CONTENTS

10-1 Active sentences and passive sentences

10-2 Form of the passive
10-3 Transitive and intransitive verbs
10-4 Using the by-phrase
10-5 The passive forms of the present and past progressive
10-6 Passive modal auxiliaries
10-7 Using past participles as adjectives (stative passive)
10-8 Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing
10-9 Get + adjective; get + past participle
10-10 Using be used/accustomed to and get …
10-11 Used to vs. be used to
10-12 Using be supposed to
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10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

The chair is being made

by the carpenter.

2
 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

(a) ACTIVE: The carpenter sanded the wood.

same
meaning

(b) PASSIVE: The wood was sanded by the

carpenter.

3
 10-1 ACTIVE SENTENCES AND PASSIVE SENTENCES

ACTIVE:
S O
(c) Carol sold the house.

PASSIVE:
S by + O
(d) The house was sold by Carol.

object of active subject of passive

subject of active object of by
4
10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

Fuel is burned by cars

5
 10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

BE + PAST
PARTICIPLE

(a) Coffee is grown by farmers.

(b) The raise was given by the boss.
(c) The photo will be printed by Alex.

6
 10-2 FORM OF THE PASSIVE

SIMPLE PRESENT Cars burn fuel.

Fuel is burned by cars.
SIMPLE PAST The raise thrilled Ben.
Ben was thrilled by the raise.
PRESENT PERFECT Al has printed the photo.
The photo has been printed
by Al.
FUTURE New cars will save fuel.
Fuel will be saved by cars.
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 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
The squirrel gathered the nuts.
PASSIVE
The nuts were gathered by the squirrel.

8
 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Matthew painted the wall.
PASSIVE
The wall was painted by
Matthew.

9
 10-1, 10-2 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
The voters will determine
the election results.
PASSIVE
The election results will be determined by
the voters.

10
10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

Erica sneezed.

11
 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(a) TRANSITIVE
S V O
Janet earned the promotion.
They saw the accident.
(b) INTRANSITIVE
S V
A problem occurred.
They arrived late.
TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE

verb + object verb + object

12
 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS

ACTIVE:Janet earned the promotion.
PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.

(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS

ACTIVE: Birds fly.
PASSIVE: (not possible)

(e) INCORRECT: Birds are fly.

13
 10-3 TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(c) TRANSITIVE VERBS

ACTIVE:Janet earned the promotion.
PASSIVE: The promotion was earned by Janet.

(d) INTRANSITIVE VERBS

ACTIVE: Birds fly.
PASSIVE: (not possible)

transitive verbs passive okay

intransitive verbs no passive

14
 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE

transitive
intransitive ?

It rained yesterday.

15
 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE

transitive
intransitive ?

Eva won a medal.

A medal was won by Eva.
PASSIVE: _______________________

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 10-3 LET’S PRACTICE

transitive
intransitive ?

Tim Berners-Lee invented the

World Wide Web.
PASSIVE: _______________________
The World Wide Web was
invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
_______________________

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 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

This painting
was done by
my mother.

18
 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

(a) This desk was made by Manuel.

by phrase important information

19
 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

(b) This desk was made in Taiwan.

(c) Corn is eaten in many places.
(d) That apartment was built in 2007.
(e) Spanish is spoken in many countries.

usually NO by-phrase

20
 10-4 USING THE BY- PHRASE

ACTIVE
(f) My mother is a great artist.
She painted many beautiful portraits.
PASSIVE
(g) This painting was done by my mother.
That one was done by her friend.
focus my mother
by-phrase focus on subjects

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 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.

PASSIVE
Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

22
 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Many students use computers.

PASSIVE
Computers are used by many students.

23
 10-4 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Tina taught me how to knit.
PASSIVE
I was taught to knit by Tina.

24
 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PAST PROGRESSIVE

A photo is being taken by Elton.

25
 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being
taken by him.
She is writing a book. (b) A book is being
written by her.

26
 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
He is taking photos. (a) Photos are being
taken by him.
She is writing a book. (b) A book is being
written by her.

present progressive: passive form

am
is + being + past participle
are
27
 10-5 THE PASSIVE FORMS OF THE PRESENT AND
PAST PROGRESSIVE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
He was taking photos. (c) Photos were being
taken by him.
She was writing a book. (d) A book was being
written by her.

past progressive: passive form

was
+ being + past participle
were
28
 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Two great teams are playing
hockey.
PASSIVE
Hockey is being played by two great teams.

29
 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Someone was building a guest house in Bhutan.
PASSIVE
A guest house was being built in Bhutan.

30
 10-5 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE
Alan is studying the memo.
PASSIVE
The memo is being studied by Alan.

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10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

Lin will e-mail you.

32
 10-6 PASSIVE MODAL AUXILIARIES

ACTIVE MODAL PASSIVE MODAL

AUXILIARIES AUXILIARIES
Lin will send it. It will be sent by Lin.
Lin can send it. It can be sent by Lin.
Lin must send it. It must be sent by Lin.
Lin may send it. It may be sent by Lin.

FORM: modal + be + past participle

33
 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS
Someone must mow the grass today.
PASSIVE MODALS
must be mowed today
This grass __________________.

