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    Bones: Defination: Bone Is Highly Vascular, Living, Constantly Changing

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    Md Ahsanuzzaman Pinku
    Bone is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types in bone - osteoblasts which form new bone matrix, osteocytes which are mature bone cells embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which break down old or damaged bone. Bone provides structure and protection, allows for movement, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow. It has two main forms - dense cortical bone forming the outer shell, and spongy cancellous bone at the interior. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals which crystallize to form bone tissue in a process known as ossification.

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    Bones: Defination: Bone Is Highly Vascular, Living, Constantly Changing

    Uploaded by

    Md Ahsanuzzaman Pinku
    164 views21 pages
    Bone is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types in bone - osteoblasts which form new bone matrix, osteocytes which are mature bone cells embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which break down old or damaged bone. Bone provides structure and protection, allows for movement, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow. It has two main forms - dense cortical bone forming the outer shell, and spongy cancellous bone at the interior. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals which crystallize to form bone tissue in a process known as ossification.

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    Bone is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types in bone - osteoblasts which form new bone matrix, osteocytes which are mature bone cells embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which break down old or damaged bone. Bone provides structure and protection, allows for movement, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow. It has two main forms - dense cortical bone forming the outer shell, and spongy cancellous bone at the interior. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals which crystallize to form bone tissue in a process known as ossification.

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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    164 views21 pages

    Bones: Defination: Bone Is Highly Vascular, Living, Constantly Changing

    Uploaded by

    Md Ahsanuzzaman Pinku
    Bone is a highly vascular, mineralized connective tissue composed of cells and an extracellular matrix. There are three main cell types in bone - osteoblasts which form new bone matrix, osteocytes which are mature bone cells embedded in the matrix, and osteoclasts which break down old or damaged bone. Bone provides structure and protection, allows for movement, stores minerals, and houses bone marrow. It has two main forms - dense cortical bone forming the outer shell, and spongy cancellous bone at the interior. Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals which crystallize to form bone tissue in a process known as ossification.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    Bones

    Defination: Bone is highly vascular, living, constantly changing


    mineralized rigid form of connective tissue. Composed of cells &
    Or, substance.
    dense (calcified) intracellular

    Bone is a specialized connective tissue composed of calcified


    intercellular material, the bone matrix, and three cell types:

    Osteocytes (Gr. osteon, bone + kytos, cell), which are found


    in cavities (lacunae) between layers (lamellae) of bone
    Mature osteoblast & not secrete
    matrix matrix

    Osteoblasts (osteon + Gr. blastos, germ), which synthesize


    the organic components of (Bone
    the matrix.
    forming cell): Secrete osteoid -forms
    matrix (organic), also begins mineralization.
    Not divide.
    Osteoclasts (osteon + Gr. klastos, broken), which are multi-
    nucleated giant cells involved in the resorption and
    remodeling of bone tissue.
    Fused together, concentrated in
    endosteum.
    Osteoprogenitor cell : Immature cells differentiate to make
    osteoblast. May divide. Derived from mesenchyme.

    Bone lining cell : Quiescent osteoblast covering the bone

    Function:
    1. Form rigid framework of body (support & shape) –
    skeleton
    2. Serve as leaver – locomotion
    3. Protect some viscera – protection
    4. Contain bone marrow manufacture blood cell -
    haemopoesis
    5. Store house of Calcium & phosphorus

    In Matrix only In Periosteum + Endosteum In Endosteum


    only
    Some points

    Endosteum :
    1. Highly vascular memebrane lines the
    medullary (internal) cavity of compact bone
    2. Composed of single layer of flattened
    osteoprogenitor cells & very small CT
    Periosteum:
    Defination: It is a fibrovascular cellular
    membrane which covers the bone except
    articular surfaces where it is covered by
    articular cartilages
    Consist of 2 layer:
    1. Outer fibrous layer – Collagen fibers &
    Fibroblast
    2. Inner cellular layer – Fibroblast like
    osteoprogenitor cell
    *** Sharpey’s fiber : Bundles of periosteal
    collagen fiber, penetrate bone matrix, binding
    the periosteum to bone
    Function:
    1. Nutrition 2. Osteogenic
    3. Protective 4. Limiting
    1. Osteoblasts secrete type I
    collagen, several glycoproteins, &
    proteoglycans.
    2. Osteocalcin and certain
    glycoproteins, bind Ca2+ with high
    affinity,
    3. Osteoblasts also release
    very small membrane-enclosed
    matrix vesicles with which alkaline
    phosphatase and other enzymes
    are associated
    4. These enzymes hydrolyze
    PO4 ions from various
    macromolecules, creating a high
    concentration of these ions locally
    5. The high ion concentrations
    cause crystals of CaPO4 to form on
    the matrix vesicles.
    6. The crystals grow &
    mineralize further with formation of
    small growing masses of
    hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
    EMBRYOLOGY OF LIMB BUD
    Embryonic development of the limbs begins - from ovulation
    At about 4 weeks - With the appearance of the arm buds and
    the leg buds shortly
    afterwards.
    By around 5 weeks - the finger and toe rays become
    differentiated.
    By then primitive skeletal elements and pre-
    muscle masses have begun to differentiate in the
    limbs.
    From about 6 weeks - the primitive cartilaginous bone-models
    start to become vascularized and primary
    ossification centres appear in the chondroid
    anlage. By now spinal nerves would be growing
    into the limbs.
    At 7 or 8 weeks - cavitation occurs where the joints will
    appear and during the next few weeks the
    cartilaginous epiphyseal precursors become
    vascularized.
    Between 8 and 12 weeks - the primitive joints and synovium
    become defined.
    Bone formation in the cartilaginous model progresses along the
    diaphysis but the epiphyseal ends remain unossified until after birth.
    The entire sequence has been aptly summarized as
    condensation → chondrification → ossification.

