) x 6
3 4
3 -2 3 2
5) x – 5x + 3 10) 2 x 1
x
Kinds of Polynomial according to its degree
1) Constant – a polynomial of degree zero
2) Linear – a polynomial of degree one
3) Quadratic – a polynomial of degree two
4) Cubic – a polynomial of degree three
5) Quartic – a polynomial of degree four
6) Quintic – a polynomial of degree five
* The next degrees have no universal name yet so they are just called “polynomial of
degree .”
A polynomial is in Standard Form if its terms are arranged from the term with the
highest degree, up to the term with the lowest degree.
If the polynomial is in standard form the first term is called the Leading Term, the
numerical coefficient of the leading term is called the Leading Coefficient and the
exponent or the sum of the exponents of the variable in the leading term the Degree
of the polynomial.
2 5 3 5 3 2
The standard form of 2x – 5x – 2x + 3x – 10 is -5x – 2x + 2x + 3x – 10.
5
The terms -5x is the leading term, -5 is its leading coefficient and 5 is its degree.
It is a quintic polynomial because its degree is 5.
C. Activity 3
Complete the table.
Given
1) 2x + 7
2) 3 – 4x +
2
7x
3) 10
4 3
4) x – 5x +
2
2x – x – 1
5 3
5) 5x + 3x
–x
6) 3 – 8x
2
7) x – 9
8) 13 – 2x +
5
x
3
9) 100x
3 2
10) 2x – 4x
4
+x –6
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about the terminologies in polynomials: term,
coefficient, degree, similar terms, polynomial, standard form, leading term, leading
coefficient.
Lesson 21: Laws of Exponents Time: 1.5 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Multiplication of real numbers
About the Lesson: This lesson is all about the laws of exponents.
Objectives:
n
1) define and interpret the meaning of a where n is a positive integer;
2) derive inductively the Laws of Exponents (restricted to positive integers)

3) illustrate the Laws of Exponents.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity 1
Give the product of each of the following as fast as you can.
1) 3 x 3 =
2) 4 x 4 x 4 =
3) 5 x 5 x 5 =
4) 2 x 2 x 2 =
5) 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 =
6) 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 =
II. Development of the Lesson

Discovering the Laws of Exponents
n
A) a = a x a x a x a ….. (n times)
n
In a , a is called the base and n is called the exponent
Exercises
1) Which of the following is/are correct?
2
a) 4 = 4 x 4 = 16
4
b) 2 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 8
5
c) 2 = 2 x 5 = 10
3
d) 3 = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27
2) Give the value of each of the following as fast as you can.
3 5 4
a) 2 b) 2 c) 3
6
d) 10
Activity 2
Evaluate the following. Investigate the result. Make a simple conjecture on it. The
first two are done for you.
3 2 3 3
1) (2 ) = 2 • 2 = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 = 64
4 3 4 4 4 12
2) (x ) = x • x • x = x • x • x • x • x • x • x • x • x • x • x • x = x
2 2
3) (3 ) =
2 3
4) (2 ) =
126 126
2 5
5) (a ) =
Did you notice something?
n m
What can you conclude about (a ) ? What will you do with a, n and m?
What about these?
100 3
1) (x )
12 5
2) (y )
Activity 3
Evaluate the following. Notice that the bases are the same. The first example is
done for you.
3 2 5
1) (2 )(2 ) = 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 • 2 = 2 = 32
5 4
2) (x )(x ) =
2 4
3) (3 )(3 ) =
4 5
4) (2 )(2 ) =
3 4
5) (x )(x ) =
Did you notice something?

n m
What can you conclude about a • a ? What will you do with a, n and m?
What about these?
32 25
1) (x )(x )
59 51
2) (y )(y )
Activity 4
Evaluate each of the following. Notice that the bases are the same. The first example
is done for you.
7 4
2 128 = 16 --- remember that 16 is the same as 2
1) 3 =
2 8
5
3
2) 3 =
3
3
4
3) 2 =
4
28
4) 6 =
2
Did you notice something? n

a
What can you conclude about a m ? What will you do with a, n and m?
What about these?

