Prqhkqztksa Dks Le Uk: Hkwfedk
Prqhkqztksa Dks Le Uk: Hkwfedk
Prqhkqztksa Dks Le Uk: Hkwfedk
vè;k;
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oqQN vkSj cgqHkqtksa osQ mnkgj.k nsus dk iz;kl dhft, rFkk oqQN vkSj ,sls mnkgj.k nhft,
tks cgqHkqt u gksaA ,d cgqHkqt dh ,d dPph (Rough) vko`Qfr [khafp, vkSj mldh Hkqtkvksa
vkSj 'kh"kks± dh igpku dhft,A
3.2.1 cgqHkqtksa dk oxhZdj.k
ge cgqHkqtksa dk oxhZdj.k mudh Hkqtkvksa (;k 'kh"kks±) osQ vuqlkj djrs gSaA
3 f=kHkqt
4 prqHkqZt
5 iapHkqt
6 "kM~Hkqt
7 lIrHkqt
8 v"VHkqt
9 uoHkqt
10 nlHkqt
M M M
n n-Hkqt
3.2.2 fod.kZ
fdlh cgqHkqt dk fod.kZ mlosQ fdUgha nks 'kh"kks± (vklUu 'kh"kks± dks NksM+dj) dks tksM+us ls
izkIr js[kk[kaM gksrk gSA (vko`Qfr 3-1)
vko`Qfr 3.1
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prqHkqZtksa dks le>uk 43
D;k vki Åij nh xbZ vko`Qfr;ksa esa izR;sd fod.kZ dk uke ns ldrs gSa\ (vko`Qfr 3.1)
D;k PQ ,d fod.kZ gS\ LN osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa?
,d can oØ esa vH;arj vkSj cfgHkkZx dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS ;g vki HkyhHkk¡fr tkurs
gaS (vko`Qfr 3.2)A
vko`Qfr 3.3
D;k vki crk ldrs gaS fd bl izdkj osQ cgqHkqt ,d nwljs ls vyx D;ksa gSa\ tks cgqHkqt
mÙky gksrs gSa muosQ fod.kks± dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx cfgHkkZx esa ugha gksrk gSA D;k ;g vory cgqHkqtksa
osQ fy, Hkh lR; gksrk gS\ nh xbZ vko`Qfr;ksa dk vè;;u dhft,A rnqijkar vius 'kCnksa esa mÙky
cgqHkqt rFkk vory cgqHkqt le>kus dk iz;kl dhft,A izR;sd izdkj dh nks vko`Qfr;k¡ cukb,A
bl d{kk esa ge osQoy mÙky cgqHkqtksa osQ ckjs esa vè;;u djsaxsA
3.2.4 le rFkk fo"ke cgqHkqt (Regular and Irregular Polygons)
,d le cgqHkqt] leHkqt rFkk ledksf.kd gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ,d oxZ esa Hkqtk,¡ rFkk dks.k
cjkcj eki osQ gksrs gSaA blfy, ;g ,d le cgqHkqt gSA ,d vk;r ledksf.kd rks gksrk gS ijarq
leHkqt ugha gksrk gSA D;k ,d vk;r ,d le cgqHkqt gS\ D;k ,d leckgq f=kHkqt ,d le
cgqHkqt gS\ D;ksa\
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bUgsa dhft,
1. dksbZ ,d prqHkqZt] ekuk ABCD, yhft, (vko`Qfr 3.4)A ,d
fod.kZ [khapdj] bls nks f=kHkqtksa esa ck¡fV,A vki N% dks.k
1] 2] 3] 4] 5 vkSj 6 izkIr djrs gaSA
f=kHkqt osQ dks.k&;ksx okys xq.k/eZ dk mi;ksx dhft, vkSj
roZQ dhft, fd oSQls ∠A, ∠B, ∠C rFkk ∠D osQ ekiksa dk vko`Qfr 3.4
;ksxiQy 180° + 180° = 360° gks tkrk gSA
2. fdlh prqHkqZt ABCD, dh xÙks okyh pkj lok±xle izfrfyfi;k¡ yhft, ftuosQ dks.k
n'kkZ, x, gaS (vko`Qfr 3.5 (i)). bu izfrfyfi;ksa dks bl izdkj ls O;ofLFkr dhft, ftlls
(i) (ii)
vko`Qfr 3.5
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∠1, ∠2, ∠3, ∠4 ,d gh ¯cnq ij feysa tSlk fd vko`Qfr esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS (vko`Qfr 3.5 (ii))A
vki ∠1, ∠2, ∠3 rFkk ∠4 osQ ;ksxiQy osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\