    Soon after birth


    Secondary ossification centres appear in the still cartilaginous
    ends of the tubular bones, in all the endochondrial bones
    (bones formed in cartilage).
    By then each bone end is defined as an epiphysis, the still-growing
    cartilage beyond
    that as the physis and the shaft as the diaphysis.
    Longitudinal growth continues until epiphysis is fully ossified & fused to
    the diaphysis.
    At the same time an increase in bone girth occurs by a different
    process – appositional bone formation by generative cells in the
    deepest layer of the periosteum.

    After the end of bone growth no further increase in size occurs, but
    bone and joint remodelling continues throughout life.
    diarthrodial
    threemain joints protection
    functions: support, accommodate both compressive
    and leverage and
    tensile forces.
    Bone cells
    There are three types of bone cell: osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts.

    Osteoblasts
     Derived from mesenchymal precursors in the bone marrow and
    periosteum (the deep layer)
     Osteoblasts are concerned with bone formation and osteoclast activation.
     Bone morphogenetic proteins (growth factor) control differentiation of
    osteoblast
     Mature osteoblasts form rows of small (20 μm) mononuclear cells along the
    free surfaces of trabeculae and haversian systems where osteoid is laid
    down prior to calcification.
     They are rich in alkaline phosphatase and are responsible for the
    production of type
    I collagen as well as the non-collagenous bone proteins and for the
    mineralization of bone matrix
     Stimulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH),
     they play a critical role in the initiation and control of osteoclastic activity
     At the end of each bone remodelling cycle the osteoblasts either
    o remain on the newly formed bone surface as quiescent lining cells
    or
    o they become embedded in the matrix as ‘resting’ osteocytes.
     During advanced ageing their numbers decrease

    Osteocytes
     These cells can be regarded as spent osteoblasts; however, they are by no
    means inactive.
     Lying in their bony lacunae, they communicate with each other and with
    the surface lining cells by slender cytoplasmic processes.
     Their function is obscure: they may, under the influence of PTH, participate
    in bone
     resorption (‘osteocytic osteolysis’) and calcium ion transport
     It has also been suggested that they are sensitive to mechanical stimuli
    and communicate information and changes in stress and strain to the
    active osteoblasts which can then modify their osteogenic activity
    accordingly.
     Ultimately the ageing osteocytes are phagocytosed during osteoclastic
    bone resorption and remodelling.

    Osteoclasts
    These large multinucleated cells are the principal mediators of bone resorption.
    They develop from mononuclear precursors in the haemopoietic marrow (the
    same lineage as macrophages) under the influence of local osteoblastic stromal
    cells that generate an essential osteoclast differentiating factor –. receptor
    activator of nuclear factor-ligand
    (RANKL) – which binds with a specific receptor site (RANK) on the osteoclast
    precursors.
    Mature osteoclasts have a foamy appearance, due to the presence of numerous
    vesicles in the cytoplasm.
    In response to appropriate stimuli the osteoclast forms a sealed attachment to a
    bone surface, where the cell membrane develops a ruffled border within which
    bone resorption takes place.
    This process, and the important interactions between RANKL and RANK,
    Following resorption of the bone matrix, the osteoclasts are left in shallow
    excavations – Howship’s lacunae– along free bone surfaces. By identifying these
    excavations one can distinguish ‘resorption surfaces’ from the smooth ‘formation
    surfaces’ or ‘resting surfaces’
    in histological sections.

    Immature bone – woven bone


    Mature bone – lamellar bone
    2 structural variant forms
    Cortical bone
    Cancellous bone

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