Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 42 views

    3.1 Evaporation1

    Uploaded by

    Mukhzin Rashid
    This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    3.1 Evaporation1

    Uploaded by

    Mukhzin Rashid
    42 views21 pages
    This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

    Original Description:

    Separation, Evaporation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views21 pages

    3.1 Evaporation1

    Uploaded by

    Mukhzin Rashid
    This document discusses evaporation processes and equipment. It begins by defining evaporation as the removal of vapor, typically water, from an aqueous solution, leaving behind a more concentrated solution. It then discusses various factors that influence evaporation process design, such as solution properties, temperature sensitivity, foaming, and scale deposition. Finally, it describes several common types of evaporation equipment, including open pan, horizontal tube, vertical tube, long tube vertical, and forced circulation evaporators. The key applications and advantages of each equipment type are highlighted.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 21

    CDB 2063

    SEPARATION PROCESSE II
    EVAPORATION
    9 June 2015
    Dr Taslima Khanam
    TOPIC OUTCOMES
    At the end of topic, students should be able to:
     comprehend and discuss theory on evaporation
     discuss the industrial application
     equipment type
     process
     discuss and design the operation method
     Single-effect evaporators
     Multi-effect evaporators
     discuss the condensers for evaporators
     type
     operation
     heat balance calculation
     describe the operation of thermal vapor recompression &
    2
    mechanical vapor recompression
    TODAY’S OUTCOMES

    In this lesson, students should be able to:


     comprehend and discuss theory on evaporation
     explain the processing factors & their effects
     discuss the equipment type and operation methods

    3
    EVAPORATION
     Definition
     process where vapor (solvent) from a boiling liquid
    solution is removed and a more concentrated solution
    (solute) remains
     Generally refers to the removal of water from
    aqueous solution
     Application
    heat
     Produce concentrated aqueous solution. E.g. orange
    juice, syrup, glycerol, caramel, conc. milk etc.
    Product is concentrated solution; Discard is the
    evaporated water. But can be other wise, e.g.
    desalinated water as drinking water. 4
    PROCESSING FACTORS
     Types of evaporators are selected based on the physical
    and chemical properties of the solution being
    concentrated and the vapor removed
    Properties affecting processing methods :
    1. Concentration in liquid
    2. Solubility
    3. Temperature sensitivity of materials
    4. Foaming or frothing
    5. Pressure and temperature
    6. Scale deposition and materials of construction 5
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Concentration in the liquid


     liquid feed is relatively dilute
     low viscosity, high heat transfer
    coefficient
     solution may become very viscous
    due to evaporation
     heat transfer coefficient drops
     adequate circulation and/or
    turbulence must be present to keep the
    coefficient moderate. 6
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Solubility
     Heat is provided, Evaporation
    takes place
     concentration of solute increases
     exceed solubility limit of material
     form crystals thereby limit max
    concentration in solution

    7
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Temperature sensitivity of materials


    Temperature-sensitive materials degrade at higher
    temperature or prolonged heating
    food & biological materials e.g. milk, vegetable
    extracts
    pharmaceutical products
    fine organic chemicals
    Degradation is a function of temperature & time
    8
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Foaming or frothing
    Some solutions form a foam or froth during
    boiling
    food solutions - skim milk
    fatty acid solutions

    foam + vapor = entrainment losses occur


    9
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Pressure & Temperature


     High operating pressure cause rise in boiling point
     Heat sensitive materials are required to keep at low
    temperature
     Recommended operating pressure under 1 atm
    (vacuum) to keep temperature low in heat-sensitive
    material

    10
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Scale deposition
     Some solution deposit solid materials (scale)
    on heating surfaces.
    Possible cause:
    products decomposition
    decrease in solubility
    Consequences: overall heat transfer coefficient
    decreases, corroded evaporator
     Materials for evaporator should be chosen to
    minimize corrosion 11
    PROCESSING FACTORS

    Material of Construction
    evaporators are made of steel (carbon steel)
    many solutions attack ferrous metal and/or
    contaminated by them
    = use special material (nickel, stainless steel,
    aluminium), however it’s expensive
     minimize corrosion
     avoid contamination

    12
    QUESTION?

    13
    TYPES OF EVAPORATION EQUIPMENT
    • The evaporation equipment are classified based
    on
    – Configuration of heat-transfer surface
    – Types of agitation or circulation system of the
    liquid
    • General types include
    – Open pan
    – Horizontal tube
    – Vertical tube type
    – Long tube vertical
    – Forced circulation 14
    OPEN PAN TYPE

     most elementary form


     open pan
     liquid is boiled
     heat supplied through
     direct fire or a steam jacket or through coils
     scrapers or paddles provide agitation
     simple and low in capital cost
     expensive in their running cost as heat economy is
    poor
    15
    HORIZONTAL-TUBE EVAPORATORS
     Development of open pan
     pan closed in vertical cylinder
     heating tubes arranged in horizontal bundle,
    immersed in liquid at bottom of cylinder Baffle

     Steam enters to the tube and condenses


    and leaves out as condensate
     Baffle used as de-entrainment device
     Operates in continuous mode

     Applicable for non-viscous and non-


    scale forming liquids
     Liquids circulation is poor, not suitable
    for viscous liquids 16
    VERTICAL-TUBE EVAPORATORS
     Tubes are arranged vertically
     liquid inside tubes, steam condenses
    outside
    liquid rises in the tube by natural circulation,
    flows downward through central downcomer Downcomer
    space
    Natural circulation caused by boiling and
    decrease in density
    increases heat transfer coefficient
     short-tube evaporators
     Application: sugar, salt, caustic soda industries
     Not applicable for viscous liquids
    17
    LONG-TUBE EVAPORATORS
     3-10 m long vertical tubes are arranged to
    provide high liquid velocities
     Formation of vapor bubbles inside the tubes cause
    pumping action and give high liquid velocity
     Liquid flows inside the tubes and steam condenses
    outside
     One way liquid circulation through the tube
    providing low contact time
     For evaporation rates >> feed rate, large pipe
    connection is added between concentrate outlet
    and feed
     Widely used for producing condensed milk
    18
    FORCED CIRCULATION TYPE

     Forced circulation of feed


    is performed by a pump.
     Heat transfer co-efficient
    increases for forced
    circulation
     Vertical tubes are usually
    shorter than long-tube
    type
     Useful for viscous liquids
    19
    REFERENCES
    Books :
    1. Geankoplis C. J., Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles,
    4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.

    20
    QUESTION?

    21

    You might also like