[fVIi.kh : ge dks.kksa dks ∠1, ∠2, ∠3 bR;kfn ls rFkk mudh ekiksa dks
m∠1, m∠2, m∠3 bR;kfn ls n'kkZrs gSa ]
,d prqHkqZt osQ pkjksa dks.kksa osQ ekiksa dk ;ksxiQy ________ gksrk gSA
vki bl ifj.kke ij vU; dbZ rjhdksa ls Hkh igq¡p ldrs gaSA vko`Qfr 3.6
3. prqHkqZt ABCD ij iqu% fopkj dhft, (vko`Qfr 3.6)A ekuk blosQ
vH;arj esa dksbZ ¯cnq P fLFkr gSA P dks 'kh"kks± A, B, C rFkk D ls tksfM+,A vko`Qfr esa]
∆PAB ij fopkj dhft,A ge ns[krs gSa fd x = 180° – m∠2 – m∠3; blh izdkj]
∆PBC, ls y = 180° – m ∠4 – m∠5, ∆PCD ls z = 180º – m∠6 – m∠7 vkSj
∆PDA, w = 180º – m∠8 – m∠1 bldk mi;ksx djosQ oqQy eki
m∠1 + m∠2 + ... + m∠8, Kkr dhft,A D;k ;g vki dks ifj.kke rd
igqp
¡ kus esa lgk;rk djrk gS\ ;kn jf[k,] ∠x + ∠y + ∠z + ∠w = 360° gSA
4. ;s lHkh prqHkqZt mÙky (convex) prqHkqZt FksA ;fn prqHkqZt mÙky ugha gksrs
rks D;k gksrk? prqHkqZt ABCD ij fopkj dhft,A bls nks f=kHkqtksa esa ck¡fV,
vkSj var%dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy Kkr dhft,\ (vko`Qfr 3.7) vko`Qfr 3.7
iz'ukoyh 3.1
1. ;gk¡ ij oqQN vko`Qfr;k¡ nh xbZ gSa %
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4. rkfydk dh tk¡p dhft, % (izR;sd vko`Qfr dks f=kHkqtksa esa ck¡fV, vkSj dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
Kkr dhft,)
vko`Qfr
Hkqtk 3 4 5 6
dks.kksa dk 180º 2 × 180° 3 × 180° 4 × 180°
;ksxiQy = (4 – 2) × 180° = (5 – 2) × 180° = (6 – 2) × 180°
,d cgqHkqt osQ dks.kksa osQ ;ksx osQ ckjs esa vki D;k dg ldrs gSa ftldh Hkqtkvksa dh
la[;k fuEufyf[kr gks\
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) n
5. le cgqHkqt D;k gS\
,d le cgqHkqt dk uke crkb, ftlesa
(i) 3 Hkqtk,¡ (ii) 4 Hkqtk,¡ (iii) 6 Hkqtk,¡ gksaA
6. fuEufyf[kr vko`Qfr;ksa esa x (dks.k dh eki) Kkr dhft, %
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
7.
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bUgsa dhft,
,d pkWd osQ VqdM+s ls iQ'kZ ij ,d cgqHkqt cukb,A (vko`Qfr esa] ,d
iapHkqt ABCDE n'kkZ;k x;k gS ) (vko`Qfr 3.8)A ge lHkh dks.kksa osQ
ekiksa dk ;ksx tkuuk pkgrs gSa] vFkkZr~ m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 + m∠4
+ m∠5 gSA A ls vkjaHk dhft, vkSj AB osQ vuqfn'k pfy,A B ij
igq¡pus osQ mijkar] vkidks dks.k m∠1 ij ?kweus dh vko';drk gS
ftlls vki BC osQ vuqfn'k py losaQA C ij igq¡pus osQ mijkar, CD vko`Qfr 3.8
osQ vuqfn'k pyus osQ fy, vkidks m∠2 ij ?kweus dh vko';drk gSA
vki blh rjhosQ ls pyuk tkjh j[kas tc rd vki A ij ugha igq¡p tkrsA okLro esa] bl
rjg ls vkius ,d iwjk pDdj ?kwe fy;k gSA
blfy,, m∠1 + m∠2 + m∠3 + m∠4 + m∠5 = 360° gSA
,d cgqHkqt dh pkgs fdruh Hkh Hkqtk,¡ gksa mu lcosQ fy, ;g lgh gSA
vr% fdlh cgqHkqt osQ cká dks.kksa osQ ekiksa dk ;ksx 360° gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k 1 : vko`Qfr 3-9 esa eki x Kkr dhft,A
gy : x + 90° + 50° + 110° = 360° (D;ksa ?)