20
x
1)
x 13
105
y
2)
y 87
Summary:
Laws of exponent
n
1) a = a • a • a • a • a….. (n times)
n m nm
2) (a ) = a power of powers
n m m+n
3) a • a = a product of a power
an n–m
4) m
=a quotient of a power
a
0
5) a = 1 where a ≠ 0 law for zero exponent
What about these?

0
a) (7,654,321)
0 0 0
b) 3 + x + (3y)
Exercise:
Choose a Law of Exponent to apply. Complete the table and observe. Make a
conjecture.
No. Result
1)
2)
3)
4)
-n 1
6) a and law for negative exponent
a n
Can you rewrite the fractions below using exponents and simplify them?
2
a)
4
4
b)
32
27
c)
81
What did you notice?
What about these?

-2
d) x
-3
e) 3
-2
f) (5-3)
III. Exercises
A. Evaluate each of the following.

8 3 3
1) 2 6) (2 )
2 4 3
2) 8 7) (2 )(2 )
-1 2 3
3) 5 8) (3 )(2 )
-2 0 -1 2
4) 3 9) x +3 –2
0 2 3 4 0
5) 18 10 [2 – 3 + 4 ]
B. Simplify each of the following.

8
7) b
10 12
1) (x )(x )
12
b
-3 8
2) (y )(y ) 8) 3
c
2
15 3 c
3) (m ) 9)
7 10
x y
3 5
x y
8 2 0
-3 2 a b c
4) (d ) 10) 5 5
a b
8 3 2
-4 -4
a a b
5) (a ) 11)
a 1b 5
23
z
6) 15
z
Summary
In these lessons, you learned some laws of exponents.
Lesson 22: Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials Time: 2 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Similar Terms, Addition and Subtraction of Integers
About the Lesson: This lesson will teach students how to add and subtract
polynomials using tiles at first and then by paper and pencil after.
Objectives:
In this lesson, the students are expected to:
1) add and subtract polynomials;
2) solve problems involving polynomials.
Lesson Proper:
I. Activity 1
Familiarize yourself with the Tiles below:
Stands for (+1) Stands for (+x)
Stands for (-1) Stands for (-x)
2 2
Stands for (+x ) Stands for (-x )
Can you represent the following quantities using the above tiles?
1. x – 2
2. 4x +1
Activity 2.
Use the tiles to find the sum of the following polynomials;
1. 5x + 3x
2. (3x - 4) - 6x
2 2
3. (2x – 5x + 2) + (3x + 2x)
Can you come up with the rules for adding polynomials?
The tiles can make operations on polynomials easy to understand and do.
Let us discuss the first activity.
1. To represent x – 2, we get one (+x) tile and two (-1) tiles.
2. To represent 4x +1, we get four (+x) tiles and one (+1) tile.
What about the second activity? Did you pick out the correct tiles?
1. 5x + 3x
Get five (+x tiles) and three more (+x) tiles. How many do you have in all?
There are eight (+x) altogether. Therefore, 5x + 3x = 8x .

2. (3x - 4) - 6x
Get three (+x) tiles and four (-1) tiles to represent (3x - 4). Add six (-x)
tiles.
[Recall that subtraction also means adding the negative of the quantity.]
Now, recall further that a pair of one (+x) and one (-x) is zero. What tiles do you have
left?
That’s right, if you have with you three (-x) and four (-1), then you are correct. That
means the sum is (-3x -4).
2 2
3. (2x – 5x + 2) + (3x + 2x)
2
What tiles would you put together? You should have two (+x ), five (-x)
2
and two (+1) tiles then add three (+x ) and two (+x) tiles. Matching the pairs
2
that make zero, you have in the end five (+x ), three (-x), and two (+1) tiles.
2
The sum is 5x – 3x + 2.
Or, using your pen and paper,

2 2 2 2 2
(2x – 5x + 2) + (3x + 2x) = (2x +3x ) + (– 5x + 2x) + 2 = 5x – 3x + 2
Rules for Adding Polynomials

To add polynomials, simply combine similar terms. To combine similar terms,
get the sum of the numerical coefficients and annex the same literal coefficients. If
there is more than one term, for convenience, write similar terms in the same
column.
Do you think you can add polynomials now without the tiles?
Perform the operation.
1) Add 4a – 3b + 2c, 5a + 8b – 10c and -12a + c.
4a – 3b + 2c
5a + 8b – 10c
+ -12a +c
4 3 2 4
2) Add 13x – 20x + 5x – 10 and -10x – 8x – 15x + 10.
4 3
13x – 20x + 5x – 10
4 2
+ -8x – 10x – 15x + 10
Rules for Subtracting Polynomials

