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Introduction History of Electric Vehicle

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The Importance of Electric Vehicles:

Write Importance of Electric Vehicle.

The Importance of Electric Vehicles:

• Gas is a scarce, natural resource.
• Electricity is cheaper than gas. Electricity can come
from renewable resources such as solar and wind
power.
List the main components of Electric
Hybrid Vehicle.
• Electric cars pollute less than gas-powered cars.
• Electric cars are much more reliable and require less
maintenance than gas-powered cars. You don't even
need to get your oil changed every 3,000 miles!
• By using domestically-generated electricity rather than
relying on foreign oil.

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Components Motor

Controller Charger

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Contactors Batteries

Power flow in the electric vehicle

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Requirement of Motor in vehicle Types of EV

Advantages Disadvantages

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Overall Conclusion

DC Motors
1. Shunt DC motor: The rotor and stator windings are connected in
parallel.
2. Separately Excited motor: The rotor and stator are each connected
from a different powersupply.
– this gives another degree of freedom for controlling the motor
over the shunt.
3. Series motor: the stator and rotor windings are connected in series.
Thus the torque is proportional to I2 so it gives the highest torque
per current ratio over all other dc motors.
– It is therefore used in starter motors of cars and elevator motors.
4. Permanent Magnet (PMDC) motors: The stator is a permanent
magnet, so the motor is smaller in size.
Disadv: only used for low torque applications

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Construction of DC Motor

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•This supply current in case of the shunt wound DC

Shunt wound motor motor is split up into 2 parts.
Ia, flowing through the armature winding
of resistance Ra
• The shunt wound DC motor falls under the Ish Current flowing through the field winding of
category of self excited DC motors. resistance Rsh
•The voltage across both windings remains the same
• where the field windings are shunted to, or are So We can Write
connected in parallel to the armature winding Itotal = Ia + Ish
of the motor.
• The armature winding and the field winding
are exposed to the same supply voltage

Construction of a Shunt Wound DC

Shunt wound motor Motor
• In a shunt wound motor, the field coils are
connected in parallel, or "shunted" to the armature
coils.
• With the shunt wound motor's high-resistance
field winding connected in parallel with the
armature, Vm, Rm and Ø .
• Speed control is achieved three ways
– Varying the field voltage
– Field weakening
– Variable resistance in the field circuit.

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• It produce a high torque.

Series Wound Motor
• The armature winding must be exposed to an • In a series wound motor, the field coils are connected
electrically in series with the armature coils.
amount of current that’s much higher than the
• The series motor responds to increased load by slowing
field windings current, as the torque is down.
proportional to the armature current. • The current increases and the torque rises in proportional to
the square of the current.
• The field winding must be wound with many • The current is limited only by the total resistance of the
windings and the torque can be very high
turns to increase the flux linkage
• Series-parallel control was the standard method of
• flux linkage between the field and armature controlling railway traction motors before the advent of
power electronics.
winding is proportional to the torque. • Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in
rail transport.

Circuit Diag, & Effect of Load on Series

Construction Motor
• It consists of all the fundamental components like
the stator housing the field winding or the rotor
carrying the armature conductors.
• The field coils of DC series motor are wound
with relatively fewer turns as the current through
the field is its armature current.
• A series wound motors has linear relationship
existing between the field current and the amount
of torque produced.
• torque is directly proportional to current over the
entire range

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Drawback Compound DC Motor

• DC series motor has very poor speed
regulation.
• The series motor is unable to maintain its
speed on addition of external load to the shaft.

Compound DC Motor
• It is made up of both series the field coils
S1 S2 and shunt field coils F1 F2 connected to
the armature winding.
• Both the field coils provide for the required
amount of magnetic flux.

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Working of Compound Motor

Separately Excited Motors

• In these motors also have both stator and rotor.
• Stator refers to the static part of motor, which
consists of the field windings.
• The rotor is the moving armature which contains
armature windings or coils.
• The field coil and the armature coil both are
energized from a single source.
• Separate supply Provided for excitation of both
field coil and armature coil.

