POINT

Preface

The concept of Point is very important for the study of coordinate

geometry. This chapter deals with various forms of representing a Point
and several associated properties. The concept of coordinates and basics
of trigonometry are required to study this chapter.

This book consists of theoretical and practical explanations of all the

concepts involved in the chapter. Each article is followed by a ladder of

illustration. At the end of the theory part, there are miscellaneous solved
examples which involve the application of multiple concepts of this
chapter.

Students are advised to go through all these solved examples in order to

develop better understanding of the chapter and to have better grasping
level in the class.

Total No. of questions in Point are :

In Chapter Examples ..................................28

Solved Examples .......................................12

Total no. of questions ............................. 40

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 1

1. SYSTEM OF CO-ORDINATES x = r cos ; y = r sin
y
1.1 Cartesian Co-ordinates : and r  x 2  y2  = tan–1  
Let XOX and YOY be two perpendicular straight x
lines drawn through any point O in the plane of the Example
based on System of Co-ordinates
paper. Then
Ex.1 If Cartesian co-ordinates of any point are
1.1.1 Axis of x : The line XOX is called axis of x.
1.1.2 Axis of y : The line YOY is called axis of y. ( 3 , 1) then its polar co-ordinates is -
1.1.3 Co-ordinate axes : x axis and y axis together (A) (2, /3) (B) ( 2 , /6)
are called axis of co-ordinates or axis of reference. (C) (2, /6) (D) None of these
1.1.4 Origin : The point ‘O’ is called the origin of
Sol. 3 = r cos, 1 = r sin
co-ordinates or the Origin.
1.1.5 Oblique axis : If both the axes are not r = ( 3 ) 2  12 = 2. 
perpendicular then they are called as Oblique axes.
 1 
1.1.6 Cartesian Co-ordinates : The ordered pair   = tan–1   = / 6 (2, /6)
of perpendicular distance from both axis of a  3
point P lying in the plane is called Cartesian Ans. [C]
Co-ordinates of P. If the Cartesian co-ordinates of a
point P are (x, y) then x is called abscissa or Ex.2 If polar coordinates of any points are
x coordinate of P and y is called the ordinate or y (2, /3) then its Cartesian coordinates is -
co-ordinate of point P. (A) (1, – 3 ) (B) (1, 3 )
Y
x (C) ( 3 , 1) (D) None of these
P(x,y)
X y Sol. x = 2 cos /3, y = 2 sin / 3
O X
= 1; = 3  (1, 3) Ans. [B]

Y
2. DISTANCE FORMULA
Note :
(i) Co-ordinates of the origin is (0, 0). The distance between two points P(x1, y1) and Q
(ii) y co-ordinate on x- axis is zero. (x2, y2) is given by
(iii) x co-ordinate on y- axis is zero.
PQ = (x1  x 2 ) 2  ( y1  y 2 ) 2
1.2 Polar Co-ordinates :
Let OX be any fixed line which is usually called the Note :
initial line and O be a fixed point on it. If distance of (i) Distance of a point P(x,y) from the origin
any point P from the pole O is ‘r’ and XOP = , = x 2  y2
then (r, ) are called the polar co-ordinates of a (ii) Distance between two polar co-ordinates
point P.
A(r1, 1) and B(r2, 2) is given by
If (x, y) are the Cartesian co-ordinates of a point P,
then AB  r12  r22  2r1r2 cos(1  2 )
y
P(r,) Example
r based on Distance Formula
 Ex.3 Find the distance between P(3,–2) and
x
O
Q(–7,–5).
Sol. PQ = (3  7) 2  (2  5) 2

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 2

 = 100  9 = 109 Ans. (b) Isosceles triangle, when any two distance
are equal.
Ex.4 Distance of a point P(8, 6) from origin is
(c) Right angle triangle, when sum of square of
= 82  6 2 = 100 = 10 any two distances is equal to square of the third
Ex.5 Find the distance between distance.
 
