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BEE2123 TUT4 - Bridge Answer

The document provides examples of calculating unknown resistances and capacitances in AC bridge circuits. In example 1, an unknown resistance Rx of 990 ohms is calculated from current and voltage measurements. In example 2, the minimum and maximum values of resistor R4 in a Wheatstone bridge are determined to be 100 ohms and 500 ohms respectively based on the values of the other resistors. In example 6, the unknown component in the fourth branch of an AC bridge balanced at 1000 Hz is calculated to be a capacitor C4 of 0.833 microfarads or an inductor L4 of 28.971 millihenrys.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
537 views9 pages

BEE2123 TUT4 - Bridge Answer

The document provides examples of calculating unknown resistances and capacitances in AC bridge circuits. In example 1, an unknown resistance Rx of 990 ohms is calculated from current and voltage measurements. In example 2, the minimum and maximum values of resistor R4 in a Wheatstone bridge are determined to be 100 ohms and 500 ohms respectively based on the values of the other resistors. In example 6, the unknown component in the fourth branch of an AC bridge balanced at 1000 Hz is calculated to be a capacitor C4 of 0.833 microfarads or an inductor L4 of 28.971 millihenrys.

Uploaded by

WatashiNo
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BEE2123 Tutorial 4_DC and AC Bridges

1. An ammeter is connected in series with an unknown resistance Rx and a dc supply. A


voltmeter is connected directly across the supply. The ammeter resistance is 10 Ω and the
voltmeter sensitivity is 10 kΩ /V. Determine Rx if the ammeter indicates 0.5 A and the voltmeter
reading is 500 V.

Ans: RX = 990 Ω .

Rx RA = 10 Ω
A I = 0.5 A

V S=10 kΩ /V
V = 500 V

V = I R = I ( Rx + RA )

500 = 0.5 ( Rx + RA )

Rx = 500/0.5 - 10 Ω

= 990Ω

2. A Wheatstone Bridge as in figure below has R1 = 1 kΩ , R2 = 100 Ω and R3 is adjustable from


1 kΩ to 5 kΩ . Calculate the maximum and minimum values of R4.

Ans: R4 min = 100 Ω and R4 max = 500 Ω .


B
1 kΩ 100 Ω

3V A C

1 kΩ - 5 kΩ
D

R1R4 = R2R3
When R3 = 1000Ω ,

R2R3 100 x 1000


R4 = ---------- = ---------------
R1 1000
= 100Ω

When R3 = 5000Ω ,

R2R3 100 x 5000


R4 = ---------- = ---------------
R1 1000

= 500Ω

Therefore the minimum value of R4 is 100Ω and its maximum value is 500Ω

3. For a Wheatstone Bridge as in Problem 2, R1 = 1000 Ω , R2 = 4000 Ω , R3 = 100 Ω and R4 =


400 Ω when the bridge is balanced. Internal resistance of the galvanometer is 100 Ω with its
measuring sensitivity is 100 mm/µA. Determine the deflection (mm) of the galvanometer caused
by an additional of 1 Ω in resistor R4. (Hint: Use Thevenin’s theory due to imbalance in R4)

Ans: Deflection (mm) of the galvanometer = 111.60 mm.


Current sensitivity of the galvanometer is 100mm/µ A
When the resistor at CD arm is 400Ω , the bridge is balance and the galvanometer does not deflect.
When the resistor at CD arm increases by 1Ω , the circuit is unbalance and the galvanometer
deflects. Voltage and resistance across AC are

B
1 kΩ 4 kΩ

3V A VAC C

100 Ω 400 Ω
D

Thevenin open voltage across AC

VAC = V th = VBA – VBC

= I1R1 – I2R2

Applying voltage divider,

1000 4000
= 3 ( ------------------) – 3( ------------------ )
1000 + 100 4000 + 401

= 3 (0.9090909 – 0.9088843)

