Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems - Part Seventeen
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems - Part Seventeen
seventeen
In Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part Two ", I indicated the lightning
protection design process involves a number of design steps as in below Fig.
Also, In above Article, I indicated that the risk assessment study can be done by (4) different methods
as follows:
Methods Of Calculations
For Risk Assessment Articles
Study
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Two
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
First: Manual Method Part Three
(Equations And Tables Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Method) as per IEC Part Four
62305-2 Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Five
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Six
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Seven
First: Manual Method
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
(Equations And Tables
Part Eight
Method) as per NFPA 780
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Nine
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Ten
Second: Software Method
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
For Performing The Risk
Part Eleven
Assessment Study
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Twelve
Third: Excel Sheets
Method For Performing
Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
The Risk Assessment
Part thirteen
Study
Fourth: Online
Calculators Method Used Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
for Need for Lightning Part Fourteen
Protection calculations
Step#3: Selection Of External LPS Type and Material
Explained in Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems –
Part Fifteen "
In Article " Design Calculations of Lightning Protection Systems – Part Sixteen ", I explained the following
points:
Today, I will explain in detail the (3) Positioning Methods for Air Termination system which were:
The distance of the last step of a downward leader is termed the striking
distance and is determined by the amplitude of the lightning current. This striking
distance can be represented by a sphere with a radius equal to the striking distance (see
Fig.2). The striking distance r is given by:
0.65
r = 10 I
The larger the amount of charge carried by the lightning leader, the larger the
resulting lightning current, the greater will be the distance at which this happens.
The head of the downward leader approaches the objects on the ground,
unaffected by anything, until it reaches the final striking distance.
It is more difficult for an air-terminal to intercept a smaller lightning flash than a
larger flash, as the smaller flash must approach closer to the air-terminal before the
upward leader is launched.
To protect the structure against smaller lightning flashes, air-terminals must be
spaced closer together. For smaller lightning flashes there is a risk that an air terminal
may not be close enough to intercept the down leader, thus a closer structural point
releases an upward leader which intercepts the flash (i.e. the building is struck).
1.2 Relation between Lightning Protection Levels and Rolling Sphere Radius
Table#1
Also, The above Table#1 explains the relation between Lightning protection levels and
rolling sphere radius as in the following examples:
Example#1:
Suppose that a lightning protection system to provide LPL I such that 99% of all lightning
flashes are intercepted (all those of 3 kA or greater). There is only a 1% probability that
lightning may be smaller than the 3 kA minimum, and may not be close enough to an air-
terminal to be intercepted. It should be noted that flashes of less than 3 kA are rare, and
typically would not be expected to cause damage to the structure. Protection greater
than LPL I (99%) would require significantly more material, is not covered by the standard
and generally is not required for commercial construction.
Result:
The lower lightning protection levels (LPL II, III & IV) each increase the air-terminal
spacing, reducing their ability to capture smaller lightning flashes, thus reducing overall
the percentage of lightning events they can protect against.
Example#2:
Suppose that a lightning protection system to provide LPL IV, designed using the rolling
sphere method, would use air-terminals placed using a rolling sphere radius of 60 m.
These air-terminals would be positioned such that they would capture all lightning
flashes of 16 kA or greater, thus offering protection to at least 84% of the lightning (the
term “at least” is used to indicate that the percentage of lightning captured might be
greater, since smaller lightning flashes could be captured if they were closer to the air-
terminal).
Result:
To offer a greater lightning protection level (e.g. LPL I, II or III) a smaller rolling sphere
radius would be used. This would result in a reduced spacing between air-terminals
(more air-terminals), thus positioning the air-terminals to capture smaller lightning
flashes, and increasing the total percentage of lightning flashes captured.
The rolling sphere methods can be used for the following applications:
When rods are to be used as the air-termination for the protection of plane surfaces (see
Fig.3), the following formula can be used:
d = 2 √ (2rh – h2)
Where:
The following Table#2 shows some examples of rolling sphere protection distance
(distance between Air terminals) according to the Air terminals height and the Rolling
Sphere Radius according to lightning protection level LPL.
