Sequences and Series PDF
Sequences and Series PDF
Revision Notes, Exercises and Solution Hints
by
Roseinnes Phahle
Examination Questions by the Department of Basic Education
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
Contents
Unit 4
Arithmetic sequence 3
Geometric sequence 4
Quadratic sequence 5
Summing up sequences 6
Convergence and sum to infinity of a geometric series 8
Sigma notation 9
Answers 10
Examination questions with solution hints and answers 11
More questions from past examination papers 17
Answers 25
1. Study the revision notes given at the beginning. The notes are interactive in that in some parts you
are required to make a response based on your prior learning of the topic from your teacher in class or
from a textbook. Furthermore, the notes cover all the Mathematics from Grade 10 to Grade 12.
2. “Warm‐up” exercises follow the notes. Some exercises carry solution HINTS in the answer section. Do
not read the answer or hints until you have tried to work out a question and are having difficulty.
3. The notes and exercises are followed by questions from past examination papers.
4. The examination questions are followed by blank spaces or boxes inside a table. Do the working out
of the question inside these spaces or boxes.
5. Alongside the blank boxes are HINTS in case you have difficulty solving a part of the question. Do not
read the hints until you have tried to work out the question and are having difficulty.
6. What follows next are more questions taken from past examination papers.
7. Answers to the extra past examination questions appear at the end. Some answers carry HINTS and
notes to enrich your knowledge.
8. Finally, don’t be a loner. Work through this guide in a team with your classmates.
Sequences & Series
REVISION UNIT 4: SEQUENCES & SERIES
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES
Let the first term of a sequence be a .
Let the difference between successive terms be d .
Then the following is what is called an arithmetic sequence:
The terms of the sequence can be denoted by
T1 ; T2 ; T3 ; T4 ; T5 ; ................; Tn ; ................;
3
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GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES
Let the first term of a sequence be a .
Let the ratio between successive terms be r .
Then the following is what is called an geometric sequence:
a; ar; ar 2 ; ar 3 ; ar 4 ; ...........................
The terms of the sequence can be denoted by
T1 ; T2 ; T3 ; T4 ; T5 ; ................; Tn ; ................;
This means that
The n th term is also called the general term.
T1 = a
In order to write an expression for the n th term:
T2 = ar
To determine if the sequence is geometric. This you
do by verifying there is a common ratio r between
T3 = ar 2
successive terms:
T4 = ar 3 T ÷ T1 = T3 ÷ T2 = T4 ÷ T3 = ............ = r
2
T5 = ar 4
EXERCISE 4.2
and so on. We can deduce the n th term as
follows: 1. Find an expression for the n th term of the
sequence 5/64; 5/32; 5/1`6; 5/8; ……………
T1 = a = ar 1−1
2. Find the number of terms in the following
geometric sequence:
T2 = ar = ar 2−1
24; 12; 6; 3; ……………..; 3 128
T3 = ar 2 = ar 3−1
3. Find the 4th term of a series that has an n th term
T4 = ar 3 = ar 4−1 given by 27(4 3)
n −1
.
so that (you complete the statement)
4. In a geometric sequence T5 = 3 / 4 and
Tn = T12 = 96 ; find a and r .
Sequences & Series
QUADRATIC SEQUENCES
We want to find an expression that would represent the following sequence of numbers:
3; 11; 23; 39; 59; 83; … … … … … ..
Is the sequence arithmetic?
Is the sequence geometric?
It is neither. What we now do is to find the first and second differences as follows:
Given sequence 3 11 23 39 59 83 . . . . . .
First differences 8 12 16 20 24 . . . . . . .
Second differences 4 4 4 4 . . . . .
A sequence with the same values for the second differences is called a QUADRATIC SEQUENCE. Because
it is quadratic its general term or what is called the n th term and symbolized by Tn must take the form
of a quadratic such as ax 2 + bx + c . Instead of x we use n . Thus the expression or equation
representing a quadratic sequence is
Tn = an 2 + bn + c
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . . . . we obtain:
Sequence a+b+c 4a+2b+c 9a+3b+c 16a+4b+c . . . . . .
First differences 3a+b 5a+b 7a+b . . . .
