` 4G=LTE release 10=LTE advanced=IMT advanced=1Gbps; 3.

9=LTE release 9=LTE

EUTRAN (evolved universal terrestrial RAN) + EPC (evolved packet core = EPS evolved
packet system.
uses MIMO to increase data rates and spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site).
Control plane latency should be <100ms; is transition time b/w ECM idle to ECM
connected.(ECM=EPS connection management)
One way user plane latency should not be > 5ms in an unloaded situation for small
IP packets.
----------------
LTE requirements
1. high data rate DL>100Mbps, UL>50Mbps, cell edge data rates >2-3 * HSPA Rel 6
2. Low delay/latency: user plane RTT<10ms (fewer nodes, shorter TTI-transmission
time interval=1ms)
channel setup <100ms idle to active (control plane latency); fewer nodes,
shorter msgs, quicker node response
3. High spectral efficiency; targetting 3 * HSPA Rel 6
4. Spectrum flexibility ; FDD/TDD; new/existing spectrum
5. Simplicity; less signalling, auto-configuration of eNodeB
6. Cost effective migration from 3G systems
7. Focus on services from packet switch domain.
----------------
eNodeB functions
1. Cell resource control; MME pooling by granting cell resources on request from
MME's.
2. Mobility control-for users in active state.
3. Control and user plane security- Ciphering of data terminates at eNodeB.
4. Shared channel handling: as it controls resources, it handles shared and random
access channels for signalling and initial access.
5. Segmentation/concatenation: RLC SDU's (service data units) from PDCP layer
consist of whole IP packets which may be > transport block size.
6. HARQ: for error detection with less delay and with efficient use of radio
resources; HARQ works with native error rate for moderate error rate requirements
like VOIP and with outer ARQ for lower error rates.
7. Scheduling: to support QOS for UP and CP.
8. Multiplexing and mapping: mapping of logical onto transport.
9. Physical layer functionality: scrambling, Tx diversity, beamforming, OFDM
modulation, special multiplexing (MIMO).
10: Measurements and reporting: used by RRM (radio resource management)
11: Automated operation and maintenance: ANR automated NBR relations and automated
integration of RBS.
----------------
Link adaptation: For diff. RF environments, modulation and coding rates vary.
detached-idle-connected.
TA (tracking area) is used for idle mobility.
When UE attaches to a n/w (idle), IP gets assigned by PGW; on power ON, UE is in
detached mode so no IP is assigned and it's location is unknown.
multipath propagation causes fast fading and ISI; as multiple signals from
different paths arrive at diff. times, the combined signal may have deep fades
causing high BER.
ISI can be reduced by equalizers, rake receivers, use of OFDM.
Scrambling: As all cells use same freq., to reduce inter cell interference at cell
edges, LTE use cell specific scrambling.
Modulation: QPSK,16QAM,64QAM, the scramled bits convrted to symbols here and
symbols have diff amplitude and phases per modulation. (BPSK is used for ACK/NAK in
DL PHICH).
----------------
OFDM
Benefits Disadv.
Freq. diversity sensitive to doppler and freq. errors
robust against ISI High PAPR so not good for UL
flexible BW Overhead
easy to implement
suitable for MIMO

delay spread < symbol time < coherence time

delay spread is radio channel time dispersion
coherence time is a measure of how slow radio channel changes
so if symbol time is > coherence time then radio channel will change during symbol
time causing inter carrier interference ICI.
OFDMA: each user uses diff. freq and time (in CDMA: all users use same time and
freq.)
----------------
Layers
Physical: Modulation, coding, antenna and resource mapping.
MAC media access control: MAC multiplexing, scheduling, HARQ
RLC radio link control: segmentation, ARQ
PDCP packet data convergence protocol: Header compression, ciphering.