= 3 x 0.0002066
= 0.0006198

= 0.6198 mV

Thevenin equivalent resistance when the source is shorted,

1000Ω 100Ω

B D

4000Ω 401Ω

Rth = 1000//100 + 4000//401

1000x100 4000x401
= ------------- + ----------------
1100 4401

1000 1604000
= ------- + ----------
11 4401

= 90.909Ω + 364.463Ω

= 455.372Ω

Rth=455.372 Ω

Vth=0.6198 mV G Rg=100 Ω

Current through the galvanometer,


I = Vth/ ( Rth + Rg)

0.6198 mV
= --------------------------
455.372 Ω + 100 Ω
= 1.1160 µ A

Therefore the deflection of the galvanometer is 1.1160 µ A x 100mm/µ A = 111.60 mm


4. Derive equations for Cx and Rx referring to the figure below.

Ans: RX = R2R3/R1 and CX = R1C3/R2


B

R1 R2

A C
C3 Cx

R3 Rx
D

Z1Zx = Z2Z3

Z1 Z2
----- = -----
Yx Y3

Z1Y3 = Z2Yx

Z1 = R1,
Z2 = R2,
Y3= (1/R3) +(1/(- j/ω C3 )) = (1/R3) – (ω C3/j) = (1/R3) – (ω C3/j) (-j/-j) = (1/R3) + jω C3
Yx = ( 1/Rx) + jω Cx

R1 ((1/R3) + jω C3 ) = R2 (( 1/Rx) + jω Cx)


(R1/R3) + jω R1C3 = (R2 /Rx) + jω R2Cx

Comparing the real and imaginary parts


Real part:
R1/R3 = R2 /Rx

R2 R3
Rx = -------
R1
Imaginary part:
R1C3 = R2Cx
R1C3
Cx = --------
R2

5. An AC Bridge consists of: R1 = 2000 Ω in parallel with C1 = 0.047 µF; R2 = 1000 Ω in series
with C2 = 0.47 µF; C3 = 0.5 µF; and Zx is an unknown component. Determine the value for the
unknown component if the oscillator frequency is 1 kHz.

Ans: Rx = 40.1Ω and Cx = 0.833µ F

C1 R2
R1 C2

C3 Zx

Z1Zx = Z2Z3

Z2Z3
Zx = -------
Z1
Zx = Z2Z3Y1

Y1 = (1/R1) + jω C1
Z2 = R2 – j/ω C2
Z3= - j/ω C3
Zx = (R2 – j/ω C2) (- j/ω C3) ( 1/R1 + jω C1)

R2 C1 1 j
= [---- + ---- + j ( ω R2C1 - -------- ) ] (- ---- )
R1 C2 ω R1C2 ω C3

R2C1 1 j R2 C1
= [ ------- - ------------ ] - -----( ----- + -----)
C3 ω 2R1C2C3 ω C3 R1 C2

If R1 = 2000Ω , C1 =0.047µ F, R2 =1000Ω , C2 =0.47µ F, C3 = 0.5µ F and the frequency of


the oscillator = 1000Hz,

Then,

1000Ω x0.047µ F 1 j 1000 0.047µ F


Zx = [-------------------- - -----------------------------------------] - ------------------- ( --------- + -----------)
0.5µ F (2π 1000)2x2000Ω x0.5µ Fx0.47µ F 2π x1000x0.5µ F 2000
0.47µ F

Zx = [ 94 – 53.89] – j318.31[0.5 + 0.1]

Zx = 40.1 – j191

∴ Zx = Rx – jXc
Where Rx = 40.1Ω , Xc =191
Cx = 1/(2π x1000x191)
= 0.833µ F

6. An AC Bridge is balanced on 1000 Hz with these values: C1 = 0.2 µF; R2 = 500 Ω ; R3 = 300
Ω in parallel with C3 = 0.1 µF; and an unknown component in the fourth branch. Determine the
value of capacitor, C4 or inductor, L4 which is in series with resistor R4 in the fourth branch.