To subtract polynomials, change the sign of the subtrahend then proceed to the
addition rule. Also, remember what subtraction means. It is adding the negative of
the quantity.
Perform the operation.
1) 5x – 13x = 5x + (-5x) + (-8x) = -8x
2 2
2) 2x – 15x + 25 2x – 15x + 25
2 2
- 3x + 12x – 18 + -3x – 12x + 18
3 2 3
3) (30x – 50x + 20x – 80) – (17x + 26x + 19)
3 2
30x – 50x + 20x – 80
3
+ -17x - 26x – 19
III. Exercises
A. Perform the indicated operation, first using the tiles when applicable, then
using paper and pen.
1) 3x + 10x 6) 10xy – 8xy
2 2 2 2
2) 12y – 18y 7) 20x y + 30x y
3 3 2 2
3) 14x + (-16x ) 8) -9x y + 9x y
3 3 2 3 3 2
4) -5x -4x 9) 10x y – 10x y
5) 2x – 3y 10) 5x – 3x – 8x + 6x
B. Answer the following questions. Show your solution.

2 2
1) What is the sum of 3x – 11x + 12 and 18x + 20x – 100?
3 2 3 2
2) What is 12x – 5x + 3x + 4 less than 15x + 10x + 4x – 10?
3) What is the perimeter of the triangle shown at the right?
(3x2 – 2x)
(2x2+7) cm cm
(x2 + 12x – 5 ) cm
3
4) If you have (100x – 5x + 3) pesos in your wallet and you spent
3 2
(80x – 2x + 9) pesos in buying foods, how much money is left in your
pocket?
5) What must be added to 3x + 10 to get a result of 5x – 3?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about tiles and how to use them to represent
algebraic expressions. You learned how to add and subtract terms and polynomials
using these tiles. You were also able to come up with the rules in adding and
subtracting polynomials. To add polynomials, simply combine similar terms. To
combine similar terms, get the sum of the numerical coefficients and annex the same
literal coefficients. If there is more than one term, for convenience, write similar terms
in the same column. To subtract polynomials, change the sign of the subtrahend
then proceed to the addition rule.
Lesson 23: Multiplying Polynomials Time: 3 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Laws of exponents, Adding and Subtracting Polynomials,

Distributive Property of Real Numbers
About the Lesson: In this lesson, we use the context of area to show how to
multiply polynomials. Tiles will be used to illustrate the action of multiplying
terms of a polynomial. Other ways of multiplying polynomials will also be
taught.
Objectives:
In this lesson, you should be able to:
1) multiply polynomials such as;
a) monomial by monomial,
b) monomial by polynomial with more than one term,
c) binomial by binomial,
d) polynomial with more than one term to polynomial with three or
more terms.
2) solve problems involving multiplying polynomials.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity
Familiarize yourself with the following tiles:
Now, find the following products and use the tiles whenever applicable:
1) (3x) (x) 2) (-x)(1+ x) 3) (3 - x)(x + 2)
Can you tell what the algorithms are in multiplying polynomials?

Recall the Laws of Exponents. The answer to item (1) should not be a surprise. By
2
the Laws of Exponents, (3x) (x) = 3x . Can you use the tiles to show this product?
2
So, 3x is represented by three of the big shaded squares.
What about item (2)? The product (-x)(1+ x) can be represented by the
following.
2
The picture shows that the product is x x . Can you explain
what happened? Recall the sign rules for multiplying.
The third item is (3 - x)(x + 2). How can you use the Tiles to show the product?
Rules in Multiplying Polynomials