34
 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS
You should not feed candy to babies.
PASSIVE MODALS
should not be fed candy
Babies _____________________.

35
 10-6 LET’S PRACTICE

ACTIVE MODALS
People cannot control hurricanes.
PASSIVE MODALS
Hurricanes cannot be controlled.
__________________________

36
 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)

Lily is pleased with her life.

37
 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)

BE + ADJECTIVE
(a) Lily is brave.
(b) Lily is short.
(c) Lily is healthy.
BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
(d) Lily is divorced.
(e) Lily is excited. like an adjective
(f) Lily is pleased.

38
 10-7 USING PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
(STATIVE PASSIVE)

(g) Lily is divorced from Jack.

(h) Lily was happy with her career.
(i) Lily will be excited for the trip.

past particular
participle + prepositions + object

39
10-7 LET’S PRACTICE

married

Jenny is __________
married to Grant.

40
 10-7 LET’S PRACTICE

happy

happy with her new laptop.

Alma is __________

41
10-7 LET’S PRACTICE

young

Abe is 17.
young for
He seems ____________ his age.

42
 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

Emma makes pottery.

I am interested in making pottery.

43
 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

(a) I am interested in pottery.

INCORRECT: I am interesting in pottery.

(b) Pottery is interesting.

INCORRECT: Pottery is interested.

past participle feelings

present participle cause of feeling
44
 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

Ben was thrilled with the promotion.

(c) Ben was thrilled.

(d) The promotion was thrilling.

past participle passive meaning

present participle cause of feeling

45
 10-8 PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES: -ED VS. -ING

(e) I heard some disappointing news.

(f) Jill read the shortened version of
the book.

participial
adjectives nouns

46
 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE

surprised
surprising

Gail Gwen
Gwen’s news must be __________.
surprising

surprised
Gail looks very __________.

47
 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE

amazed
amazing

amazing
The Great Wall is ________.
Most people are truly ________
amazed when
they first see it.

48
 10-8 LET’S PRACTICE

terrified
Some bugs are scary. terrifying
terrifying
This spider is ________!

I wonder if it is ________
terrified of anything?
49
10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

People often get thirsty

when they exercise.

50
 10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

GET + ADJECTIVE
(a) I am getting thirsty.
(b) Fahad got angry at him.

GET ADJECTIVE

change, beginning to be

51
 10-9 GET + ADJECTIVE; GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

GET + PAST PARTICIPLE

(c) I’m getting worried.
(d) My friend and his wife got divorced.

GET PAST PARTICIPLE

like an adjective, describes subject

52
 10-9 LET’S PRACTICE

get + sleep

got sleepy while he was working.

He ___________

53
 10-9 LET’S PRACTICE

get + frustrated

is getting frustrated with his work.

He _________________

54
10-9 LET’S PRACTICE

get + cold

got cold early this year.

It ________

55
10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET
USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

We are used to driving in

traffic.

56
 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET
USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(a) We are used to this city.

same meaning

(b) We are accustomed to this city.

57
 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND
GET USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(c) We are used to living in this city.

(d) We are accustomed to living in this city.

to + -ing form
(gerund)

58
 10-10 USING BE USED/ACCUSTOMED TO AND GET
USED/ACCUSTOMED TO

(e) I just moved to Athens, Greece. I have

never lived in this city before, but I am
getting used to (accustomed to) it.

beginning to feel normal

59
10-10 LET’S PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

I always go to the beach.

I __________
am used to the sand and sea.

60
 10-10 LET’S PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

I’m confused. I _____________

am not used to this new
computer.

61
 10-10 LET’S PRACTICE

be used to
(affirmative or negative)

Maybe I’ll call Eva. She is

_____________
used to
this type of computer.

62
10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

He used to eat meat, but

now he is a vegetarian.

63
 10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

(a) He used to eat meat, but now he is

a vegetarian.
INCORRECT: He used to be eating meat.
INCORRECT: He is used to eat meat.

habitual past
used to + simple form of verb

64
 10-11 USED TO vs. BE USED TO

(b) He is used to eating meat.

be used to + -ing form of verb

(gerund)

65
 10-11 LET’S PRACTICE

be
Ø
When I was young, I often went skiing.
I ____
was used to skiing back then.

66
10-11 LET’S PRACTICE

be
Ø
I _____
Ø used to like skiing, but
now I prefer snowboarding.

67
 10-11 LET’S PRACTICE

be
Ø

am used to snowboarding.
Now, I ____

68
10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

You were supposed to

clean out the garage
this morning.

69
 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(a) The flight is supposed to leave

in 10 minutes.
I expect the
flight to leave
in 10 minutes.

70
 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(a) The flight is supposed to leave

in 10 minutes.
(b) I am supposed to write to Jim.

an expectation

71
 10-12 USING BE SUPPOSED TO

(c) The flight was supposed to leave

at 4:30.

expected event didn’t occur

72
 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE

be supposed to

I expect to get email today .

am supposed to get email today.
I ______________

73
 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE

be supposed to

They were expected to arrive on May 4,

but they came on May 6.
They _______________
were supposed to arrive on May 6.

74
 10-12 LET’S PRACTICE

be supposed to

I expected you to were

You ______
call me at noon! supposed to
___________
call me at
noon!

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