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AC Meter

The document describes different types of AC meters including their components and operating principles. It discusses AC meter movements, rectifying AC for measurement, and methods for measuring power in single and three-phase circuits. The key types of AC meters are those using rms-sensitive movements, rectifying the AC then using a dc meter, and computational or heating value definition methods. Rectification circuits including half-wave, full-wave, and half-bridge full-wave are explained. Power measurement methods such as using electrodynamometer wattmeters in single and three-phase systems are also summarized.

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116 views25 pages

AC Meter

The document describes different types of AC meters including their components and operating principles. It discusses AC meter movements, rectifying AC for measurement, and methods for measuring power in single and three-phase circuits. The key types of AC meters are those using rms-sensitive movements, rectifying the AC then using a dc meter, and computational or heating value definition methods. Rectification circuits including half-wave, full-wave, and half-bridge full-wave are explained. Power measurement methods such as using electrodynamometer wattmeters in single and three-phase systems are also summarized.

Uploaded by

WatashiNo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPS, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Meter

Figure 1: Sine wave


The instantaneous value of a sine wave is given by:
e = Em sin wt
Where
Em = maximum amplitude (volts, peak value)
w = radian frequency (radian per second)
t = time (seconds)

Peak-to-peak value, Epp @ Vpp = 2Em


T
Average value, E avg   e(t ) dt = total area under voltage curve
0

1 T Em
 
2
RMS value, E rms e(t ) dt =
T 0
2
AC meters can be divided into three major categories:

 Meters using meter movements sensitive to the rms of an ac signal


 Meters rectifying the ac and then using dc meter movements,
calibrated in rms
 Meters using either a computational method or the heating value
definition of rms

There are two types of ac meter movements:

 Electrodynamometer type
 Iron vane type
Electrodynamometer Movement
 Applied voltage at A and B will cause current to flow through the two
coils
 Interaction between the two magnetic fields will cause the coil to
rotate
 Force is proportional to the current and the magnetic field
 Also, the magnetic field is proportional to the current
 Hence, the force is proportional to the current squared (I2), and so
the angular position of the pointer
 Meter scale n be calibrated to indicate the true rms value
Iron Vane Meter Movement
 Employs the principle of repulsion between two iron vanes; one
fixed and the other moveable, placed inside a coil
 Current flowing in the coil will cause the iron vanes to be
magnetized with like poles – repulsion will occur
 Moveable vane will rotate against the force exerted by spring until
the two forces are in balance condition
 The repulsion will always in the same direction, regardless of the
direction of the current
 Can measure ac or dc
Rectifying AC for Measurement
Half-Wave Rectifier
 Diodes D1 and D2 will cause voltage drops
 D1 conducts in positive cycle while D2 conducts in negative cycle

Vp 2Vrms
Vave  
 

 When conducting, D2 causes a small voltage drop VF across D1


and the meter, thus preventing the flow of any reverse leakage
current through the meter via D1
Example

A PMMC instrument with FSD = 50 µA and Rm = 1700 Ω is used as


half-wave rectifier voltmeter. Diode D1 must have a minimum (peak)
forward current of 100 µA when the measured voltage is 20% of FSD.
The voltmeter is to indicate 50 Vrms at full scale. Calculate for Rs and
Rsh.

Ans: Rsh = 778 Ω, Rs = 139.5 kΩ


Full-Wave Rectifier
 D1 and D2 conducts in positive cycle while D3 and D4 conducts in negative
cycle

2V p 2 2Vrms
Vave  
 
Example

A PMMC instrument with FSD = 100 µA and Rm = 1 kΩ is t be employed as an


ac voltmeter with FSD = 100 Vrms, with the use of full-wave rectifier. Calculate
for Rs.

Ans: 890.7 kΩ
Half-Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
Voltmeter
 Half-bridge name is applied because two diodes and two resistors
are applied instead of four diodes in a full-wave bridge rectifier
 During positive cycle,
 D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased

 Current flows from terminal 1 through D1 and the meter, and then

through R2 to terminal 2
 But R1 is in parallel with the meter and R2, which are connected

in series  much current passes through R1, only part of it flows


through the meter and R2
 During negative cycle,
 D2 is forward biased and D1 is reverse biased

 Current flows from terminal 2 through R1 and the meter, and then

through D2 to terminal 1
 But R2 is in parallel with the meter and R1, which are connected

in series  much current passes through R2, only part of it flows


through the meter and R1
Rectifier Ammeter
 The use of current transformer gives the ammeter a low terminal
resistance and low voltage drop
 The CT steps up input voltage to provide sufficient voltage to
operate the rectifiers; steps down primary current to a level suitable
for measurement by a PMMC meter
 Ip/Is = Np/Ns
 RL is used to take a portion of secondary current not required by the
meter
Example

A rectifier ammeter is to give FSD for a primary current of 250 mA. The
PMMC meter has FSD = 1 mA and Rm = 1700 Ω. The CT has Ns =
500 and Np = 4. The diodes each have VF = 0.7 V, and Rs = 20 kΩ.
Calculate the required value for RL.

Ans: 28.2 kΩ
Power Measurement
Power (P) = work/time = W/t
but W = QV and t = Q/I
hence, P = VI
where,
P = power in watt
W = work in joules
Q = charge in coulombs
t = time in seconds
V = potential in volts
I = current in amperes
also,
P = I2R = V2/R
The Three Types of AC Power
Total apparent power delivered PA = VI = S
Reactive power delivered PR = VI sin θ = Q
True average power dissipated PT = VI cos θ = P
where,
θ is the power factor angle

The three powers are related by: PA = √[PT2 + PR2]


where,
PR = PRL – PRC
PRL = inductive reactive power
PRC = capacitive reactive power
Electrodynamometer Wattmeter
 Employs a current circuit and a potential circuit
 Current circuit – connected in series with the line
 Potential circuit – placed cross the line
 Can be used to measure power in dc as well in ac
Power Measurement in 3-Phase Circuits
1. Three-Wattmeter Method
 The three wattmeter readings add up to give the total power
supplied
 The potential coils are measuring VØ
 The current coils are measuring IØ
 Total power is given by:
PT = 3 VØ IØ cos θ
2. Two-Wattmeter Method

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