For control signalling RRC (radio resource control) protocol is used to X't NAS
(non access stratum) info over air interface.
----------------
UE category: 1 to 5; max DL bit rate in Mbps = 10,50,100,150,300 resp. UL
5,10,50,50,75; max supporting layers 1,2,2,2,4 resp. & only cat. 5 can support
64QAM in UL.
TX power of UE is 23dbM, same as that of CDMA mobiles. and TX power of eNodeB is 43
to 48 dbM depends on the BTS model.
ENodeB RX sensitivity is -122dBm and UE RX sensitivity is -108dBm
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL � NOffs-DL), there is a table which has ARFCN to freq.
mapping
The Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRP) and Reference Signal Receive
Quality (RSRQ) help define the coverage area of the cell.
----------------
Channels

physical channels-transport-Logical-EUTRA radio bearers-EPS bearers

1.Logical channels-control and traffic:

Control:
BCCH broadcast CCH-DL
PCCH paging CCH-DL
CCCH common CCH-DL/UL, to access new cell/reslection for UE having no RRC
MCCH multicast CCH-DL, MBMS scheduling and control for one/several MTCH
DCCH dedicated CCH-DL/UL

Traffic:
DTCH dedicated TCH-DL/UL
MTCH multicast TCH-DL

2.Transport channels:
DL
BCH broadcast channel
DLSCH DL shared channel
PCH paging channel
MCH Multicast channel

UL
ULSCH UL shared channel
RACH random access channel
3.Physical channels:
DL
PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
PHICH physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel
PCFICH physical control format indicator channel
PDCCH physical downlink control channel
PBCH physical broadcast channel
PMCH physical multicast channel

UL
PUSCH physical uplink shared channel
PUCCH physical uplink control channel
PRACH physical random access channel

Physical signals:
RS-reference signal-for measurements and coherent demodulation in UL/DL
SRS-sounding reference signal-for UL scheduling measurements
P-SCH & S-SCH-primary/secondary synchronization channel-DL only-used in cell search
procedure.

SRS is over entire BW , while DMRS is only on scheduled SB .

SRS report the channel quality of overall bandwidth and using this information eNB
assign the resource (to UE for uplink transmission )has better channel quality
comparing to other bandwidth region.
Demodulation reference signal (DMRS) in uplink transmission is used for channel
estimation and for coherent demodulation which comes along with PUSCH and PUCCH. If
DMRS is bad or by some reason not decoded properly by base station , PUSCH or PUCCH
will be not decoded as well. Hence DMRS is not optional like SRS
----------------
1 frame=10ms=20 slots
1 subframe=1ms=2 slots=1 TTI=1 scheduling block (14 symbols * 12 subcarriers = 1ms
and 180 KHz = 168 RE)
1 slot=7 symbols=0.5ms (7 symbols * 12 subcarriers=84 reource elements=1 RB
resource block=0.5ms and 180KHz)
1 symbol=66.7 micro sec; 1 subcarrier =15KHz.

PBCH sent in subframe #0, slot 1, symbol 0-3 over 4 consequtive radio frames (40
ms)
SCH sent in subframe #0 and #5, slot 0 and 10, symbol 5-6 (4-5 in case of extended
CP)

subframe is physical channel property and TTI is transport channel property.

1 (or 2) transport blocks per TTI is sent to L1.

CP Cyclic Prefix is used to improve robustness in time dispersive channels

CP > delay spread but adding it,
config_CP length_symbols per slot
Normal_4.7 micro sec_7
Normal_16.7 micro sec_6
Extended_33.3 Micro sec_3
----------------
transport channel processing:
source coding(CRC)->channel coding(turbo coding 1/3)->interleaving (to reduce burst
errors)->rate matching + HARQ->scrambling (for Inter cell interference
randomization)
->Modulation->mapping to X'n layers (for multi layer X'n)->pre-coding (for multi
rank X'n)->resource block mapping
----------------
Downlink control signaling
� DL scheduling reqd for terminal to demodulate,decode DL-SCH; transport format, #
transport blocks, HARQ info, resource assignments
� UL scheduling grants (transport format and resource assignment for UL-SCH)
� ACK/NACK related to UL transmission
Transmitted in first n OFDM symbols, n=4
� Allows for micro sleep
DL scheduling assignment, UL scheduling grant
� Individual per MAC ID
� Convolutional coding, QPSK, transmitted over the full BW

The downlink L1/L2 control signaling consists of three different

physical channel types:
� PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel),informing the terminal about
the number of OFDM symbols (1, 2, 3 or 4) used for L1/l2 control signaling in the
current subframe. There is only one PCFICH in a cell.
� PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel), used to carry downlink scheduling
assignments and uplink scheduling grants.
In addition, it may also be used for power control of a group of terminals.
Typically, there are multiple PDCCHs in a cell.
� PHICH (Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel), used to transmit ACK/NAK in
response to reception of UL-SCH transmissions. Typically, there are multiple PHICH
in a cell.