Second differences 2a 2a 2a . . . . .
Comparing the second differences, T2 =4(2)+b(2)+c =8+2b+c =11 or 2b+c =3 (2)
we see that 2a = 4 Subtract (1) from (2): b = 2
a =2 Substitute value of b in either (1) or (2):
Thus T1 = 2+b+c = 3 or b+c=1 (1) 2+c=1
and So c = ‐1
Thus putting the values of a=2, b=2 and c=‐1 in Tn = an 2 + bn + c we get the equation of the n th term:
Tn = 2n 2 + 2n − 1
5
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EXERCISE 4.3
Consider the sequence 5; 16; 29; 44; 61; . . . . . .
4.3.1 Write down the next three terms of the sequence assuming that the pattern continues.
4.3.3 Find the position of the term 236 in the sequence.
SERIES: SUMMING UP SEQUENCES
The sum of the first n terms of a series is denoted by S n .
Sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic progression
Write down the first n terms of the an arithmetic sequence and add them up as shown below :
S n = T1 + T2 + T3 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Tn −2 + Tn −1 + Tn
Rewrite the sum of the first n in reverse order:
S n = Tn + Tn −1 + Tn −2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + T2 + T1
and secondly
Sn =
n
(a + l ) where l = a + (n − 1)d is the last term of the series
2
There are thus two formulae for evaluating the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series.
EXERCISE 4.4
Now by carrying out subtraction show that
Sn =
(
a 1− rn
)
1− r
If the common ration r is greater than 1, the formula is usually written more conveniently in the form
Sn =
(
a r n −1
)
r −1
7
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CONVERGENCE AND THE SUM TO INFINITY OF A GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
Any series whose sum does not approach some finite value as n takes on larger and larger integer
values is said to be divergent. In mathematical language, n taking on larger and larger values is usually
expressed as n approaching or tending to infinity; in symbols, this is written as n → ∞ .
Without going into any details, a geometric series is divergent in the following cases: r ≤ −1 and r ≥ 1 .
To answer the question, let’s focus on r n .
Take now more larger values of n :
Thus if we write Sn =
(
a 1− rn
)
1− r
a a
in the form Sn = − ⋅rn
1− r 1− r
a a
S∞ = − ⋅0
1− r 1− r
a
S∞ =
1− r
Sequences & Series
which is known as the sum to infinity to which the sum of a geometric series converges if and only if
− 1 < r < 1 , sometimes written as r < 1 .
EXERCISE 4.5
SIGMA NOTATION
The sum to n terms and the sum to infinity can be denoted in terms of sigma as follows:
n
S n = ∑ Ti = T1 + T2 + T3 + . . . . . . . + Tn
i =1
∞
S ∞ = ∑ Ti = T1 + T2 + T3 + . . . . . . . .
i =1
EXERCISE 4.6
4.6.1 Write 2+5+8+ . . . . . . up to the 10th term in sigma notation.
15
4.6.2 Calculate ∑ (4i − 3)
i =1
30
4.6.3 Calculate ∑ (2r + 3)
r =15
n
4.6.4 For what value of n does ∑ (5r + 3) first exceed 500?
r =1
9
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ANSWERS
EXERCISE 4.1 EXERCISE 4.5
1. Tn = 8n − 13 4.5.1 S10 = 187,49998 ≅ 187,5
2. n = 98
3. T18 = 41 6
4.5.2
4. a = 114; d = −7 78125
EXERCISE 4.2 4.5.3 S ∞ = 187,5
1. Tn = 5 ⋅ 2 n −7
4.5.4 − 5 < x < 5
2. n = 12
3. T4 = 64 EXERCISE 4.6
3
4. a = ;r = 2 10
∑ (3i − 1)
64 4.6.1
i =1
EXERCISE 4.3
4.6.2 435
4.3.1 80; 101; 124; . . .