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Circuit Dig. of Separately Excited Speed control of separately excited

Motor DC motor
• Field control methods: Weakening of field
causes increase in speed of the motor while
strengthening the field causes decreases the
speed.
• Field rheostat control: – Here a variable
resistance is connected in series with the field
coil. Thus the speed is controlled by means of
flux variation.
• Armature control methods: Speed adjustment of
separately excited DC motor by armature control

• Applications OF DC Motors
AC Motor
o Induction Motor or Asynchronous Motor:
Separately excited dc motors have industrial o This type relies on a small difference in speed
applications. between the rotating magnetic field and
the rotor to induce rotor current.
They are often used as actuators. This type of
motors is used in trains and for automatic
traction purposes. o Synchronous Motor:
This type does not rely on induction and as a result
can rotate exactly at the supply frequency or a sub-
multiple of the supply frequency.

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Induction Ac Motor Parts of Induction Motor

Main Part

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Main Parts

Rotor Squirrel cage rotor

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Features of Squirrel Cage rotor

Slip Ring rotor

Prototype Model

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Synchronous Motor
• The speed of the rotor of this motor is same as the
rotating magnetic field.
• The primary function of a synchronous motor is the
providing of constant speed.
• the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with
the frequency of the supply current.
• A three-phase stator similar to that of an induction
motor. Medium voltage stators are often used.
• Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting.
• It require some external means to bring their speed
close to synchronous speed to before they are
synchronized.

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Starting Method
• Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motor • Damper winding: synchronous motor is of
• Synchronous motors are mechanically coupled salient pole type, additional winding is placed
with another motor. in rotor pole face.
• It could be either 3 phase induction motor • Initially when rotor is standstill, relative speed
or DC shunt motor. DC excitation is not fed between damper winding and rotating air gap
initially. flux in large and an emf is induced in it which
• It is rotated at speed very close to it produces the required starting torque.
synchronous speed and after that DC excitation
is given

Application of Synchronous Motor

• Synchronous motor having no load connected to its

shaft is used for power factor improvement.
• Owing to its characteristics to behave at any electrical
power factor, it is used in power system in situations
where static capacitors are expensive.
• Synchronous motor finds application where operating
speed is less (around 500 rpm) and high power is
required. For power requirement from 35 kW to 2500
KW.
• Ex- Reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mills etc.

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Brushless DC (BLDC) Motors BLDC Motor

• Brushless DC Motors are a type of synchronous
motor
– magnetic fields generated by the stator and rotor rotate
at the same frequency
– no slip
• Available in single-phase, 2-phase, and 3-phase
configurations.
• A brushless DC motor consists of a rotor in form
of a permanent magnet and stator in form of
polyphase armature windings

BLDC Motor Stator Construction of BLDC

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Rotor BLDC Motor Rotors

Working
Working

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Advantages

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Switched Reluctance Motors Construction

• Switched reluctance motor. The switched reluctance • The stator is made up of silicon steel stampings
motor (SRM) is a type of a stepper motor. with inward projected poles
• It runs by reluctance torque. • The number of poles of the stator can be either an
• Power is delivered to windings in the stator (case) even number or an odd number (6 or 8)
rather than the rotor. • The field coils of opposite poles are connected in
• An induction motor with a modified squirrel-cage
series
rotor • The rotor is also made up of silicon steel
stampings with outward projected poles.
– Single-phase or Three-phase
• In most of the avaliable motors the number of
– rotor turns in synchronism with the rotating poles of the rotor is 4 or 6 depending upon the
magnetic flux number of stator poles 6 or 8.

Working
• When a stator pole is energized
• The rotor torque is in the direction that will
reduce reluctance.
• The stator field must rotate in advance of the
rotor poles.
• This is the position of maximum magnetic
reluctance for the rotor pole, due to this run
the motor.

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Advantages Applications
• Simplicity and reducibility of construction • Analog electric meters.
• Low manufacturing and operating costs • Some washing machine designs.
• Fault tolerance • Control rod drive mechanisms of nuclear
• High torque/inertia ratio and efficiency reactors.
Disadvantages • Hard disk drive motor.
• High level of torque ripple
• High level of acoustical noise

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