PDCCH:
There will be multiple formats for the PDCCH where each format is defined by the
payload size and the code rate.

DCI=downlink control indicator which is carried by PDCCH

DCI format on PDCCH resource allocation type Use
DCI 0 Type 2 Uplink
DCI 1 Type 0 Tx diversity
DCI 1A Type 2 Independent of tx mode
DCI 2 Type 0 CL spatial multiplexing
DCI 2A Type 0 OL spatial multiplexing

power control commands

sent on DL scheduling assignments on DLSCH (PDCCH)
The power control message is directed to a group of terminals using a group
identity. Each terminal in the group has two bits reserved for power control
commands, i.e.,
even though the message is directed to a group of terminals the power control is
individual per terminal.

PHICH:
There is one PHICH present for each terminal expecting an acknowledgement in the
subframe.
Each PHICH carries one bit, which is repeated three times, modulated, spread
with a spreading factor of four and mapped to three groups of four resource
elements each. Multiple PHICHs
form a PHICH group and the PHICHs within a PHICH group are code-multiplexed using
different orthogonal spreading sequences and share the same set of resource
elements
Typically, the PHICH is transmitted in the first OFDM symbol only. However,
in some propagation environments, this would unnecessarily restrict the PHICH
coverage. To alleviate this, it is
possible to configure a PHICH duration of three OFDM symbols. In this case the
control region is three OFDM symbols long in all subframes.
The PHICH configuration is part of the system information (MIB on the BCH);
one bit indicates whether the duration is one or three
OFDM symbols and two bits indicate the amount of resources set aside for PHICHs
----------------
Power Control
can be used in data and control channels, as subcarriers r orthogonal, pwr control
is less critical than cdma/wcdma so slow pwr control is acceptable (<200Hz)
As a default solution, the data channel power is distributed uniformly over
the scheduled resource blocks (i.e. no power
control is used). More sophisticated strategies include e.g. (i) allocating
relatively high power, but few resource blocks to power
limited users and vice-versa for bandwidth-limited users, and (ii) allocating more
power to resource blocks with good channel quality.
Power control on the control channels may be used to improve coverage. For
common control channels, which have to reach the
cell border (e.g. PBCH and P/S-SCH), this can be done by borrowing power from user
plane resource blocks transmitted
simultaneously. In the extreme case the full eNB power is allocated to the PBCH and
P/S-SCH. For control channels targeting
individual UEs, e.g. the PDCCH, a simple approach is to use similar strategy.
Alternatively, dynamic power control based on the
addressed UEs channel quality can be used. This will enable more PDCCHs to be
multiplexed, and hence the ability to schedule more users in parallel.
No special measurements exist for downlink power control. It relies on CQIs and
handover measurements.

open loop-PRACH power ramping for initial access

open and closed-PUCCH and PUSCH

PRACH on random access-RA is used for UL syncronization.

RACH trigger:
Events that will trigger random access procedure.

Initial access from RRC_IDLE;

Initial access after radio link failure;
Handover requiring random access procedure;
DL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL is �nonsynchronised�;
UL data arrival during RRC_CONNECTED when UL is �nonsynchronised�
or there are no PUCCH resources for SR available available.
if UE's TA timer has expired, and UE needs to send or receive data, it
performs random access

The UE monitors the PDCCH for its specific RA-RNTI address which matches
the sub frame number in which the random access preamble burst was
transmitted. The random access response message includes the following
information:
1. Initial uplink schedule grant used for transmitting the subsequent data on the
uplink channel
2. Timing Alignment information required to ensure packet collisions do not occur
during subsequent data transmissions
3. Random access preamble sequence code identifying the preamble sequence code
which has been detected by the RBS
4. A Temporary Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity (C-RNTI)

initial preamble transmit power is set as follows:

PPRACH = min{PCMAX , PREAMBLE_RECEIVED_TARGET_POWER + PL} [dBm].
where PCMAX is the configured maximum UE transmitted power and PL is the downlink
pathloss estimate calculated in the UE. Based on the reference signal power
signaled in SIB2 and the measured RSRP.