P(2,  ) and Q (3, )
6 6
3.2 Position of four Points :
 
Sol. PQ = 2 2  32  2.2.3. cos(   ) Four given point A, B, C and D are vertices of a
6 6
(a) Square if AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD
 1 (b) Rhombus if AB = BC = CD = DA & AC  BD
= 13  12  cos(  ) = 13  12   7 Ans.
3 2 (c) Parallelogram if AB = DC; BC = AD; AC  BD
Ex.6 Distance between points (a, 0) and (0, a) is (d) Rectangle if AB = CD; BC = DA; AC = BD
(A) 2a (B) 2a2
Quadrilateral Diagonals Angle between
(C) 2a (D) 2 2 a
diagonals
Sol. D = (a  0) 2  (0  a ) 2 
(i) Parallelogram Not equal 
2
= a 2  a 2 = 2a 2 = 2 a Ans. [A]

Ex.7 If distance between the point (x, 2) and (ii) Rectangle Equal 
2
(3, 4) is 2, then the value of x is -

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 0 (iii) Rhombus Not equal =
2
Sol. 2 = ( x  3) 2  (2  4) 2  2 = ( x  3) 2  4

(iv) Square Equal =
Squaring both sides 2
4 = (x –3)2 + 4 x – 3 = 0  x = 3 Note :
Ans. [C] (i) Diagonal of square, rhombus, rectangle and
Ex.8 The point whose abscissa is equal to its parallelogram always bisect each other.
ordinate and which is equidistant from the (ii) Diagonal of rhombus and square bisect each
point (1,0) and B(0,3) is - other at right angle.
(A) (3, 3) (B) (2, 2) (iii) Four given points are collinear, if area of
(C) (1,1) (D) (4, 4) quadrilateral is zero.
Sol. Let the point P(k, k)
given   PA = PB Example
based on
Applications of Distance Formula
 (k  1) 2  k 2  k 2  (k  3) 2
 2k2 – 2k + 1 = 2k2 – 6k + 9 Ex.9 The point A(8,2); B(5, –3) and C(0, 0) are
vertices of
 4k = 8  k = 2 Ans. [B]
(A) An equilateral triangle
3. APPLICATIONS OF DISTANCE FORMULA (B) A right angled triangle
(C) An isosceles right angled triangle
3.1 Position of Three Points :
(D) An isosceles triangle
Three given points A, B, C are collinear, when sum
of any two distance out of AB, BC, CA is equal to Sol. AB = (8  5) 2  (2  3) 2 = 34
remaining third distance. Otherwise the points will
BC = 52  (3) 2 = 34
be vertices of a triangles.
CA = 82  2 2 = 68
3.1.1 Types of Triangle : If A, B and C are vertices of
as AB2 + BC2 = 34 + 34 = CA2 and
triangle then it would be.
(a) Equilateral triangle, when AB = BC = CA.
IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 3
 AB = BC Hence the given vertices are of an 2(3)  3(3)
x= 3
isosceles right angled triangle. Ans. [C] 23
2(4)  3(1)
Ex.10 Show that the points A(1,1), B(–2, 7) and y= =1
23
C(3, –3) are collinear
Hence point (3, 1) Ans.
Sol. AB = (1  2)  (1  7) = 9  36 = 3 5
2 2
2(3)  3(3)
External division x = 3
23
BC = (2  5) 2  (7  3) 2 = 25  100 = 5 5
Hence point (3, –11) Ans.
CA = (3  1) 2  (3  1) 2 = 4  16 =2 5
Ex.12 Mid points of (2, 3) and (6, 7) is
Clearly BC = AB + AC. Hence A, B, C are
 2 6 3 7 
collinear  ,  = (4, 5) Ans.
4. SECTION FORMULA  2 2 
Co-ordinates of a point which divides the line
segment joining two points P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y3) in Ex.13 Ratio in which the line 3x + 4y = 7 divides the
the ratio m1 : m2 are. line segment joining the points (1,2) and
(i) For internal division (–2, 1) is -
 m x  m 2 x1 m1 y 2  m 2 y1  3(1)  4(2)  7 4 4
=  1 2 ,  Sol. = =–  Ans.
 m1  m 2 m1  m 2  3(2)  4(1)  7 9 9

(ii) For external division

Ex.14 The points of trisection of line joining the
 m x  m 2 x1 m1 y 2  m 2 y1 
=  1 2 ,  points A (2, 1) and B (5, 3) are
 m1  m 2 m1  m 2 
 5  7  7 5 
(iii) Co-ordinates of mid point of PQ are (A)  4,   3,  (B)  3,   ,4 
 3  3  3 3 
 x  x 2 y1  y 2 
put m1 = m2 ;  1 ,   5  7  7  7
 2 2  (C)  3,   4,  (D)  4,   3, 
 3  3  3  3
Note :
Sol.
(i) Co-ordinates of any point on the line segment
. 1 . 2
joining two points P(x, y) and Q(x2, y2) are
(2,1) × × (5,3)
 x 1   x 2 y 1  y 2  A P11 P21
 ,  , ( –1) .2 1
 