x + 250° = 360°
x = 110°
mnkgj.k 2 : ,d le cgqHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, ftlosQ izR;sd cká dks.k
dk eki 45° gSA
gy : lHkh cká dks.kksa dh oqQy eki = 360°
izR;sd cká dks.k dk eki = 45°
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360
blfy,] cká dks.kksa dh la[;k = =8
45
vr% cgqHkqt dh 8 Hkqtk,¡ gSaA
iz'ukoyh 3.2
1. fuEufyf[kr vko`Qfr;ksa esa x dk eku Kkr dhft, %
(a) (b)
2. ,d le cgqHkqt osQ izR;sd cká dks.k dk eki Kkr dhft, ftldh
(i) 9 Hkqtk,¡ (ii) 15 Hkqtk,¡ gksaA
3. ,d le cgqHkqt dh fdruh Hkqtk,¡ gkasxh ;fn ,d cká dks.k dk eki 24° gks?
4. ,d le cgqHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k Kkr dhft, ;fn bldk izR;sd var%dks.k 165°
dk gks?
5. (a) D;k ,slk le cgqHkqt laHko gS ftlosQ izR;sd cká dks.k dk eki 22° gks?
(b) D;k ;g fdlh le cgqHkqt dk var%dks.k gks ldrk gS\ D;ksa\
6. (a) fdlh le cgqHkqt esa de ls de fdrus va'k dk var%dks.k laHko gS\ D;ksa\
(b) fdlh le cgqHkqt esa vf/d ls vf/d fdrus va'k dk cká dks.k laHko gS\
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bUgsa dhft,
1. leku lok±xle f=kHkqtksa osQ dVs gq, Hkkx yhft, ftudh Hkqtk,¡ 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm gSaA bUgsa
O;ofLFkr dhft, tSlk fd vko`Qfr esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS (vko`Qfr 3.11)A
vko`Qfr 3.11
vkidks ,d leyac izkIr gksrk gSA (fujh{k.k dhft,)
;gk¡ ij dkSu lh Hkqtk,¡ lekarj gSa\ D;k vlekarj Hkqtk,¡a cjkcj eki dh gksuh pkfg,\
bu leku f=kHkqtksa osQ lewg dk mi;ksx dj vki nks vkSj leyac izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
mudks <w¡f<, vkSj mudh vko`Qfr;ksa dh ppkZ dhft,A
2. vius rFkk vius fe=kksa osQ T;kferh; ckWDl ls pkj lsVLDos;j yhft,A bUgsa
vyx&vyx la[;kvksa esa mi;ksx dj lkFk&lkFk jf[k, vkSj vyx&vyx fdLe osQ
leyac izkIr dhft,A
;fn leyac dh vlekarj Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj yackbZ dh gksa rks ge bls lef}ckgq leyac dgrs gSAa
D;k vkius Åij fd, x, vius fdlh fujh{k.k esa dksbZ lef}ckgq leyac izkIr fd;k gS\
3.4.2 irax
irax fof'k"V izdkj dk ,d prqHkqZt gSA izR;sd vko`Qfr esa ,d tSls fpÉ cjkcj Hkqtkvksa dks
n'kkZrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ AB = AD vkSj BC = CD
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AB DC
AB CD
AD BC
QP SR LM ON AB ED
QS PR LO MN BC FE
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bUgsa dhft,
nks vyx&vyx pkSM+kbZ okyh xÙks dh vk;rkdkj ifV~V;k¡ yhft, (vko`Qfr 3-14)A
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bUgsa dhft,
nks leku lekarj prqHkqZtksa osQ dVs gq, Hkkx ABCD rFkk A′B′C′D′ yhft, (vko`Qfr 3.19).
vko`Qfr 3.19
;gk¡ ij Hkqtk AB ] Hkqtk A ′ B′ osQ leku gS ijarq buosQ uke vyx&vyx gSaA blh izdkj]
nwljh laxr Hkqtk,¡ Hkh leku gSaA
A′ B′ dks DC osQ Åij jf[k,A D;k os ,d nwljs dks iw.kZr;k <drh gSa\ vc vki
AB rFkk DC dh yackbZ osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa?