Table#2
When rods are to be used as the air-termination for protection of roof top
items/structures (see Fig.4) and The arrangement of the air-termination rods, over
which no cable is normally spanned, means that the sphere does not “roll on rails” but
“sits deeper” instead, thus increasing the penetration depth () of the sphere. In this
case the following formula of sphere penetration distance can be used:
p = r – √ (r2 –d2/4)
Where:
p = penetration distance (m)( part of the sphere below the horizontal lines between top
of air terminals)
r = radius of the rolling sphere (m)
d = Distance between two air-termination rods or two parallel air-termination
conductors (m)
Fig.4: Penetration distance of rolling sphere
The following Table#3 shows Rolling sphere penetration distance according to the
distance between Air rods and the Rolling Sphere Radius according to lightning protection
level LPL.
Table#3
Note:
The height of the air-termination rods h should always be greater than the value of the
penetration depth p determined to ensure that the rolling sphere does not touch the
structure to be protected.
Also, As with a free standing mast, catenary conductors can be used to keep the
rolling sphere away from the structure to be protected (see Fig.6). One or more catenary
conductors may be utilised to ensure that the sphere does not come into contact with
any part of the structure’s roof.
Fig.6: Rolling Sphere Method And Catenary Conductors
The two formulas in the case of rod air-terminations can be used also in case of
using mesh/catenary conductors. The distance/height of the mesh/catenary replaces the
rod distance/height. As in fig.4 Note that the distance for penetration or protection
distance is the diagonal of the grid (distance between points A & B).
Research shows that it is the upper 20% of the Tall structure that is most
vulnerable to side strikes and potential damage (see Fig.8).
Fig.8: Rolling Sphere Method And Tall Structures
For structures taller than 120 m, the standard recommends that all parts
above 120 m be protected. It is expected that due to the height and nature
of such a structure, it would require a design to LPL I or II (99% or 97%
protection level). For tall buildings, the actual risk of flashes to the side are
estimated by the industry to be less than 2%, and typically these would be
the smaller lightning flashes, e.g., from branches of the downward leader.
Therefore, this recommendation would only be appropriate for high risk
locations or structures.
Step#1: Scale The building / structure to be protected (e.g. on a scale of 1:100) (see
Fig.9) Depending on the location of the building under design, it is also necessary to
include the surrounding structures and objects with the same scale of the building, since
these could act as “natural protective measures” for the building under design.
Fig.9: Scaled Building and Scaled Rolling Sphere of LPL I
Step#2: calculate The radius of the sphere which must be equal to the striking distance
associated with the minimum current level for the chosen lightning protection level.
Step#3: Scale the radius r of the “rolling sphere” calculated from Step#2 with the same
scale of the building (see Fig.9). (For example, if the building with scale 1:100,
from Table#1 for a lightning protection levels I, the rolling sphere radius will be 20 cm
and for LPL II will be 30 cm and for LPL III will be 45 cm).
Step#4: Make a circular path around the building under design with distance apart equal
to the scaled rolling sphere radius (see Fig.10). This circular path will terminate on the
corner of the building.
Fig.10: Circular path around the building
Step#5: Roll an imaginary sphere over the surface of the structure in all directions (see
Fig.11).
Fig.11: imaginary sphere rolled over the surface
of the structure in all directions
Note: the rolling process of the imaginary sphere is controlled by the distance between
Air terminals as given in part#3 in this Article i.e. each roll is far from the previous one
by the allowable distance between air terminals calculated from part#3.
Step#6: Where the sphere touches the building, A lightning protection would be needed
by placing Air Terminal. Using the same logic, the areas where the sphere does not touch
the Building (see shaded area in Fig.11) would be deemed to be protected and would
not require protection.
Note: Generally a lightning protection system is designed such that the rolling sphere
only touches the lightning protection system and not the structure i.e. The air
termination system is placed such that the sphere only touches the air-terminations, and
not the structure.
In the next Article, I will explain other Positioning Methods for Air Termination system: The Protective
Angle Method (PAM) and The Mesh Method. Please, keep following.