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This document contains 35 problems related to functional analysis concepts like norms, open and closed sets, continuity of linear operators between normed linear spaces, completeness, separability, and boundedness. The problems cover topics such as equivalence of norms, properties of distances from subsets, completeness characterizations, continuous images of separable spaces, differentiability conditions for Banach spaces, density of subspaces, and boundedness of compositions and families of linear operators.

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124 views3 pages

PBLM

This document contains 35 problems related to functional analysis concepts like norms, open and closed sets, continuity of linear operators between normed linear spaces, completeness, separability, and boundedness. The problems cover topics such as equivalence of norms, properties of distances from subsets, completeness characterizations, continuous images of separable spaces, differentiability conditions for Banach spaces, density of subspaces, and boundedness of compositions and families of linear operators.

Uploaded by

RUPAM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Problem sheet

MA 543 (Functional Analysis)

1. Suppose k.k1 and k.k2 are equivalent norms on a vector space X, and S ⊂ X. Show
that S is open w.r.t. k.k1 iff S is open w.r.t. k.k2 .

2. Let X be a normed linear space, and U and V be subsets of X. Show that (i) if one
of U and V is an open set, then U + V is an open set, and (ii) if U is compact and V
is closed, then U + V is closed.

3. Let X be a normed linear space, X0 be a subspace of X. For x ∈ X, define d(x, X0 ) =


inf{kx − yk : y ∈ X0 }. Show that
(i) d(x, X0 ) = 0 if and only if x ∈ cl(X0 ).
(ii) If X0 is closed in X and x ∈ / X0 , then d(x, X0 ) > 0.
(iii) For x ∈ X and λ ∈ K, d(λx, X0 ) = |λ|d(x, X0 ).

4. Let (X, k · k) be a (non-zero) normed linear space. Prove that X is a Banach space if
and only if the set S = {x ∈ X : kxk = 1} is complete.

5. Show that continuous image of a separable metric space is separable. Use this result
to prove that the quotient space X/M is separable where (X, k · k) separable normed
linear space and M is a closed subspace of X.

6. Show that (C 0 [a, b], k.k), the space of all real valued continuously differentiable func-
tions defined on [a, b] with respect to the norm kxk = kxk∞ + kx0 k∞ is a Banach
space

7. Prove that c00 and the space of all polynomials in one variable with real coefficients
are not Banach spaces with respect to any norm.

8. Let X = C[a, b] with k.k1 and Y = C[a, b] with k.k∞ . Then show that the (identity)
map I : X → Y defined by Ix = x, x ∈ X, is not continuous.

9. Prove the following:


(i) c00 is a proper dense subspace of `p for 1 < p < ∞, and not dense in `∞ .
(ii)c00 is not closed subspace of `p for 1 < p < ∞.
(iii) c00 , k.kp is not closed in c00 , k.kq for 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞.
(iv) c00 is a proper dense subspace of c0 with respect to k.k∞ and not dense in c with
respect to k.k∞ .
(iv) (`p , k.kq ) is not closed in `q for 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞.
(v) P [a, b] is a proper dense subspace of C[a, b] with respect to k.kp for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.

10. Prove that a Banach space is finite dimensional if and only if every subspace of it is
closed.

11. Suppose X0 is a closed subspace of a normed linear space X and η : X → X/X0 is


the canonical mapping, i.e.,η(x) = x + X0 , x ∈ X. Show that η is a bounded linear
operator with kηk < 1.
12. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces. If X is infinite dimensional and Y 6= {0}, then
there is a discontinuous linear map from X to Y .

13. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces. Then T : X → Y is a bounded linear map and
Z(T ) is closed in X iff the map η : X/Z(T ) → Y defined by η(x + Z(T )) = T (x) is
continuous where Z(T ) is the null space of T .

14. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and T : X → Y be a linear map such that the
range of T is finite dimensional. Then T is continuous iff Z(T ) is closed in X.

15. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and T : X → Y is a bounded linear map. Then
T is is continuous iff for every cauchy sequence (xn ) in X, the sequence (T xn ) is cauchy
in Y .

16. Let E be a measurable set in R and t ∈ E. Let X = {x ∈ L2 (E) : tx ∈ L2 (E)}. Define


T : X → L2 (E) by T (x) = tx. If E = [a, b] then F is continuous but if E = R then F
is not continuous.
α
17. If T ∈ B(X, Y ), T 6= 0 and α ≥ 0, then inf{kxk : x ∈ X, kT xk = α} = kT k
.