A. To multiply a monomial by another monomial, simply multiply the numerical
coefficients then multiply the literal coefficients by applying the basic laws of
exponent.
Examples:
3 5 8
1) (x )(x ) = x
2 10 12
2) (3x )(-5x ) = -15x
2 3 8 3 11
3) (-8x y )(-9xy ) = 72x y
B. To multiply monomial by a polynomial, simply apply the distributive property and
follow the rule in multiplying monomial by a monomial.
Examples:
2 3 2
1) 3x (x – 5x + 7) = 3x – 15x + 21x
2 3 2 5 4 4 3 3 2 8
2) -5x y (2x y – 3x + 4y ) = -10x y + 15x y – 20x y
C. To multiply binomial by another binomial, simply distribute the first term of the first
binomial to each term of the other binomial then distribute the second term to each
term of the other binomial and simplify the results by combining similar terms. This
procedure is also known as the F-O-I-L method or Smile method. Another way is the
vertical way of multiplying which is the conventional one.
Examples
2
1) (x + 3)(x + 5) = x + 8x + 15 F –> (x)(x) = x
2
First Last O –> (x)(5) = 5x

(x + 3) (x + 5) I –> (3)(x) = 3x
L –> (3)(5)= 15
Inner terms Since 5x and 3x are similar terms
Outer terms
we can combine them. 5x + 3x =
8x. The final answer is
2
x + 8x + 15
2 2
2) (x - 5)(x + 5) = x + 5x – 5x – 25 = x – 25
2 2 2
3) (x + 6) = (x + 6)(x + 6) = x + 6x + 6x + 36 = x + 12x + 36
2 2 2 2
4) (2x + 3y)(3x – 2y) = 6x – 4xy + 9xy – 6y = 6x + 5xy – 6y
2
5) (3a – 5b)(4a + 7) = 12a + 21a – 20ab – 35b
There are no similar terms so it is already in simplest form.
Guide questions to check whether the students understand the process or not
If you multiply (2x + 3) and (x – 7) by F-O-I-L method,
a) the product of the first terms is .
b) the product of the outer terms is .
c) the product of the inner terms is
. d) the product of the last terms is
.
e) Do you see any similar terms? What are they?
f) What is the result when you combine those similar terms?
g) The final answer is .
Another Way of Multiplying Polynomials
1) Consider this example. 2) Now, consider this.
78 This procedure also 2x + 3 This one looks
X 59 applies the distributive x–7 the same as the
702 property. 14x + 21 first one.
2
390 2x + 3x
2
4602 2x + 17x + 21
Consider the example below.

3a – 5b In this case, although 21a and -20ab
4a + 7 are aligned, you cannot combine
21a – 35b them because they are not similar.
2
12a – 20ab
2
12a – 20ab + 21a – 35b
D. To multiply a polynomial with more than one term by a polynomial with three or
more terms, simply distribute the first term of the first polynomial to each term of the
other polynomial. Repeat the procedure up to the last term and simplify the results by
combining similar terms.
Examples:
2 2 2
1) (x + 3)(x – 2x + 3) = x(x – 2x + 3) – 3(x – 2x + 3)
3 2 2
= x – 2x + 3x – 3x + 6x – 9
3 2
= x – 5x + 9x – 9
2 3 2 3 3 3
2) (x + 3x – 4)(4x + 5x – 1) = x (4x + 5x – 1) + 3x(4x + 5x – 1) - 4(4x + 5x
– 1)
5 3 2 4 2 3
= 4x + 5x – x + 12x + 15x – 3x – 16x – 20x
+4
5 4 3 2
= 4x + 12x – 11x + 14x – 23x + 4
2 2 2
3) (2x – 3)(3x + 2)(x – 2x – 1) = (6x – 5x – 6)(x – 2x – 1)
4 3 2
= 6x – 17x – 22x + 17x + 6
*Do the distribution one by one.
III. Exercises
A. Simplify each of the following by combining like terms.
1) 6x + 7x
2) 3x – 8x
3) 3x – 4x – 6x + 2x
2 2
4) x + 3x – 8x + 3x
2
5) x – 5x + 3x – 15
B. Call a student or ask for volunteers to recite the basic laws of exponent but focus
more on the “product of a power” or ”multiplying with the same base”. Give follow up
exercises through flashcards.
12 5
1) x ÷ x
-10 12
2) a • a
2 3
3) x • x
2 3
4) 2 • 2
100
5) x • x
C. Answer the following.