.
2 2
(ii) Lines joins (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is divided by
(a) x axis in the ratio = –y1 / y2  1 5  2  2 1 3  2  1   5 
P1(x,y) =  ,  =  3, 
(b) y axis in the ratio = –x1 / x2  1 2 1 2   3 
if ratio is positive divides internally, if ratio is  1 5  1 2 2  3  1 1   7 
P2(x,y) =  ,  =  4, 
negative divides externally.  1 2 1 2   3 
(iii)Line ax + by + c = 0 divides the line joining the
Ans. [C]
points (x1, y2) and (x1, y2) in the ratio
 ax  by1  c  Ex.15 The ratio in which the lines joining the
–  1 
 ax 2  by 2  c  (3, –4) and (–5, 6) is divided by x-axis
Example (A) 2 : 3 (B) 6 : 4
based on Section Formula
(C) 3 : 2 (D) None
Ex.11 Find the co–ordinates of point of internal and
4
external division of the line segment joining Sol. = –  =2:3 Ans. [A]
 6 
two points (3, –1) and (3, 4) in the ratio 2 :3
Sol. Internal division
5. CO-ORDINATE OF SOME PARTICULAR

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 4

 POINTS can be obtained by changing the sign of
a, b, c respectively in the formula of In centre.
Let A(x1,y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are vertices of 5.3 Circumcentre :
any triangle ABC, then It is the point of intersection of perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle. It is also the
5.1 Centroid : centre of a circle passing vertices of the triangle. If
The centroid is the point of intersection of the O is the circumcentre of any triangle ABC, then
medians (Line joining the mid point of sides and OA2 = OB2 = OC2
opposite vertices). (x ,y )
A 1 1
A

D
O
F 2 E
G (x2,y2) (x3,y3)
B E C
1
B C
D Note :
Centroid divides the median in the ratio of 2 : 1. Co- If a triangle is right angle, then its circumcentre is
ordinates of centroid the mid point of hypotenuse.
 x  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y 3  5.4 Ortho Centre :
G 1 ,  It is the point of intersection of perpendicular
 3 3 
drawn from vertices on opposite sides (called
5.2 Incentre :
altitudes) of a triangle and can be obtained by
The incentre of the point of intersection of internal
solving the equation of any two altitudes.
bisector of the angle. Also it is a centre of a circle
(x ,y )
touching all the sides of a triangle. A 1 1
A

D
O
F E
1 (x2,y2) (x3,y3)
B E C

Note :
B C If a triangle is right angle triangle, then orthocentre
D
Co-ordinates of incentre is the point where right angle is formed.
Remarks :
 ax 1  bx 2  cx 3 ay1  by 2  cy 3 
 ,  where a, b, c are (i) If the triangle is equilateral, then centroid,
 abc abc 
incentre, orthocentre, circumcentre, coincides
the sides of triangle ABC. (ii) Ortho centre, centroid and circumcentre are
Note : always colinear and centroid divides the line
(i) Angle bisector divides the opposite sides in joining orthocentre and circumcentre in the
the ratio of remaining sides eg. ratio 2 : 1
BD AB c (iii) In an isosceles triangle centroid, orthocentre,
 