CFRA-preamble codes are dedicated allocated to individual UE's for small time
duration, faster, not implemented in ericsson's current versions.
CBRA-UE picks preamble codes from list of codes available in cell, less more
signalling to resolve contention.
In handovers and in DL data transfers requiring UE sync, both CBRA or CFRA is used.
for system access, access after RLF and UL data transfers, only CBRA is used.

----------------
Paging: Paging is used for network-initiated connection setup. An efficient paging
procedure should allow the UE to sleep with no receiver
processing most of the time and to briefly wake up at predefined time intervals to
monitor paging information from the network.
In WCDMA, a separate physical-layer paging indicator channel, monitored at
predefined time instants, is used to signal the UE to receive the paging
information.
As the paging indicator is significantly shorter than the duration of the paging
information, this approach minimizes the time the UE is awake
For LTE, paging relies on the PDCCH, monitored at predefined time instants
according to a DRX cycle. No separate physical-layer paging indicator channel is
used as the potential power savings are very small due to the short duration of
PDCCH transmission, at most three OFDM symbols. If the
terminal detects its paging group identity on the PDCCH, it demodulates and decodes
the PDSCH and forwards the decoded data on the paging transport channel (PCH) to
the MAC layer. The
PCH transport block contains the exact identity of the terminal being paged. A
terminal not finding its identity on the detected PCH will discard the information
and sleep according to the DRX cycle
UE reads SIB2 to calculate when to wake to monitor the Paging channel.
One Paging Occasion (PO) is a subframe where there may be PRNTI transmitted on
PDCCH addressing the paging message. One
Paging Frame (PF) is one Radio Frame, which may contain one or multiple Paging
Occasion(s). When DRX is used the UE needs only to monitor one PO per DRX cycle..
----------------
System Information (SI)
has static part MIB(master info. block) and dynamic part SIB(system info. block)
broadcasted on whole cell area by BCCH, MIB is broadcasted via BCCH->BCH->PBCH;
SIB is broadcasted via BCCH->DL-SCH->PDSCH
MIB's X'n period is 40 ms, SIB is mapped on RRC SI messages; Period SI-1: 80 ms,
Period SI-2: 160 ms, Period SI-3: 320 ms.
The MIB contains e.g. number of antennas, system bandwidth, PHICH configuration,
system frame number, transmitted power and scheduling information on how the SIBs
are scheduled together with other data on DL-SCH.
It is X'tted in 1st 4 symbols of 2nd slot of 1st subframe.
----------------
MIMO
MISO-e.g. 2 TX antenna and 1 RX antenna-Beamforming-2 signals get multiplied phase
and amplitude wise to form a stronger beam-Increases SNR so the capacity.
it is also possible to achieve Transmit Diversity. This is done by
transmitting time-shifted copies of the signal and thus achieving diversity in the
time-domain. This method also increases the SNR by selecting least faded signal.
SIMO or MIMO: With multiple antennas at the receiver, it is possible to use receive
diversity. A combining method (typically MRC � Maximum Ratio Combining) is applied
to increase the SNR of the received signal.
MIMO: spacial multiplexing-Data rate multiplication-multiple antenna at both ends-
This method creates several layers, or �data pipes� in the radio interface.
The maximum number of layers that can be created depends on the radio channel
characteristics and the number of tx and rx antennas.
The maximum number of layers that the radio channel can support is equal to
the channel rank. The maximum number of layers that effectively can be used is
equal or less than
the minimum number of antenna elements at the tx or rx side or the channel
rank. The number of layers that actually is used for transmission is referred to as
the transmission rank