1) Give the product of each of the following.
2 3 3 4
a) (12x y z)(-13ax z )
2 2
b) 2x (3x – 5x – 6)
2
c) (x – 2)(x – x + 5)
2) What is the area of the square whose side measures (2x – 5) cm? (Hint:
2
Area of the square = s )
3) Find the volume of the rectangular prism whose length, width and height
are (x + 3) meter, (x – 3) meter and (2x + 5) meter. (Hint: Volume of
rectangular prism = l x w x h)
4) If I bought (3x + 5) pencils which cost (5x – 1) pesos each, how much will I
pay for it?
Summary
In this lesson, you learned about multiplying polynomials using different
approaches: using the Tiles, using the FOIL, and using the vertical way of multiplying
numbers.
Lesson 24: Dividing Polynomials Time: 3 hours
Pre-requisite Concepts: Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication of Polynomials
About the Lesson: In this lesson, students will continue to work with Tiles to help
reinforce the association of terms of a polynomial with some concrete objects,
hence helping them remember the rules for dividing polynomials.
Objectives:
1) divide polynomials such as:
a) polynomial by a monomial and
b) polynomial by a polynomial with more than one term.
2) solve problems involving division of polynomials.
Lesson Proper
I. Activity 1:
Decoding
“ I am the father of Archimedes.” Do you know my name?
Find it out by decoding the hidden message below.
Match Column A with its answer in Column B to know the name of

Archimedes’ father. Put the letter of the correct answer in the space provided
below.
Column A (Perform the indicated operation) Column B
2 2
1) (3x – 6x – 12) + (x + x + 3)
2) (2x – 3)(2x + 3)
2 2
3) (3x + 2x – 5) – (2x – x + 5)
2
4) (3x + 4) + (2x – 9)
5) (x + 5)(x – 2)
2 2
6) 3x – 5x + 2x – x + 6
7) (2x + 3)(2x + 3)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1401 140
40
Activity 2.
Recall the Tiles. We can use these tiles to divide polynomials of a certain
type. Recall also that division is the reverse operation of multiplication. Let’s see if
you can work out this problem using Tiles: x 2 7x 6 x 1

The answer to Activity 1 is PHIDIAS. Di you get it? If not, what went wrong?
In Activity 2, note that the dividend is under the horizontal bar similar to the
long division process on whole numbers.
Rules in Dividing Polynomials

To divide polynomial by a monomial, simply divide each term of the
polynomial by the given divisor.
Examples:
4 3 2 2
1) Divide 12x – 16x + 8x by 4x
16x3 8x 2 3x
2
x 2
12x 4 b. 4 x 4 3
a) 4x 2 2 12x
4
1 6x 8 x 2
4 3 2
1 8 4
1 2x
1 2x 6x x 3
= 2 -16x
4x 4x 4x 3
2
2 2 -16x
= 3x – 4x + 2 8x
2
2
8x
0
4 3 3 3 2 4 2
4 3 3 3
2) Divide 15x y + 25x y – 20x y by -5x y
2 4 2 3 15x y 25x y 20x y
= 2 3 6
5x y
2
5x 2 y 3 5x 2 y 3
= -3x – 5x + 4y
To divide polynomial by a polynomial with more than one term (by long division),
simply follow the procedure in dividing numbers by long division.
These are some suggested steps to follow:
1) Check the dividend and the divisor if it is in standard form.
2) Set-up the long division by writing the division symbol where the divisor is
outside the division symbol and the dividend inside it.
3) You may now start the Division, Multiplication, Subtraction and Bring Down
cycle.
4) You can stop the cycle when:
a) the quotient (answer) has reached the constant term.