DC AC b incentre, circumcentre lies on the same line.
(ii) Incentre divides the angle bisectors in the
Example
ratio (b + c):a, (c + a):b, and (a + b):c based on Coordinates of Some Particular Points
(iii) Excentre : Point of intersection of one internal Ex.16 Centroid of the triangle whose vertices are
angle bisector and other two external angle
(0, 0), (2, 5) and (7, 4) is
bisector is called as excentre. There are three
 0 27 05 4
excentre in a triangle. Co-ordinate of each  ,  = (3, 3) Ans.
 3 3 
IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 5
 x1 y1 1
Ex.17 Incentre of triangle whose vertices are 1
Area of Triangle ABC = x2 y2 1
A (–36, 7) B (20, 7) C (0, –8) is - 2
x3 y3 1
Sol. Using distance formula
1
a = BC = 20 2  (7  8) 2 = 25 = [ x1(y2 – y3) + x2 (y3 – y1) +x3 (y1 – y2 )]
2
Note :
b = CA = 36 2  (7  8) 2 = 39
(i) If area of a triangle is zero, then the points
c = AB = (36  20) 2  (7  7 ) 2 = 56 are collinear.
(ii) In an equilateral triangle
 25(36)  39(20)  56(0) 25(7)  39(7)  56(8) 
I = ,  3 2
 25  39  56 25  39  56  (a) having sides ‘a’ area is = a
4
I = (–1, 0) Ans.
(b) having length of perpendicular as ‘p’ area

Ex.18 If (1,4) is the centroid of a triangle and its two p2

is
vertices are (4,–3) and (–9,7) then third 3
vertices is - (iii) If a triangle has polar co-ordinate (r,1),
(A) (7, 8) (B) (8, 7) (r2, 2) and (r3, 3) then its area
(C) (8, 8) (D) (6, 8) 1
Sol. Let the third vertices of triangle be (x, y) = [r1r2 sin(2 – 1) + r2r3 sin(3 – 2)
2
then + r3r1 sin(1 – 3)]
x  49 6.2 Area of quadrilateral :
1= x=8
3 If (x1,y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3 ) and (x4, x4) are vertices
y 3 7 of a quadrilateral then its area
4= y=8 Ans. [C]
3 1
= [(x1y2 – x2y1) + (x2y3 – x3y2) + (x3y4 – x4y3)
2
Ex.19 If (0, 1), (1, 1) and (1, 0) are middle points
+ (x4y1 – x1y4)]
of the sides of a triangle, then its incentre is -
Note :
(A) (2 – 2 ,–2+ 2) (i) If the area of quadrilateral joining four points
(B) (2 – 2 ,2– 2 ) is zero then those four points are colinear.
(ii) If two opposite vertex of rectangle are (x1, y1)
(C) (2 + 2 ,2+ 2)
and (x2, y2) and sides are parallel to coordinate
(D) (2 + 2 , – 2 – 2 ) axes then its area is
Sol. Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) are = |(y2 – y1) (x2 – x1)|
vertices of a triangle, then (iii)If two opposite vertex of a square are A (x1, y1)
x1 + x2 = 0 , x2 + x3 = 2, x3 + x1 = 2 and C (x2, y2) then its area is
y1 + y2 = 2 , y2 + y3 = 2, y3 + y1 = 0 1 1
Solving these equations, we get = AC2 = [(x2 – x1)2 + (y2 – y1)2]
2 2
A(0, 0), B(0, 2) and C(2, 0)
Now Example
based on Area of Triangle & Quadrilateral
a = BC = 2 2 , b = CA = 2 , c = AB = 2
Thus incentre of ABC is
Ex.20 If the vertices of a triangle are (1, 2) (4, –6)
(2– 2 ,2– 2 ) Ans. [B] and (3, 5) then its area is -
1
6. AREA OF TRIANGLE AND QUADRILATERAL  = [1( –6 –5) + 4(5 – 2) + 3(2 + 6)]
2
6.1 Area of Triangle
1
Let A(x1,y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3 ) are vertices of a = [–11 + 12 + 24]
2
triangle, then -
IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 6
 25 Y
= square unit Ans.
2 • P(x,y)
X
Y

X
O

Ex.21 If (1,1) (3,4) (5, –2) and (4, –7) are vertices Again, if co-ordinates of any point P(x, y) with
of a quadrilateral then its area reference to new axis will be (x, y), then
1 x = xcos + ysin
= [1 × 4 – 3 × 1 + 3 × (–2) – 5(4) + 5(–7)
2 y = – xsin + ycos
– 4(–2) + 4(1) –1 (–7)] x = xcos – ysin
1 y = xsin + ycos
= [4 – 3 – 6 – 20 – 35 + 8 + 4 + 7]
2 The above relation between (x, y) and (x, y) can
41 be easily obtained with the help of following table.
= units. Ans.
2 x y
x '  cos  sin 
Ex.22 If the coordinates of two opposite vertex of a y'   sin  cos 
square are (a, b) and (b, a) then area of 