In the first release of LTE it is likely that the UE only has one tx antenna, even
if it uses two rx antennas. This leads to that so called
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) will be supported only in DL (and maximum 2x2
configuration).
SU-MIMO increases the data rate for a single user by creating several layers for
that user. In UL multi user MIMO can be applied.
This means that the base-station uses MU-MIMO to separate different UE
transmissions spatially. This leads to that several UEs can be scheduled in the
same resource block simultaneously
(same frequency, same time). This increases the capacity in the cell.
MEANS SU-MIMO for DL and MU-MIMO for UL.
Multiple layers means that the time- and frequency resources (Resource Blocks) can
be reused in the different layers up to
a number of times corresponding to the channel rank. This means that the same
resource allocation is made on all transmitted layers.

rdata = BW x log2(SNR+1)
(max data rate rdata is equal to the bandwith, BW, multiplied by the base-2
logarithm of the SNR plus 1).
On the other hand, at a low SNR, the max data rate increases almost linearly.
Therefore, it is not efficient aiming only to obtain a high SNR.
It is more efficient to try to create several �data pipes� with lower SNR (sharing
SNR), which will lead to a multiplication of the maximum achievable data rate with
up to the channel rank rmax.
When powers from 4 mobiles multiply, received SINR increases at eNodeB.
Given the minimum number of transmit or receive antennas, the transmission rank can
at maximum be equal to that minimum
number. For example, if four transmit antennas and two receive antennas are used,
then the transmission rank can one or two.
If the transmission rank is lower than the channel rank (i.e. there are more
antennas than layers), then the remaining antenna ports can
be used for beamforming at the same time as the spatial multiplexing. (kind of X'n
rank=# antenna, channel rank=# layers with sufficiently strong SINR)

The number of useful layers is here denoted r, and the maximum number of layers
rmax. (rmax = min of TX/RX antenna)
One symbol from each of NL layers linearly mapped to NA antenna
ports
UE reports recommended precoder matrix W (including channel rank)
Set of available precoder matrices = The precoder �code book�
Used precoder matrix signaled by network
Network does not need to follow UE recommendation
One layer �Closed-loop� TX diversity = �Beam forming�

Example: NL = 3, NA = 4; 3 layers and 4 antenna ports, then 3 symbols from each of

3 layers are gone thru precoder matrix to make 4 inputs to 4 antenna.
----------------
IDLE MODE ACTIVITIES

� Reading System Information.

� Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) selection and reselection.
� Cell selection and reselection.
� Tracking Area (TA) procedure.
� Paging procedure.

1.UE performs a PLMN selection when switched on or when a new PLMN is found during
lack of coverage. After PLMN selection, the UE may perform a background search for
alternative PLMNs with higher priority. If it is found,
a new PLMN selection is performed.
2. When a PLMN is selected, the UE in idle mode performs cell selection and
reselection according to defined S and
R criteria. The objective is to find a suitable cell for camping and it involves
ranking of eligible cells based on the
received signal strength and evaluated against the thresholds. Note that at this
stage, the UE is still not registered in the PLMN.
3. When a suitable cell is selected, the UE may register in the PLMN using attach
procedures.
4. When attached, the UE performs new registration of its location: periodically at
regular intervals or when entering into new tracking area where the current
registration is not valid anymore. Location registration is performed in the
Tracking Area Update procedure.
5. If the UE is rejected in the new location, a new PLMN selection is required to
find a suitable cell.

PLMN Selection:
The PLMN selection is the first step in the registration process that allows a UE
to carry out or receive services from an
operator. There are two different modes of PLMN selection: automatic and manual.
In Automatic Mode, the UE check if it is possible to camp on the last registered
PLMN. To speed up the PLMN selection
procedure, the UE uses information about the last registered PLMN such as carrier
frequency. The UE searches for the
cell with the strongest signal on that carrier, reads the PLMN identity in SIB1 on
that cell and tried to register. If that is not
successful, the UE scans all Radio Frequency (RF) channels in the E-UTRA bands and
the frequency bands of other
radio access technologies according to its capability to find available PLMNs. On
each carrier, the UE shall search for the
strongest cell and read its system information, in order to find out which PLMN(s)
the cell belongs to. The available PLMNs
are put in a list in priority order where home PLMN has the highest priority. As a
next step, the UE will select the highest
ranked PLMN. Once a PLMN is selected, the cell selection procedure shall be
performed in order to select a suitable cell
of that PLMN to camp on. When there is no available PLMN, the UE displays �no
service� state to the user.
The user may also choose manual mode to select a PLMN. In that case, the UE scans
all RF channels, searches for the
strongest cell signal on each carrier and display those PLMNs. Finally, the user
will select a PLMN manually from the list.