b) the exponent of the divisor is greater than the exponent of the
dividend
Examples:
207 r. 1 1
1) Divide 2485 by 12. 12 2485 or 207
12
24
8
0
85
84
1
x 5
2 2
2) Divide x – 3x – 10 by x + 2 x 2 x 3 x 10
2
1) divide x2 by x and put the result on top x 2x
2) multiply that result to x + 2
3) subtract the product to the dividend
– 5x - 10
– 5x - 10
4) bring down the remaining term/s 0
5) repeat the procedure from 1.
2
3 2 x 3 x3 6 x2 3x
3) Divide x + 6x + 11x + 6 by x - 3 3 x 11x
x 3 2
x
– 3x + 11x
– 3x + 9x
2x – 6
2x – 6
0
3 2
4) Divide 2x – 3x – 10x – 4 by 2x – 1
2 2
x x2 42 x
1
3 2
2x 21 x x3 10x 6
3 2
2x x
2
– 4x - 10x
2
– 4x - 2x
- 8x - 6
- 8x - 4
-2
4 2 2
5) Divide x – 3x + 2 by x – 2x + 3
2 1
x x2 2 0x 81
2
x x2 x 3
x0 x3 0
4 3 2
x
2
x2 x3 2 1
4 3 2
x x2 x3
3 2
2x - 6x + 0x
3 2
2x - 4x + 6x
2
-2x - 6x + 12
2
-2x +4x – 6
– 10x+18
III. Exercises
Answer the following.
1) Give the quotient of each of the following. a)
3 5 2 5
30x y divided by -5x y
1 3x 3 25
6x 37
9x
b)
1 3x 3
3
c) Divide 7x + x – 6 by x – 2
3 2 2
2) If I spent (x + 5x – 2x – 24) pesos for (x + x – 6) pencils, how much does
each pencil cost?
3) If 5 is the number needed to be multiplied by 9 to get 45, what polynomial

2
is needed to be multiplied to x + 3 to get 2x + 3x – 9?
3 2
4) The length of the rectangle is x cm and its area is (x – x) cm . What is the
measure of its width?
Summary:
In this lesson, you have learned about dividing polynomials first using the
Tiles then using the long way of dividing.
Lesson 25: Special Products Time: 3.5 hours
Prerequisite Concepts: Multiplication and Division of Polynomials
About the Lesson: This is a very important lesson. The applications come much
later but the skills will always be useful from here on.
Objectives:
find (a) inductively, using models and (b) algebraically the
1. product of two binomials
2. product of a sum and difference of two terms
3. square of a binomial
4. cube of a binomial
5. product of a binomial and a trinomial
Lesson Proper:
A. Product of two binomials
I. Activity
Prepare three sets of algebra tiles by cutting them out from a page of
newspaper or art paper. If you are using newspaper, color the tiles from the first set
black, the second set red and the third set yellow.
145 145
Problem:
1. What is the area of a square whose sides are 2cm?
2. What is the area of a rectangle with a length of 3cm and a width of 2cm?
3. Demonstrate the area of the figures using algebra tiles.
Problem:
1. What are the areas of the different kinds of algebra tiles?
2. Form a rectangle with a length of x + 2 and a width of x + 1 using the algebra
tiles. What is the area of the rectangle?
Solution:
2
1. x , x and 1 square units.
2.
The area is the sum of all the areas of the algebra tiles.
2 2
Area = x + x + x + x + 1 + 1 = x + 3x + 2
Problem:
1. Use algebra tiles to find the product of the following:
a. x 2 x 3
b. 2x 1 x 4
c. 2x 1 2x 3
2. How can you represent the difference x – 1 using algebra tiles?
Problem:
a. x 1 x 2
b. 2x 1 x 1
c. x 2 x 3
d. 2x 1 x 4
1. Using the concept learned in algebra tiles what is the area of the rectangle
shown below?
2. Derive a general formula for the product of two binomials a b c d .
d which is
The area of the rectangle is equivalent to the product of a b c
ac ad bc cd . This is the general formula for the product of two binomials

a b c d . This general form is sometimes called the FOIL method where the
letters of FOIL stand for first, outside, inside, and last.
Example: Find the product of (x + 3) (x + 5)
2
First: x.x=x
Outside: x . 5 = 5x
Inside: 3 . x = 3x
Last: 3 . 5 = 15
2 2
(x + 3) (x + 5) = x + 5x + 3x + 15 = x + 8x + 15
III. Exercises
Find the product using the FOIL method. Write your answers on the spaces
provided:
1. (x + 2) (x + 7)
2. (x + 4) (x + 8)
3. (x – 2) (x – 4)
4. (x – 5) (x + 1)
5. (2x + 3) (x + 5)
6. (3x – 2) (4x + 1)
2
7. (x + 4) (2x – 1)
3 2
8. (5x + 2x) (x – 5)
9. (4x + 3y) (2x + y)
10. (7x – 8y) (3x + 5y)
B. Product of a sum and difference of two terms
I. Activity
a. (x + 1) (x – 1)
b. (x + 3) (x – 3)
c. (2x – 1) (2x + 1)
d. (2x – 3) (2x + 3)
2. Use the FOIL method to find the products of the above numbers.

