Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Arrays - I

Dr. Zahid Halim

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Introduction
• Arrays
– Structures of related data items
– Static entity - same size throughout program
• A few types
– C-like, pointer-based arrays
– C++, arrays as objects

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Arrays
• Array
– Consecutive group of memory locations
– Same name and type
• To refer to an element, specify
– Array name and position number
• Format: arrayname[ position number ]
– First element at position 0
– n element array c:
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]…c[ n - 1 ]
• Array elements are like normal variables
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
• Performing operations in subscript. If x = 3,
c[ 5 – 2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Arrays
Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Declaring Arrays
• Declaring arrays - specify:
– Name
– Type of array
– Number of elements
– Examples
int c[ 10 ];
float hi[ 3284 ];

• Declaring multiple arrays of same type

– Similar format as other variables
– Example
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Examples Using Arrays

• Initializers
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
– If not enough initializers, rightmost elements become 0
– If too many initializers, a syntax error is generated
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 }
– Sets all the elements to 0
• If size omitted, the initializers determine it
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
– 5 initializers, therefore n is a 5 element array

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 1 // Fig. 4.4: fig04_04.cpp
2 // Initializing an array with a declaration
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
8 #include <iomanip>
9 Notice how they array is declared
10 using std::setw; and elements referenced.
11
12 int main()
13 {
14 int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };
15
16 cout << "Element" << setw( 13 ) << "Value" << endl;
17
18 for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
19 cout << setw( 7 ) << i << setw( 13 ) << n[ i ] << endl;
20
21 return 0;
22 }
Element Value
0 32
1 27
2 64
3 18
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37
1 // Fig. 4.7: fig04_07.cpp
2 // A const object must be initialized
3
4 int main()
5 {
6 const int x; // Error: x must be initialized
7 Notice that const variables must be initialized
8 x = 7; because
// Error: they cannot
cannot be modified
modify a constlater. variable

9
10 return 0;
11 }

Fig04_07.cpp:
Error E2304 Fig04_07.cpp 6: Constant variable 'x' must be
initialized in function main()
Error E2024 Fig04_07.cpp 8: Cannot modify a const object in
function main()
*** 2 errors in Compile ***
Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Examples Using Arrays

• Strings
– Arrays of characters
– All strings end with null ('\0')
– Examples:
char string1[] = "hello";
char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o',
'\0’ };
– Subscripting is the same as for a normal array
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'
• Input from keyboard
char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
– Takes user input
– Side effect: if too much text entered, data written beyond array

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 1 // Fig. 4_12: fig04_12.cpp
2 // Treating character arrays as strings
3 #include <iostream>
4 Inputted strings are
5 using std::cout; separated by whitespace
6 using std::cin; characters. "there"
7 using std::endl; stayed in the buffer.
8
9 int main()
10 {
11 char string1[ 20 ], string2[] = "string literal";
12
13 cout << "Enter a string: ";
14 cin >> string1;
15 cout << "string1 is: " << string1
16 << "\nstring2 is: " << string2
17 << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";
18
19 for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
20 cout << string1[ i ] << ' ';
Notice how string elements are
21
referenced like arrays.
22 cin >> string1; // reads "there"
23 cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl;
24
25 cout << endl;
26 return 0;
27 }

Enter a string: Hello there

string1 is: Hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
H e l l o
string1 is: there
Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Passing Arrays to Functions

• Specify the name without any brackets
– To pass array myArray declared as
int myArray[ 24 ];
to function myFunction, a function call would resemble
myFunction( myArray, 24 );
– Array size is usually passed to function
• Arrays passed call-by-reference
– Value of name of array is address of the first element
– Function knows where the array is stored
• Modifies original memory locations
• Individual array elements passed by call-by-value
– pass subscripted name (i.e., myArray[ 3 ]) to function

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

Passing Arrays to Functions

• Function prototype:
void modifyArray( int b[], int arraySize );
– Parameter names optional in prototype
• int b[] could be simply int []
• int arraysize could be simply int

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi

 1 // Fig. 4.14: fig04_14.cpp
2 // Passing arrays and individual array elements to functions
3 #include <iostream>
4
5 using std::cout;
6 using std::endl;
7
Functions can modify entire arrays.
8 #include <iomanip>
Individual array elements are not
9 modified by default.
10 using std::setw;
11
12 void modifyArray( int [], int ); // appears strange
13 void modifyElement( int );
14
No parameter names in
15 int main() function prototype.
16 {
17 const int arraySize = 5;
18 int i, a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
19
20 cout << "Effects of passing entire array call-by-reference:"
21 << "\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
22
23 for ( i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
The values of the original array are:
24 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ];
0 1 2 3 4
25
The values of the modified array are:
26 cout << endl;
0 2 4 6 8
27
28 // array a passed call-by-reference
29 modifyArray( a, arraySize );
30
31 cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n";
32
33 for ( i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
34 cout << setw( 3 ) << a[ i ];
35
36 cout << "\n\n\n"
37 << "Effects of passing array element call-by-value:"
38 << "\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << '\n';
39
40 modifyElement( a[ 3 ] );
41
42 cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
43 Parameter names required in function definition
44 return 0;
45 }
46
47 // In function modifyArray, "b" points to the original
48 // array "a" in memory.
49 void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray )
50 {
Effects of passing array element call-by-
51 for ( int j = 0; j < sizeOfArray; j++ ) value:
52 b[ j ] *= 2;
53 } The value of a[3] is 6
54 Value in modifyElement is 12
55 // In function modifyElement, "e" is a localThe
copyvalue
of of a[3] is 6
56 // array element a[ 3 ] passed from main.
57 void modifyElement( int e )
58 {
59 cout << "Value in modifyElement is "
60 << ( e *= 2 ) << endl;
61 }
Effects of passing entire array call-by-reference:

The values of the original array are:

0 1 2 3 4
The values of the modified array are:
0 2 4 6 8

Effects of passing array element call-by-value:

The value of a[3] is 6

Value in modifyElement is 12
The value of a[3] is 6
Lecture 15: Arrays CS 101: Introduction to Computing

References
Dietal and Dietal : How to Program C++
3rd Edition

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi