ECE 333

Renewable Energy Systems

Lecture 3:Basic Circuits, Complex Power

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
[email protected]
Announcements

• Be reading Chapters 1 and 2 from the book

• Be reading Chapter 3 from the book
• Homework 1 is 1.1, 1.11, 2.6, 2.8, 2.14. It will be
covered by the first in-class quiz on Thursday Jan 29
• As mentioned in lecture 2, your two lowest
quiz/homework scores will be dropped

1
Engineering Insight: Modeling

• Engineers use models to represent the systems we

study
• Guiding motto: “All models are wrong but some are
useful” George Box, 1979
• The engineering challenge, which can be quite
difficult sometimes, is to know the limits of the
underlying models.

2
Basic Electric Circuits

• Ideal Voltage Source

i
+ v
vs
vs Load

- i
• Ideal Current Source
v is
+
is Load i
-
3
 Example – Power to Incandescent
Lamp
• Find R if the lamp draws 60W at 12 V
v2
i P  v i 
+ R
2 2
vs  12V v 12
Load R   2.4
P  60W P 60
-

v 12
• Find the current, I i   5A
R 2.4
• What is P if vs doubles and R stays the same? 240W

4
 Equivalent Resistance for Resistors
in Series and Parallel
• Resistors in series – voltage divides, current is the
same i
+
R1 i
+
v node v
voltages R2
-
REQ  R1  R2  RN

RN
- 5
 Equivalent Resistance for Resistors
in Series and Parallel
• Resistors in parallel – current divides, voltage is the
same
i

v R1 R2 RN

branch currents
i Simplification
+ 1 for 2 resistors
REQ 
v 1 1 1 R1  R2
  ...  REQ 
- R1 R2 RN R1  R2
6
Voltage and Current Dividers
Voltage Divider v v
R1 i 
i REQ R1  R2
+ + vout  i  R2
v R2
R2 vout vout  v 
- - R1  R2
Current Divider R1R2
i v  i  REQ i
+ R1  R2
R1 R2 v
v i1 i2 
i2 R2
- R1
i2  i 
R1  R2 7
Wire Resistance

• For dc systems wire resistance is key; for high voltage

ac often the inductance (reactance) or capacitance
(susceptance) are limiting
• Resistance causes 1) losses (i2R) and 2) voltage drop (vi)
• Need to consider wire resistance in both directions

8
AC: Phase Angles

• Angles need to be measured with respect to a

reference - depends on where we define t=0
• When comparing signals, we define t=0 once and
measure every other signal with respect to that
reference
• Choice of reference is arbitrary – the relative phase
shift is what matters
• Relative phase shift between signals is independent
of where we define t=0

9
Example: Phase Angle Reference

• Pick the bottom wave as the reference

 
v1  V sin  t  
 4 
1   2 
4
v2  V sin t  0 
• Or pick the top as the reference- it does not matter!

v1  V sin t  0 

 1   2 

v2  V sin  t   4
 4
10
Important Properties: RMS

• RMS = root of the mean of the square

• RMS for a periodic waveform
to T
1
 v(t )
2
VRMS 
T to T  period
• RMS for a sinusoid (derive this for homework)

let v(t )  V p cos(t   ) In 333 we are

mostly only
Vp
VRMS  concerned with
2 sinusoidals
11
 Important Properties:
Instantaneous Power
• Instantaneous power into a load “Load sign convention” with
i (t ) current and power into load
positive
v(t )= V p cos(t  V ) +
i (t )= I p cos(t   I ) v(t ) p(t)= v(t )  i (t )

-
Identity
p(t )= v(t )  i (t ) 1
cos  cos    cos      cos    
2

Vp I p
p(t )=  cos V   I   cos  2t  V   I  
2
12
 Important Properties:
Average Power
• Average power is found from
to T
1
P
T t p(t )dt T  period
o
• Find the average power into the load (derive this for
homework)
Vp I p
p(t )=  cos V   I   cos  2t  V   I  
2

Vp I p
P= cos V   I  or P= VRMS I RMS cos V   I 
2
13
 Important Properties:
Real Power
• P is called the Real Power
P= VRMS I RMS cos V   I 

• cos(θV-θI) is called the Power Factor (pf)

• We’ll review phasors and then come back to these

definitions…

P= Re{VI*}

14
Review of Phasors

• Phasors are used in electrical engineering (power

systems) to represent sinusoids of the same
frequency
A(t )  Ap cos(t   )   2 f
Ap denotes the peak value of A(t)

• A quick derivation…
1 jx  jx
cos( x)  e  e
2
 Identity

A cos(t   )  e
2
 e 
A j t    j t  

15
 Review of Phasors

• Use Euler’s Identity

Identity e jx  cos x  j sin x A(t )  Ap cos(t   )
cos x  Re e  
jx
A(t )  Ap Re e  jt j
e 
• Written in phasor notation as
A  ARMS e j or A  ARMS  Tilde denotes a phasor

Note, a convention- the amplitude used here is the RMS

value, not the peak value as used in some other classes!