blh izdkj AD rFkk BC dh yackbZ dh tk¡p dhft,A vki D;k ikrs gSa\
vki AB rFkk DC dks eki dj bl ifj.kke ij igq¡p ldrs gSaA
iz;kl dhft,
30° – 60° – 90° dks.kksa okys nks leku lsV&LDos;j yhft,A vc
bUgsa vkil esa bl izdkj feykdj jf[k, ftlls ,d lekarj
prqHkqZt cu tk, (vko`Qfr 3.20)A D;k ;g Åij crk, x, xq.k dh
iqf"V djus esa vkidh lgk;rk djrk gS\
D;ksafd f=kHkqt ABC vkSj ADC esa ∠1 = ∠2, ∠3 = ∠4 vkSj AC mHk;fu"B gS blfy,]
ASA lok±xlerk dlkSVh }kjk
∆ ABC ≅ ∆ CDA (;gk¡ ASA dlkSVh oSQls iz;ksx gqbZ?)
vr% AB = DC vkSj BC = AD.
mnkgj.k 3 : lekarj prqHkqZt PQRS dk ifjeki Kkr dhft, (vko`Qfr 3-22)
gy : lekarj prqHkqZt esa] lEeq[k Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj yackbZ dh gksrh gaSA
blfy,] PQ = SR = 12 cm vkSj QR = PS = 7 cm
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prqHkqZtksa dks le>uk 53
vr% ifjeki = PQ + QR + RS + SP
= 12 cm + 7 cm + 12 cm + 7 cm = 38 cm
3.4.5 lekarj prqHkqZt osQ dks.k
geus lekarj prqHkqZt dh lEeq[k Hkqtkvksa ls lacaf/r ,d xq.k dk vè;;u vko`Qfr 3.22
fd;kA ge dks.kksa osQ ckjs esa D;k dg ldrs gSa\
bUgsa dhft,
ekuk ABCD ,d lekarj prqHkqZt gS (vko`Qfr 3-23)A Vsª¯lx 'khV ij bldh
izfrfyfi cukb,A bl izfrfyfi dks A′B′C′D′ ls izn£'kr dhft,A A′B′C′D′
dks ABCD ij vkPNkfnr dhft,A nksuksa prqHkqZtksa dks vkil esa feykdj ml
¯cnq ij fiu yxkb, tgk¡ ij muosQ fod.kZ izfrPNsn djrs gkas] Vsª¯lx 'khV dks
180° ?kqekb,A lekarj prqHkqZt vHkh Hkh ,d nwljs dks iw.kZr;k <d ysrs gSa_ ijarq
vc vki ns[krs gSa fd A′ iw.kZ :i ls C ij vkSj C iw.kZ :i ls B′ ij vk vko`Qfr 3.23
tkrk gSA blh izdkj B′ ¯cnq D ij tkrk gS vkSj foykse :i ls Hkh lR; gSA
D;k ;g dks.k A rFkk dks.k C osQ ekiksa osQ ckjs esa vkidks oqQN crkrk gS\ dks.k B rFkk D osQ
ekiksa osQ fy, tk¡p dhft,A vius fu"d"kZ dh ppkZ dhft,A
xq.k : lekarj prqHkqZt osQ lEeq[k dks.k cjkcj eki osQ gksrs gSaA
iz;kl dhft,
30° – 60° – 90° dks.kksa okys nks leku lsV&LDos;j ysdj igys dh rjg gh ,d lekarj prqHkqt
Z
cukb,A D;k izkIr vko`Qfr Åij crk, x, xq.k dh iqf"V djus esa vkidh lgk;rk djrh gS\
vko`Qfr 3.25
;g n'kkZrk gS fd ∠B vkSj ∠D leku eki osQ gSaA bl izdkj vki izkIr djrs gSa
m∠A = m∠C
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bUgsa dhft,
lekarj prqHkqZt] (eku yhft, ABCD,) dk ,d dVk gqvk Hkkx yhft,
(vko`Qfr 3.29)A ekuk blosQ fod.kZ AC rFkk DB ,d nwljs dks 'O' ij
vko`Qfr 3.29
izfrPNsn djrs gSaA
C dks A ij j[kdj ,d rg (Fold) osQ }kjk AC dk eè; ¯cnq Kkr dhft,A D;k eè;
¯cnq O gh gS\ D;k ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fod.kZ DB , fod.kZ AC dks ¯cnq 'O' ij lef}Hkkftr
djrk gS\ vius fe=kksa osQ lkFk bldh ppkZ dhft,A bl fØ;kdyki dks ;g Kkr djus osQ
fy, nksgjk,¡ fd DB dk eè; ¯cnq dgk¡ ij fLFkr gksxkA
xq.k % lekarj prqHkqZt osQ fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gaSA (vo'; gh muosQ
izfrPNsnh ¯cnq ijA)
bl xq.k dk roZQ&foroZQ rFkk iqf"V djuk eqf'dy ugha gSA vko`Qfr 3-30
ls] ASA lok±xlerk izfrca/ }kjk cM+h vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd
∆ AOB ≅ ∆ COD (;gk¡ ij ASA izfrca/ dk oSQls iz;ksx gqvk ?)