Ans: Rx = 34.312 Ω and Lx = 28.971 mH

C1 R2

R3 Zx
C3

Z1Zx = Z2Z3

Z2Z3
Zx = -------
Z1

Z2
Zx = -------
Y3 Z1

Y3 Z1Zx = Z2

Z1 = - j/ω C1
Z2 = R2
Y 3= (1/R3) + jω C3

-j 1
( ------ ) (----- + jω C3 ) Zx = R2
ω C1 R3

-j C3
( -------- + ---- ) Zx = R2
ω R3C1 C1

C3 j
---- + --------
R2 C1 ω R3C1
Zx = --------------------- x -----------------------
C3 j C3 j
------ - ------- ------ + -------
C1 ω R3C1 C1 ω R3C1

C3 j
R2 ( ---- + --------- )
C1 ω R3C1
Zx = ------------------------------------
C3 1
( ------)2 + ( ------- )2
C1 ω R3C1

C3 jR2 C3 jR2
( R2 ---- + --------- ) ( R2 ---- + --------- )
C1 ω R3C1 C1 ω R3C1
Zx = --------------------------------- = -----------------------------------
C3 1 ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12
( ----- )2 + ( ------- )2 (----------------------------)
C1 ω R3C1 ω 2R32C14

C3 ω 2R32C14 jR2 ω 2R32C14


Zx = ( R2 ---- x ------------------------- ) + ( --------- x -----------------------------)
C1 ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12 ω R3C1 ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12

ω 2R2R32C13 C3 ω R2 R3 C13
Zx = ( ------------------------- ) + j ( -----------------------------)
ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12 ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12

∴ Zx = Rx + jXL

where

ω 2R2R32C13 C3 ω R2 R3 C13
Rx = ( --------------------------) , XL = (---------------------------)
ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12 ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12

R2 R3 C13
Lx = --------------------------
ω 2R32C12 C32 + C12

If C1 = 0.2µ F, R2 =500Ω , R3=300Ω , C3=0.1 µ F and the oscillator frequency is 1000Hz.

(2π 1000)2x500x3002x (0.2x10-6)3x(0.1x10-6)


Rx = ---------------------------------------------------------------------
(2π 1000)2x3002x(0.2x10-6)2x(0.1x10-6)2 + (0.2x10-6)2

500x300x(0.2x10-6) 3
Lx = -------------------------------------------------------------------
(2π 1000)2x3002x(0.2x10-6)2x(0.1x10-6)2 + (0.2x10-6)2

Rx = 34.3115Ω

Lx = 28.9707mH

7. A Maxwell Bridge as in figure below is used to measure an unknown impedance:


(i) The components are: R1 = 3138 Ω , C1 = 20 µF, R2 = 50 Ω and R3 = 100 Ω .
Determine the unknown impedance in balanced condition.
(ii) Determine the Q factor of the coil if the frequency is 50 Hz.

Ans: i) Rx = 1.593 Ω and Lx = 0.1 H


ii) Q = 19.7

C1 R2
R1
Lx
R3 Rx

i) Z1Zx = Z2Z3
Zx= Z2Z3Y1

Y1 =1/R1 + jω C1
Z2 = R2
Z3 = R3
1
Zx= R2 R3 (---- + jω C1)
R1
R2R3
= ---------- + jω R2 R3 C1
R1

= Rx + jXL

= Rx + jω Lx

R2R3
Rx = ----------
R1

Lx = R2R3C1

If R1= 3138Ω , C1=20µ F, R2=50Ω , R3=100Ω .

Then Rx = 50Ω x 100Ω /3138Ω


= 1.593Ω

Lx = 50Ω x100Ω x20µ F


= 0.1 Henry

ii) Q Factor of the inductor = XL/R

= ω R1C1

= 2π f x 3138Ω x 20µ F

= 19.7

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