square is -
(A) (a – b)2 (B) a2 + b2 7.3 Reflection (Image) of a Point :
(C) 2(a – b)2 (D) (a + b)2 Let (x, y) be any point, then its image w.r.t.
1 2 (i) x-axis  (x, –y)
Sol. We know that Area of square = d (ii) y-axis  (–x, y)
2
1 (iii) origin  (–x , –y)
= [(a – b)2 + (b – a)2] (iv) line y = x  (y, x)
2
= (a – b)2 Ans. [A]
Example
based on Transformation of Axes
7. TRANSFORMATION OF AXES Ex.23 If axis are transformed from origin to the point
(–2, 1) then new co-ordinates of (4, –5) is -
7.1 Parallel transformation : (A) (6, 4) (B) (2, – 6)
Let origin O(0, 0) be shifted to a point (a, b) by (C) (6, – 6) (D) (2, – 4)
moving the x axis and y axis parallel to themselves. Sol. [4 – (– 2), – 5 – 1] = (6, – 6) Ans. [C]
If the co-ordinate of point P with reference to old
axis are (x1, y1) then co-ordinate of this point with Ex.24 Keeping the origin constant axis are rotated
respect to new axis will be (x1 – a, y1 – b) at an angle 30º in negative direction then
P(x, y) = P(x1 – a, y1 –b) coordinate of (2,1) with respect to old axis is -
Y
 2 3 3 
(A)  , 
 2 2 
P(x1,y1) 
O (a,b)  2 3 1  2  3 
(B)  , 
X  2 2 
(0, 0) O  
 2 3 1 2  3 
7.2 Rotational transformation : (C)  , 
 2 2 
Let OX and OY be the old axis and OX and OY be 
the new axis obtained by rotating the old OX and (D) None of these
OY through an angle .

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 7

Sol. x y (a) Circle if APB = Constant
2 cos( 30º ) sin(30º ) 
(b) Circle with diameter AB if ABB =
1  sin(30º ) cos( 30º ) 2
(c) Ellipse if PA + PB = Constant
2 3 1 (d) Hyperbola if PA – PB = Constant
x = 2cos30º + sin30º =
2
2 3
y = –2sin30º + cos30º = Ans. [B]
2
Ex.25 If the new coordinates of a point after the Example
based on Locus
rotation of axis in the negative direction by
Ex.26 The locus of a point which is equidistant from
an angle of /3 are (4, 2) then coordinate with
point (6, –1) and (2, 3)
respect to old axis are -
Sol. Let the point is (h, k) then
(A) (–2 3 + 1, 2 + 3 )
( x  6) 2  (k  1) 2 = (h  2) 2  (k  3) 2
(B) (2 + 3 , –2 3 –1)
h–k=3
(C) (2 + 3 , –2 3 + 1) Hence locus is x – y = 3 Ans.
(D) (2 – 3 , –2 3 –1)
Ex.27 Find the locus of a point such that the sum
Sol. x y
of its distance from the points (0, 2) and
4 cos( 60º ) sin(60º )
(0, –2) is 6.
2  sin(60º ) cos( 60º )
Sol. Let P (h, k) be any point on the locus and let
A(0,2) and B(0, –2) be the given points.
   x = x cos  – y sin 
By the given condition PA + PB = 6
= 4 cos (– 60) – 2 sin(– 60) = 2 + 3
 (h  0) 2  (k  2) 2 + (h  0) 2  (k  2) 2  6
y = xsin  – ycos 
= 4 sin (–60) + 2cos(–60) = –2 3 + 1  h 2  (k  2) 2  6  h 2  (k  2) 2
Hence the coordinates are
 h2 + (k + 2)2 = 36 – 12 h 2  (k  2) 2
(2 + 3 , –2 3 + 1). Ans. [C]
+ h2 + (k + 2)2