1. What are the products?
2. What is the common characteristic of the factors in the activity?
3. Is there a pattern for the products for these kinds of factors? Give the rule.
Concepts to Remember
The factors in the activity are called the sum and difference of two terms.
Each binomial factor is made up of two terms. One factor is the sum of the terms
and the other factor being their difference. The general form is (a + b) (a – b).
The product of the sum and difference of two terms is given by the general
formula
2 2
(a + b) (a – b) = a – b .
III. Exercises
Find the product of each of the following:
1. (x – 5) (x + 5)
2. (x + 2) (x – 2)
3. (3x – 1) (3x + 1)
4. (2x + 3) (2x – 3)
2 2
5. (x + y ) (x – y )
2 2
6. (x – 10)(x + 10)
3 3
7. (4xy + 3z ) (4xy – 3z )
3 3
8. (3x – 4)(3x + 4)
9. [(x + y) - 1] [(x + y) + 1]
10. (2x + y – z) (2x + y + z)
C. Square of a binomial
I. Activity
1. Using algebra tiles, find the product of the following:
a. (x + 3) (x + 3)
b. (x – 2) (x – 2)
c. (2x + 1) (2x + 1)
d. (2x – 1) (2x – 1)
2. Use the FOIL method to find their products.

1. Find another method of expressing the product of the given binomials.
2. What is the general formula for the square of a binomial?
3. How many terms are there? Will this be the case for all squares of binomials?
Why?
4. What is the difference between the square of the sum of two terms from the
square of the difference of the same two terms?
2
The square of a binomial a b is the product of a binomial when multiplied
2 2 2
to itself. The square of a binomial has a general formula, a b a 2ab b .
III. Exercises
Find the squares of the following binomials.
2
1. (x + 5)
2
2. (x - 5)
2
3. (x + 4)
2
4. (x – 4)
2
5. (2x + 3)
2
6. (3x - 2)
2
7. (4 – 5x)
2
8. (1 + 9x)
2 2
9. (x + 3y)
3 2 2
10. (3x – 4y )
D. Cube of a binomial
I. Activity
3
A. The cube of the binomial (x + 1) can be expressed as (x + 1) . This is equivalent
to (x + 1)(x + 1)(x + 1).
2 2
1. Show that (x + 1) = x + 2x + 1.
3
2. How are you going to use the above expression to find (x + 1) ?
3
3. What is the expanded form of (x + 1) ?
B. Use the techniques outlined above, to find the following:

2
1. (x + 2)
2
2. (x – 1)
2
3. (x – 2)

1. How many terms are there in each of the cubes of binomials?
2. Compare your answers in numbers 1 and 2?
a. What are similar with the first term? How are they different?
b. What are similar with the second terms? How are they different?
c. What are similar with the third terms? How are they different?
d. What are similar with the fourth terms? How are they different?
3
3. Craft a rule for finding the cube of the binomial in the form (x + a) . Use this
3
rule to find (x + 3) . Check by using the method outlined in the activity.
4. Compare numbers 1 and 3 and numbers 2 and 4.
a. What are the similarities for each of these pairs?
b. What are their differences?
3
5. Craft a rule for finding the cube of a binomial in the form (x –a ) . Use this rule
3
to find (x – 4) .
3
6. Use the method outlined in the activity to find (2x + 5) . Can you apply the
rule you made in number 3 for getting the cube of this binomial? If not, modify
your rule and use it to find
3
(4x + 1) .
Concepts to Remember 3
a
3 2
3a b 3ab
2
b 3.
The cube of a binomial has the general form, a b
III. Exercises
Expand.
3
1. x 5
3
2. x 5
3
3. x 7
3
4. x 6
3
5. 2x 1
3x 2
3
6.
3
7. x2 1
3
8. x 3y
3
9. 4xy 3
2 3
10. 2 p 3 q
E. Product of a binomial and a trinomial

I. Activity
In the previous activity, we have tried multiplying a trinomial with a binomial.
The resulting product then had four terms. But, the product of a trinomial and a
binomial does not always give a product of four terms.
1. Find the product of x 2 x 1 and x 1 .
2. How many terms are in the product?
3
3. What trinomial should be multiplied to x to1get x ?1
3
4. Is there a trinomial that can be multiplied to x – 1 to get x + 1?
5. Using the methods outlined in the previous problems, what should be
multiplied to x + 2 to get
3 3
x + 8? Multiplied to x – 3 to get x – 27?