vr% AO = CO rFkk BO = DO vko`Qfr 3.30
mnkgj.k 6 : vko`Qfr 3.31 esa] HELP ,d lekarj prqHkqZt gSA fn;k gS (yackbZ cm esa gS)%
OE = 4 vkSj HL, PE ls 5 vf/d gSA OH Kkr dhft,A
gy : ;fn OE = 4 rc OP = 4 (D;ks?a )
vr% PE = 8, (D;ks?a )
blfy, HL = 8 + 5 = 13 vko`Qfr 3.31
1
vr% OH = × 13 = 6.5 cm
2
iz'ukoyh 3.3
1. ABCD ,d lekarj prqHkqZt gSA izR;sd dFku dks ifjHkk"kk ;k iz;ksx
fd, x, xq.k }kjk iwjk dhft, %
(i) AD = ...... (ii) ∠ DCB = ......
(iii) OC = ...... (iv) m ∠DAB + m ∠CDA = ......
2. fuEu lekarj prqHkqZtksa esa vKkr x, y, z osQ ekuksa dks Kkr dhft, %
(i) (ii)
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10. crkb, oSQls ;g vko`Qfr ,d leyac gSA bldh dkSu lh nks Hkqtk,¡ lekarj gSa?
(vko`Qfr 3-32)
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12. vko`Qfr 3-34 esa ∠P rFkk ∠S dh eki Kkr dhft, ;fn SP RQ gSA (;fn vki
m∠R, Kkr djrs gSa] rks D;k m∠P dks Kkr djus dh ,d ls vf/d fof/ gS?)
bUgsa dhft,
vkiosQ }kjk dkx”k ls dkVdj igys cukbZ xbZ irax dk Lej.k djasA
le prqHkqZt dh ,d izfrfyfi yhft,A isij dks eksM+dj tk¡p dhft, fd D;k izfrPNsnh
¯cnq izR;sd fod.kZ dk eè;¯cnq gSA vki ,d lsV&LDos;j osQ fdukjs dk mi;ksx djosQ
tk¡p ldrs gSa fd os ,d nwljs dks ledks.k ij izfrPNsn djrs gaSA
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bUgsa dhft,
,d oxkZdkj 'khV] ekuk PQRS yhft, (vko`Qfr 3-42)A
nksuksa fod.kks± osQ vuqfn'k rg (fold) yxkb,A D;k muosQ eè;
¯cnq leku gh gSaA
lsV&LDos;j dk mi;ksx djosQ tk¡p dhft,] D;k 'O' ij cuk
vko`Qfr 3.42
dks.k 90° dk gSA ;g Åij crk, x, xq.k/eZ dks fl¼ djrk gSA
iz'ukoyh 3.4
1. crkb,] dFku lR; gS ;k vlR; :
(a) lHkh vk;r oxZ gksrs gSa (e) lHkh iraxsa le prqHkqt
Z gksrh gSa
(b) lHkh le prqHkqZt lekarj prqHkqZt gksrs gaS (f) lHkh le prqHkqt
Z irax gksrs gaS
(c) lHkh oxZ le prqHkqZt vkSj vk;r Hkh gksrs gSa (g) lHkh lekarj prqHkqZt leyac
gksrs gSa
(d) lHkh oxZ lekarj prqHkqZt ugha gksrsA (h) lHkh oxZ leyac gksrs gaSA
2. mu lHkh prqHkqZtksa dh igpku dhft, ftuesa
(a) pkjksa Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj yackbZ dh gksa (b) pkj ledks.k gksa
3. crkb, oSQls ,d oxZ
(i) ,d prqHkqZt (ii) ,d lekarj prqHkqZt (iii) ,d le prqHkqZt
(iv) ,d vk;r gSA
4. ,d prqHkqZt dk uke crkb, ftlosQ fod.kZ
(i) ,d nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gaS (ii) ,d nwljs ij yac lef}Hkktd gks
(iii) cjkcj gksaA
5. crkb, ,d vk;r mÙky prqHkqZt oSQls gSA
6. ABC ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS vkSj 'O' ledks.k dh
lEeq[k Hkqtk dk eè; ¯cnq gSA crkb, oSQls 'O' ¯cnq A,
B rFkk C ls leku nwjh ij fLFkr gSA (¯cnqvksa ls fpfÉr
vfrfjDr Hkqtk,¡ vkidh lgk;rk osQ fy, [khaph xbZ gS)a
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prqHkqt
Z xq.k
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uksV
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