8. LOCUS  – 8k –36 = –12 h 2  (k  2) 2

A locus is the curve traced out by a point which   (2k + 9)2 = 9(h2 + (k + 2)2)
moves under certain geometrical conditions. To find  4k2 + 36k + 81 = 9h 2 + 9k2 + 36k + 36
a locus of a point first we assume the  9h2 + 5k2 = 45
Co-ordinates of the moving point as (h, k) then try to Hence , locus of (h, k) is 9x2 + 5y2 = 45
find a relation between h and k with the help of the Ans.
given conditions of the problem. In the last we
replace h by x and k by y and get the locus of the Ex.28 A (a,0 ) and B (–a, 0) are two fixed points of 
point which will be an equated between x and y.   ABC. If its vertex C moves in such way
Note : that cotA + cotB = , where  is a constant,
(i) Locus of a point P which is equidistant from the then the locus of the point C is –
two point A and B is straight line and is a (A) y = 2a (B) y = a
perpendicular bisector of line AB. (C) ya = 2 (D) None of these
(ii) In above case if Sol. We may suppose that coordinates of two
PA = kPB where k  1 fixed points A, B are (a, 0) and (–a, 0) and
then the locus of P is a circle. variable point C is (h, k).
(iii) Locus of P if A and B is fixed. From the adjoining figure

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 8

 y
C(h, k)

x
B O D A
(–a, o) (a, o)
(v) In a Triangle ABC, of D, E, F are midpoint of
DA a  h
cot A = = sides AB, BC and CA then
CD k
1
BD a  h EF = BC and
cot B = = 2
CD k
1
But cot A + cot B =, so we have DEF = (ABC)
4
ah ah 2a
+ = =  A
k k k
Hence locus of C is y = 2a Ans. [A]
F E
9. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS

(i) Quadrilateral containing two sides parallel is B C

D
called as Trapezium whose area is given by (vi) Area of Rhombus formed by
1 2c 2
(sum of parallel sides) × (Distance between ax ± by ± c = 0 is
2 ab
parallel sides) (vii) Three points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) are
(ii) A triangle having vertices (at12, 2at1), (at22, 2at2) collinear if
and (at32, 2at3), then area is
y 2  y1 y 3  y 2
  = a2[(t1 – t2) (t2 – t3) (t3 – t1)] 
x 2  x1 x 3  x 2
(iii) Area of triangle formed by Co-ordinate axis and
(viii)When one vertex is origin then area of triangle
c2
the line ax + by + c = 0 is equal to 1
2ab = (x1y2 – x2y1)
2
(iv) When x co-ordinate or y co-ordinate of all
(ix) To remove the term of xy in the equation
vertex of triangle are equal then its area is
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, the angle  through
zero.
which the axis must be turned (rotated) is given
by
1  2h 
   = tan–1  
2 ab

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 9

 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex.1 The point A divides the join of the points  5 2 (6)  5 2 .0  6 2 (1)  36 2
(–5,1) and (3,5) in the ratio k : 1 and coordinates = = =–6
5 2 5 26 2 6 2
of points B and C are (1, 5) and (7, –2)
respectively. If the area of ABC be 2 units, Hence coordinates of ex-centre are (–4, –6)
then k equals - Ans. [D]
(A) 7, 9 (B) 6, 7
(C) 7, 31/9 (D) 9, 31/9 Ex.3 If the middle point of the sides of a triangle
ABC are (0, 0); (1, 2) and (–3, 4), then the area
 3k  5 5k  1 
Sol. A  ,  of triangle is –
 k 1 k 1  (A) 40 (B) 20
Area of ABC = 2 units (C) 10 (D) 60
1  3k  5  5k  1  Sol. If the given mid points be D, E, F; then the area
  (5  2)  1  2   
2  k 1  k 1  of DEF is given by
1
 5k  1   [0(2 – 4) + 1(4 – 0) –3(0 – 2)]
+ 7  5  = ± 2 2
 k 1 
1
  14k – 66 = ± 4 (k+1)   [0 + 4 + 6] = 5
2
  k = 7 or 31/9 Ans. [C]  Area of the triangle ABC = 4 × 5 = 20
Ans. [B]
Ex.2 The vertices of a triangle are A(0, –6),
B (–6, 0) and C (1,1) respectively, then Ex.4 The three vertices of a parallelogram taken in
coordinates of the ex-centre opposite to vertex order are (–1, 0), (3, 1) and (2, 2) respectively.
A is - Find the coordinate of the fourth vertex -
(A) (–3/2, –3/2) (B) (–4, 3/2) (A) (2, 1) (B) (–2, 1)
(C) (–3/2, 3/2) (D) (–4, –6) (C) (1, 2) (D) (1, –2)
Sol. a = BC = (6  1) 2  (0  1) 2  50  5 2 Sol. Let A(–1, 0) , B(3, 1) , C(2, 2) and D(x, y) be
the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD taken in
b = CA = (1  0) 2  (1  6) 2  50  5 2 order. Since, the diagonals of a parallelogram
bisect each other.
c = AB = (0  6)2  (6  0)2  72  6 2
 Coordinates of the mid point of AC
coordinates of Ex-centre opposite to vertex A are = Coordinates of the mid-point of BD
ax 1  bx 2  cx 3
x=  1  2 0  2   3  x 1  y 
a bc  , = , 
 2 2   2 2 
 5 2 .0  5 2 (6)  6 2 (1)
=  1   3  x y 1
  ,1 =  , 
5 2 5 26 2 2   2 2 
 24 2 3 x 1 y 1
= =–4  = and  =1
6 2 2 2 2
ay1  by 2  cy 3   x = –2 and y = 1.
y=
a bc Hence the fourth vertex of the parallelogram is
(–2, 1) Ans. [B]