4.3.2 Tn = n 2 + 8n − 4 4.6.3 HINT:
4.3.3 12th position (reject ‐20 because the position
30 30 14
must be given by a positive integer)
∑ (2r + 3) = ∑ (2r + 3) − ∑ (2r + 3)
r =15 r =1 r =1
EXERCISE 4.4
4.4.1 S n =
n
(2,25n + 0,25) ; S16 = 290 Answer is 762
2
4.4.2 T10 = 41 (HINT: S10 − S 9 = T10 . Can you 4.6.4 HINT: If the expression does not factorise
reason this out?) then use an approximate or graphical
4.4.3 You must first find n =15. S15 = 495 method to find an n such that S n > 500 .
Answer is n = 14
Sequences & Series
PAPER 1 QUESTION 2 DoE/ADDITIONAL EXEMPLAR 2008
PAPER 1 QUESTION 3 DoE/ADDITIONAL EXEMPLAR 2008
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PAPER 1 QUESTION 2 DoE/ADDITIONAL EXEMPLAR 2008
Sequences & Series
PAPER 1 QUESTION 3 DoE/ADDITIONAL EXEMPLAR 2008
13
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Sequences & Series
PAPER 1 QUESTION 2 DoE/NOVEMBER 2008
15
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
PAPER 1 QUESTION 3 DoE/NOVEMBER 2008
Exemplar 2008
17
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19
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
Sequences & Series
21
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
23
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
Sequences & Series
ANSWERS
Exemplar 2008 Feb/March 2009
3.1 2; 21 2
3.2 5250 2.1.1 S 2 =
3
4.1 130; 173 3
4.2 Tn = 3n 2 + 4n − 2 2.1.2 S 3
4
4.3 n = 20
4
1 3 9 2.1.3 S 4 =
5.1 Pattern 3: + + 5
4 16 64
n
2.2 S n =
n +1
1 3 9 27
Pattern 4: + + +
4 16 64 256 2008
2.3 S n =
2009
n
3k −1
5.2 ∑
k =1 4
k
3.1 p = 3
5.3 S = 1
3.2.1 T1 = −2
Preparatory Examination 2008 3.2.2 d = 5
3.1 14
3.2 S = 975 3.3 After the first term ‐2, all the other terms end
in either 3 or an 8. Perfect squares never end
4.1 T6 = 38 in a 3 or an 8.
T7 = 51
4.1 ‐34
4.2 T p = p + 2
2
4.2 Tn = −2n 2 + 6n + 2
4.3 p = 5
4.3 T60 = −6838
5.1.1 Total amount = R511,50
5.1.2 Yes; he will have enough money to but the 15
5.1 Area of unshaded squares =
boots ( you must prove that this is the case). 16
5.2 Sum of unshaded squares of 1st seven
5.2.1 0 < x < 4 squares = 567
8 2
5.2.2 S ∞ = =2
3 3
25
Preparation for the Mathematics examination brought to you by Kagiso Trust
November 2009 (Unused papers) Feb/March 2010
2.1 100km on the 21st day. 2.1 Tn = n 2 − 42n + 440
2.2 S14 = 644km 2.2 n = 20 or n = 22
2.3 Not possible. For example, T1000 = 4016km
which cannot be covered in a single day by 2.3 The lowest value is the 21st term.
cycling.
a(r n − 1)
3.1 45 3.1 S n =
r −1
3.2 Tn = n 2 + 4n
9
3.2 S ∞ =
4.1 S n =
(
a 1− r n
) 2
1− r
4.1 30000 + 27000 + 24000 + . . . . . + 0
4.2.1 Series is convergent because − 1 < r < 1 4.2 After 11 years.
45 4.3 x = 13250
4.2.2 S ∞ = = 22,5
2
4.3.1 S 24 = 67108860
4.3.2 T24 = 2 25 or 33554432
4.3.3 Tn = 2 n +1
November 2009(1)
2.1.1 Tn = 4n + 1
2.1.2 Tn = 5(25)
n −1
2.2 Nomsa is correct.
3.1 ‐1; 2; 5
3.2 S100 = 14750
4.1 Tn = −2n + 3
4.2 35th difference = ‐67
4.3 Pn = − n 2 + 4n − 6
4.4 The function has a maximum value of ‐2 and
so the pattern will never have positive
values.
5.1 Growth in 17th year is 3,08cm
5.2 Height = 255,88cm
5.3 The tree will never attain a height greater
than 312cm.