Let X = c00 with norm k.kp , 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. for r > 0 define fr : X → K by fr (x) =


18. P
∞ xj 1
j=1 j r , x ∈ X Show that fr is continuous iff r > 1 − p . Find kfr k.

19. Let X = (c, k.k∞ ). Define T : X → K by T (x) = lim xn , x = (x1 , x2 · · · , ) ∈ X. Show


n→∞
that T is continuous and find kT k.

20. Let X = C[a, b] with sup norm.


Rb
(i) For y ∈ L1 [a, b], Define T : X → K by T x = a xy dx x ∈ X. Show that T is
continuous and find kT k.
Rb
(ii) let k(., .) ∈ C([a, b] × [a, b]). Define T : X → X by (T x)(t) = a k(s, t)x(s) ds.
Show that T is continuous and find kT k.

21. Let X be a normed linear space. If S, T ∈ B(X, X), then ST ∈ B(X, X) and kST k ≤
kSkkT k.

22. Consider the operator T : (`1 , k.k∞ ) → (c0 , k.k∞ ) defined by T (x1 , x2 , · · · ) = (x1 + x2 +
x3 + · · · , 21 (−x1 + x2 + x3 + · · · ), 31 (x1 − x2 + x3 + · · · ), · · · · · · ). Is T bounded?

23. If n > m ≥ 0, show that the space C n [a, b] with the norm induced by the norm C m [a, b]
is not closed.

24. Prove the following:


(i) The space (C[a, b], k.k1 ) is not closed.
(ii)For 1 ≤ p < q ≤ ∞, the space (Lq [a, b], k.kp ) is not closed in (Lp [a, b], k.kp ).

25. Let 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞ and X = c00 with norm k.kp . For n ∈ N, define fn (x) = nx(n), x ∈ X.
Then fn (x) → 0 for every x ∈ X but kfn k = n.
1
26. show that the subset E of `2 of points {xn } such that |xn | ≤ n
is bounded, closed,complete
and compact. Also find interior of E.

27. Let X and Y be normed linear spaces and (Tn ) be a sequence of linear operators from
X to Y . Prove that if there exists a x0 ∈ X such that (Tn x0 ) does not converge then
there exists a dense subset D of X such that (Tn x) does not converge for any x ∈ D.

28. Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space and A ⊂ B(X, Y ). Suppose that
the set {Ax0 : A ∈ A} is unbounded for some point x0 ∈ X. Prove that the subset of
X consisting of those points x ∈ X for which the set {Ax : A ∈ A} is bounded in Y is
of first category in X.

29. Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space and A ⊂ B(X, Y ). If A is not
uniformly bounded then there exist a dense subset D of X such that for every x ∈ D
the set {Ax : a ∈ A} is not bounded in Y .

30. (Banach-Steinhaus theorem) Let X be a Banach space, Y be a normed linear space


and Tn ∈ B(X, Y ) such that (Tn x) is cauchy in Y for every x ∈ X. Show that (kTn k)
is bounded.

31. Let X = (P [a, b], k.k∞ ). Using uniform boundedness principle show that X is not a
Banach space.

32. Let X, Y be a Banach spaces and (An ) ⊂ B(X, Y ). If (An x) is a cauchy sequence in
Y for every x ∈ X then prove that there exists a A ∈ B(X, Y ) such that An x → Ax
for every x ∈ X.
P∞
33. Let (αn ) be a sequence of P
scalars such that j=0 αj βj convergence for every (βj )
converging to 0. Show that ∞ j=1 |α j | < ∞.

34. Let X, Y be normed linear spaces. If Y is a Banach space then B(X, Y ) is a Banach
space.

35. Without using Uniform Boundedness Principle show that a family A ⊂ B(X, Y ) is
uniformly bounded if it is pointwise bounded where X, Y are normed linear spaces and
X is a finite dimensional space.

36. Let the operator L : `2 → `2 be defined by L(x1 , x2 , · · · ) = (x2 , x3 , · · · , ) x =


(x1 , x2 , · · · ) ∈ `2 . Let Tn = Ln . Then, find (i) lim kTn xk (ii) lim kTn k.
n→∞ n→∞

-:Paper Ends:-

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