3 3 3 3
1. What factors should be multiplied to get the product x + a ? x – a ?
3
2. What factors should be multiplied to get 27x + 8?
The product of a trinomial and a binomial can be expressed as the sum or
difference of two cubes if they are in the following form.
2 a 2 b b3 a 3 b
a b a
2 2 3 3
a ba ba b a b
III. Exercises
A. Find e thprodu ct.
2
1. x x3 x9 3
2. x2 x 4 6 1x 4
x2 x 6 6 3x 6
3.
1x
00 01
0x1
2
4. x
5 22x 5
0x1
2
5. 4x
2 6 13x 4
6. 9x 2x1
B. What should be multiplied to the following to get a sum/difference of two cubes?

Give the product.
1. x 7
2. x 8
3. 4x 1
4. 5x 3
5. x
2 2x 4
6. x
2 1x1 211
7. 100x2 3 0x 9
2
8. 9x 21x 4 9
Summary: You learned plenty of special products and techniques in solving

problems that require special products.

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GRADE 7 MATH LEARNING GUIDE

Lesson I: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION Time: 1.5 hours

About the Lesson:

Answer the following questions:

Did you think of a set with no element?

Important Terms to Remember

Notations and Symbols

H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat}

This is the listing or roster method of naming the elements of a set.

2. The symbol or { } will be used to refer to an empty set.

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

2. Does each object belong to a set?Yes.

Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole Numbers, definition of sets, Venn diagrams

About the Lesson:

Answer the following questions:

Here’s another activity:

Important Terms/Symbols to Remember

1. Let A and B be sets. The union of the sets A and B, denoted by A B, is

An element x belongs to the union of the sets A and B if and only if x

2. Let A and B be sets. The intersection of the sets A and B, denoted by A

An element x belongs to the intersection of the sets A and B if and only if x

Sets whose intersection is an empty set are called disjoint sets.

II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion)

In the second activity:

Therefore, V W = { 4 } has 1 element and V W = { 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 } has 6

determine which of the following shows (a) A B; and (b) A B?

2. Do the following exercises. Write your answers on the spaces provided:

Lesson 2.2: Complement of a Set Time: 1.5 hours

About the Lesson:

n (A’) = n (U) – n (A) .

2. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, A = {2, 4} and B = {1, 5}. Then

3. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 7, 8}.

4. Let U = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, A = {5, 7, 9} and B = {1, 5, 7, 9}. Then

5. Let U be the set of whole numbers. If A = {x | x is a whole number

Now, it is easier to identify the elements of the required sets.

a. U = {Ben, Billy, Camille, Charmaine, Ethan, Faith, Jacky, Jasper,

a. Z’ = {January, February, March, April, May, June, July,

c. X’ Z’ = {January, February, March, April, May, June,

d. (Y Z)’ = {February, March, April, May}

2. Place the elements in their respective sets in the diagram below

3. Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between sets U, X, Y,

 U, the universal set contains set X, set Y, and set Z.

Prerequisite Concepts: Operations on Sets and Venn Diagrams

About the Lesson:

The Venn diagram is shown below

The number of elements in each region is shown below

2. A group of 50 students went in a tour in Palawan province. Out of the 50

Determine the elements in each region starting from P1.

The number of elements is shown below.

Can you explain the numbers?

1. If A is a set, give two subsets of A.

Walking 100 Jeep

f. How many students First Year students of Maningning High

7. The blood-typing system is based on the presence of proteins called

Pre-requisite Concepts: Whole numbers, Exponents, Concept of Integers

1. Use the number line to find the sum of 6 & 5.

We now have the following generalization:

This is another device that can be used to represent + re