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 10

Ex.5 Which of the following statement is true ? the extremities of a focal chord, as we shall see
(A) The Point A(0, –1), B(2,1), C(0,3) and in parabola in our further discussions.
D(–2, 1) are vertices of a rhombus Ex.7 If the origin is shifted to (1, –2) and axis are
(B) The points A(–4, –1), B(–2, –4), C(4, 0) rotated through an angle of 30º the co-ordinate
and D(2, 3) are vertices of a square of (1,1) in the new position are –
(C) The points A(–2, –1), B(1, 0), C(4, 3) 3 3 3 3 3 3
(A)  ,  (B)  , 
and D(1, 2) are vertices of a parallelogram  2 2 2 2 
   
(D) None of these 3 3 2
(C)  ,  (D) None of these
2 2 
Sol. Here (i) A(0,–1), B(2,1), C(0,3), D(–2,1) for a  
rhombus all four sides are equal but the Sol. If coordinates are (x, y) then
x = h + xcos  – ysin .
diagonal are not equal, we see AC = 0  4 2 =4,
y = k + x sin  + y cos 
BD = 4 2  0 = 4 Where,
Hence it is a square, not rhombus (x, y) = (1, 1) , (h, k) = (1, –2),  = 30º
(ii) Here AB = 2 2  32 = 13 ,   1 = 1 + xcos 30 – y sin 30

BC = 6 2  4 2 = 52  x 3 – y = 0
AB  BC Hence not square. and 1 = –2 + xsin30 + ycos 30
(iii) In this case mid point of AC is x ' y' 3
 3=
 4  2 3 1  2
 ,  or (1,1)
 2 2  3 3 3
  x = , y = Ans. [B]
 11 0  2  2 2
Also midpoint of diagonal BD  ,  or
 2 2 
(1, 1) Ex.8 The locus of the point, so that the join of
Hence the point are vertices of a parallelogram. (–5, 1) and (3, 2) subtends a right angle at the
Ans. [C]
moving point is
Note : The students should note that the squares, (A) x2 + y2 + 2x –3y –13 = 0
rhombus and the rectangle are also (B) x2 – y2 + 2x +3y –13 = 0
parallelograms but every parallelogram is not (C) x2 + y2 – 2x +3y –13 = 0
square etc. The desired answer should be (D) x2 + y2 – 2x –3y –13 = 0
pinpointed carefully.
Sol. Let P (h, k) be moving point and let A(–5, 1)
Ex.6 The condition that the three points (a, 0), and B(3,2) be given points.
(at12, 2at1) and (at22, 2at2) are collinear if - By the given condition APB =90º
(A) t1 + t2 = 0 (B) t1t2 = 2    APB is a right angled triangle.
(C) t1t2 = –1 (D) None of these  AB2 = AP2 + PB2
Sol. Here the points are collinear if the area of the   (3+5)2 + (2–1)2 = (h+5)2 + (k–1)2 + (h–3)2
triangle is zero. + (k–2)2
Hence
1/2 [a(t12 – 1)2at2 – 2at1(at22 – a)] = 0  65 = 2(h2 + k2 + 2h – 3k) + 39
or t2 (t12 – 1) – t1 (t22 – 1) = 0   h2 + k2 + 2h – 3k –13 = 0
  t2 t12 – t2 – t1 t22 + t1 = 0 Hence locus of (h, k) is
 (t1 – t2 )( t1t2 + 1) = 0, t1  t2 x2 + y2 + 2x –3y –13 = 0 Ans. [A]
  t1t2 + 1 = 0  t1 t2 = –1
Ex.9 The ends of the rod of length moves on two
Ans. [C]
Note : The students should note that the points lie on mutually perpendicular lines, find the locus of
the parabola y2 = 4ax, and (a,0) is focus, the the point on the rod which divides it in the ratio
condition t1t2 = –1 is well known condition for m1 : m 2