A  A e j or A  A  Other, simplified notation

Regardless of what notation you
use, it helps to be consistent. 16
 Why Phasors?

• Simplifies calculations
– Turns derivatives and integrals into algebraic equations
d
A  j A
dt
– Makes it easier to solve AC circuits
vR (t ) V
R  i R (t)= =R
R I
diL (t ) V
L  vL (t)=L V =Lj I  j L jX L  j L
dt I
dvC (t ) V

1  1 
C  iC (t)=C I=CjV jX c  j 
dt I jC C 
17
 Why Phasors: RLC Circuit
Solve for the current- which circuit do you prefer?
R L R j L

+ +
i (t ) C 1
I
jC
- -
v(t )  V cos t    V  V 
di 1 1
v(t )  Ri (t )  L   i (t )dt V  RI  j LI  I
dt C jC
18
RLC Circuit Example

  2 f
f  60Hz
X L   L  3

v(t )  2 100cos t  30 

1  3 
Z  4 3 5
2 2 Z  tan    36.9
4
V 10030
I   20  6.9
Z 536.9
i (t )  2  20cos(t  6.9)
19
Complex Power
V=VRMS  V Power triangle

I=I RMS  I S
Q
Asterisk denotes complex conjugate (θV-θI)
VI*  VRMS I RMS  V   I  P

VI*  VRMS I RMS cos V   I   jVRMS I RMS sin V   I 

S P Q
Apparent Real Reactive
Power S = P+jQ
power Power

20
Apparent, Real, Reactive Power

S  P  jQ  VI *

VI*  VRMS I RMS  V   I 

VI*  VRMS I RMS cos V   I   jVRMS I RMS sin V   I 

• P = real power (W, kW, MW)

• Q = reactive power (VAr, kVAr, MVAr)
• S = apparent power (VA, kVA, MVA)
• Power factor angle   V   I 
• Power factor pf  cos( )

21
Apparent, Real, Reactive Power

• Remember ELI the ICE man “Load sign convention” –

current and power into load are
S assumed positive
Q
(θV-θI) P
P (θV-θI) Q
S
Q and θ positive Q and θ negative
(producing Q)

ELI ICE
Inductive loads Capacitive loads
I lags V (or E) I leads V (or E)
22
Apparent, Real, Reactive Power

• Relationships between P, Q, and S can be derived

from the power triangle just introduced
P  S cos  
Q  S sin  
• Example: A load draws 100 kW with leading pf of
0.85. What are the power factor angle, Q, and S?
  cos-1  0.85   31.8
100 kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q=117.6 kVA  sin(31.8)  62.0 kVAr
23
Conservation of Power

• Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws (KVL and

KCL)
– Sum of voltage drops around a loop must be zero
– Sum of currents into a node must be zero
• Conservation of power follows
– Sum of real power into every node must equal zero
– Sum of reactive power into every node must equal zero

24
Conservation of Power Example

S  VI *  10030  206.9  200036.9

  36.9 pf  0.8 lagging
Resistor, consumed power
S R  VR I R *   4  20  6.9  206.9  1600
2
PR  I R R  1600 W QR  0 VAr
Inductor, consumed power
S L  VL I L *   j  3  20  6.9  206.9  j1200
2
QL  I L X L  1200 VAr PR  0 W 25
Power Consumption in Devices

• Resistors only consume real power

2
2 VR
PR  I R R PR 
R
• Inductors only consume reactive power
2
2
QL  I L X L QL 
VL X L  L
XL
• Capacitors only produce reactive power
VC
2
1
2
QC  IC X C QC  XC 
XC C

26
Example

400000 Solve for the

I  4000 Amps
1000 total power
delivered by
V  400000   5  j 40   4000
the source
V  42000  j16000  44.920.8 kV

S  VI *  44.920.8  4000
S  17.9820.8 MVA  16.8  j 6.4 MVA
27
Reactive Power Compensation

• Reactive compensation is used extensively by

utilities
• Capacitors are used to correct the power factor
• This allows reactive power to be supplied locally
• Supplying reactive power locally leads to decreased
line current, which results in
– Decrease line losses
– Ability to use smaller wires
– Less voltage drop across the line

28
 Power Factor Correction Example

• Assume we have a 100 kVA load with pf = 0.8 lagging,

and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
We have:
1
S  80  j 60 kVA   cos (0.8)  36.9
We want:
desired  cos1 (0.95)  18.2
S Qdes.
Qdes.=? tan(18.2) 
18.2 P
P=80 Qdes.  tan(18.2) * 40  26.3 kVAr
This requires a capacitance of:
P
Q=60 Q=-33.7
Qdes=26.3 Qcap  60  26.3  33.7 kVAr
P 29
Distribution System Capacitors for
Power Factor Correction

30