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    Subscriber Loop Design

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    Naila Naseer
    This document discusses the design of subscriber loops, which connect telephone devices to local switching offices. It describes the components of subscriber loops, including drop wires connecting to distribution points, distribution cables connecting distribution points, and feeder cables connecting to main distribution frames at exchanges. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of subscriber loops, including battery power, overvoltage protection, ringing, supervision, coding, hybrid conversion, and testing, known by the acronym BORSCHT. Finally, it discusses the two limiting factors in subscriber loop design: attenuation and voltage drop, and how the loop resistance limit is calculated based on these factors.

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    Subscriber Loop Design

    Uploaded by

    Naila Naseer
    231 views3 pages
    This document discusses the design of subscriber loops, which connect telephone devices to local switching offices. It describes the components of subscriber loops, including drop wires connecting to distribution points, distribution cables connecting distribution points, and feeder cables connecting to main distribution frames at exchanges. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of subscriber loops, including battery power, overvoltage protection, ringing, supervision, coding, hybrid conversion, and testing, known by the acronym BORSCHT. Finally, it discusses the two limiting factors in subscriber loop design: attenuation and voltage drop, and how the loop resistance limit is calculated based on these factors.

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    subscriber loop design

    Original Title

    3. Subscriber Loop Design

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    This document discusses the design of subscriber loops, which connect telephone devices to local switching offices. It describes the components of subscriber loops, including drop wires connecting to distribution points, distribution cables connecting distribution points, and feeder cables connecting to main distribution frames at exchanges. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of subscriber loops, including battery power, overvoltage protection, ringing, supervision, coding, hybrid conversion, and testing, known by the acronym BORSCHT. Finally, it discusses the two limiting factors in subscriber loop design: attenuation and voltage drop, and how the loop resistance limit is calculated based on these factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    231 views3 pages

    Subscriber Loop Design

    Uploaded by

    Naila Naseer
    This document discusses the design of subscriber loops, which connect telephone devices to local switching offices. It describes the components of subscriber loops, including drop wires connecting to distribution points, distribution cables connecting distribution points, and feeder cables connecting to main distribution frames at exchanges. It outlines the fundamental characteristics of subscriber loops, including battery power, overvoltage protection, ringing, supervision, coding, hybrid conversion, and testing, known by the acronym BORSCHT. Finally, it discusses the two limiting factors in subscriber loop design: attenuation and voltage drop, and how the loop resistance limit is calculated based on these factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    SUBSCRIBER LOOP DESIGN

    The cables that connect the telephone handsets or other devices to the local switching office or
    end office is referred as subscriber loop or local loop. Every suscriber has his own pair of wires
    to the local switching office. Twisted pair local loop is an excellent transmission medium for
    analog voice signals. But it is limited to low frequency audio signals. The introduction of fiber
    cable needs a device at subscriber premises to convert electrical energy into light energy and
    this is the additional cost to the customer. But for high speed data transmission, switched
    cable TV, videophone, teleconferencing the fiber optic local loop has become essential.
    One end of each subscriber loop is terminated on a Main Distribution Frame (MDF) at
    the exchange. The drop wires (DW) from the telephones are connected to the distribution point
    (DP) which is located near the subscriber’s premises. The distribution points at various locations
    are connected together by a distribution cables (DC) and terminated to the feeder points (FD).
    The DC carries 10–500 pair of wires. Many feeder points related to a particular geographical
    area connected by a branch feeder (BF). From BF, through main feeder, all the subscriber
    loops are connected to MDF at the end office or local exchange. Typically, the MF carries 100–
    2000 pair of wires to MDF. For the purpose of flexible interconnection such as transfer from
    location to other location or within the geographical area, the subscriber pair and exchange
    pairs are interconnected at the MDF by means of jumpers.
    3.5.1. Fundamental Characteristics
    The subscriber loop is the most common interface in the network. The fundamental
    characteristic of this interface are.
    Battery. To enable dc signalling and to provide bias current for carbon microphone, a
    battery of about ­48 V is connected to subscriber loop at exchange.

    Overvoltage protection. Protection of equipment and personal from lightning strikes
    and power line induction or shots.
    dharm
    Ringing. Application of a 20 Hz signal at 86 V rms for ringer excitation.
    Supervision. Supervise the network by detecting the off hook/on hook and flow/no­
    flow dc current.
    Coding. In the case of digital end office, analog to digital coding and digital to analog
    decoding functions necessary.
    Hybrid. For two wire to four wire conversion, hybrid in necessary.
    Test. Line test toward the subscriber disconnection of the switch.
    The first letter of the above characteristics are coined together which is commonly known
    as BORSCHT.
    3.5.2. Limiting Factors of Subscriber Loop Design
    There are two limiting factors we have to consider while designing a subscriber loop. First one
    is the attenuation. The attenuation refers to the energy loss in the line at a reference frequency,
    measured in decibels. The reference frequency is 1000 Hz in America and 800 Hz in Europe. If
    the length of the loop increases the attenuation also increases. The attenuation limit of the
    subscriber loop is normally 6 dB.
    The second limiting factor is voltage drop. If the battery voltage is kept constant with
    increase in length, the effectiveness of the signalling and conversation will be limited. This is
    due to IR drop of the line. The IR drop of the line varies with resistances  of the battery used in
    the system, telephone set resistance and the allowable resistance of the subscriber loop.
    The maximum allowable resistance in the subscriber loop and the loop resistance limit
    is calculated as follows. The loop resistance limit is calculated as follows. The loop resistance
    limit is used to determine the cable length and the cable gauge required.

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