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 11

 2 Then , PA + PB = 2a
(A) m12 x2 + m22 y2 =
(m1  m 2 ) 2  (h  ae) 2  (k  0) 2 +
2
 mm   (h  ae ) 2  (k  0) 2 = 2a
(B) (m2 x)2 + (m1y)2 =  1 2 
 m1  m 2 
 (h  ae ) 2  k 2 = 2a – (h  ae ) 2  (k  0) 2
2
 mm  
(C) (m1x)2 + (m2y)2 =  1 2  Squaring both sides, we get
 m1  m 2   (h – ae)2 + k2 = 4a2 + (h + ae)2 + k2
(D) None of these – 4a (h  ae ) 2  k 2
Sol. Let (x1, y1) be the point that divide the rod
AB = , in the ratio m1 : m2, and OA = a,  – 4aeh – 4a2 = – 4a (h  ae ) 2  k 2 

OB = b say    (eh + a) = (h  ae ) 2  k 2
  a2 + b2 = 2 ...(1)  [Squaring both sides]
   (eh + a)2 = (h + ae)2 + k2
 m 2a   m  m2   e2 h2 + 2eah + a2 = h2 + 2eah + a2e2 + k2
Now x1 =    a =  1  x1
 m1  m 2   m2    h2 (1 –e2 ) + k2 = a2(1 – e2 ) 
 m2b   m  m2  h2 k2
    =1
y1 =    b =  1  y1 a 2
a (1  e 2 )
2
 m1  m 2   m1 
Hence the locus of (h, k) is
Y
(0, b) x2 y2
B  =1 Ans. [A]
m2
a 2
a (1  e 2 )
2

Ex.11 The orthocentre of triangle with vertices

b • (x1, y1)
 
 2, 3  1  ,  1 , 1  and  2, 1  is -

m1
 2   2 2   2
X 
O a A(a, 0)
3 3  3   1
These putting in (1) (A)  , (B)  2, 
2 6   2
(m1  m 2 ) 2 (m1  m 2 ) 2  
x12 + y12 = 2 5 3 2
m 22 m12 1 1
(C)  ,  (D)  , 
2 2 4 4 
  Locus of (x1, y1) is 
2
 mm   Sol. Here
m1 x + m2 y =  1 2
2 2 2 2
 Ans. [C]
 m1  m 2 
2
 1
2
 3
AB =  2      = 3
 2  2 
 
Ex.10 A point P moves such that the sum of its
2 2
distance from (ae, 0) and (–ae, 0)) is always 2a 1   1 1 3
then locus of P is (when 0 < e < 1) BC =   2       =
2   2 2 2
x2 y2
(A)  =1  1 3  1  3
2
a2 a 2 (1  e 2 ) CA = (2  2) 2     =
 2 2  2
 
x2 y2
(B)  =1 2
Here BC + CA = AB 2 2
a2 a 2 (1  e 2 )  ABC is right - angled triangle
x2 y2  1
(C)  =1 Thus point C  2,  is the ortho-centre
a 2 (1  e 2 ) a2  2
(D) None of these Ans. [B]
Sol. Let P(h, k) be the moving point such that the Ex.12 The number of points on x-axis which are at a
sum of its distance from A(ae, 0) and B(–ae, 0) distance c(c < 3) from the point (2, 3) is -
(A) 2 (B) 1
is 2a.
IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 12
 (C) infinite (D) no point
Sol. Let a point on x-axis is (x1, 0), then its
distance from the point (2, 3)
= ( x1  2) 2  9 = c
or (x1 – 2)2 = c2 – 9
 x1 – 2 = c 2  9
But C < 3  c2 – 9 < 0
 x1 will be imaginary Ans. [D]

IIT JEE PREPARATION POINT 13