system acquisition and system access (Cell selection/reselection)

The UE performs cell selection in following cases: when it switches on, when
returns to idle mode from connected mode
and when it is in idle mode and tries to establish a RRC connection experiencing a
number of failed attempts.
In the cell selection process, the UE performs a scan of E-UTRA radio frequencies
according to its capability.
The UE may optimize the scanning based on prior knowledge about the available E-
UTRA carriers stored in the UE.

The process starts with DL synchronization and bandwidth selection.

power ON->cell search to synchronize UE in time and freq. to LTE DL signal.
PSS and SSS use in cell search; physical cell ID PCI= 3 * SSS + PSS ( # SSS are
168 i.e. 0 to 167 and PSS = 0,1,2)
PSS and SSS X't twice in a frame i.e. on subframe 0 and 5 so UE gets in sync on
every 5ms basis.
once MS finds the 5ms timing from PSS, it looks for SSS and with the help of PSS
and SSS, UE searches the cell.
After cell search procedure, UE decodes PBCH and read MIB which carries most
essential system info.
While MIB is carried by PBCH, SIB is caried by PDSCH, there are SIB type 1 to SIB
type 11.
The second step is SIB1 acquisition. With successful bandwidth selection, the
UE tries to decode the PCI information
to know the SIB resources and receive the SIB1 information. For cell selection, the
UE requires the PLMN ID of the
network, cell barring status and S criteria from SIB1 (also TA should not be
forbideen, cell should not be reserved for operator(AC 11 and 15 can access cell)
If any of these three conditions is not met, the UE restart the
cell selection procedure again with the new cell. If all of them are met, the UE
proceeds to decode SIB2 message
on the PDSCH and initiate a random access procedure to register with the network.
When the UE finds a suitable
cell to camp on, it enters the camped normally state and it is able to receive
normal service from the network.

� SIB1 � How other SIBs are scheduled and Cell access parameters and the
periodicity is 8 Radio Frames (80ms).
� SIB2 � Access Information (Common and shared control channel information).
Periodicity is 160ms.
� SIB3 � Cell Reselection parameters mainly for the Serving cell. (Idle only)
Periodicity is 320ms.
� SIB4 � LTE Intra-frequency neighbors. (Idle only) Periodicity is 320ms.
� SIB5 � LTE Inter-frequency cell reselection information.(Idle only) Periodicity
is 640ms.
� SIB6 � UTRAN Cell reselection information. (IRAT to UTRAN Idle only) Periodicity
is 640ms
� SIB7 � GERAN Cell reselection information. (IRAT to GSM Idle only) Periodicity is
640ms.
---
FLOWCHART:
DL synchronization and B/W selection (to get PCI and freq)
|
SIB1 acquisition (to get PLMN ID of selected PCI and cell barring status)
|
PLMN matches? yes then cell barred? No then S criteria met? Yes then SIB2
acquisition for intial access procesure; if NO for any of the conditions, then it
selects another cell.
---
The cell reselection procedure is performed by the UE to make sure it always
camps on the best cell regardless of the frequency and technology.
There are several different cell reselection procedures: LTE intra-frequency, LTE
interfrequency and LTE IRAT Cell Reselection procedures.
Cell Reselection Priority Handling
Absolute priorities of different E-UTRAN frequencies or inter-RAT frequencies or
GERAN may be provided to the UE in
the system information, in the RRCConnectionRelease message, or by inheriting from
another RAT at inter-RAT cell
reselection. If priorities are provided in dedicated signaling, the UE shall ignore
all the priorities provided in system information.

The UE shall only perform cell reselection evaluation for E-UTRAN frequencies and
inter-RAT frequencies that are given
in system information and for which the UE has a priority provided. The table below
shows the priorities set for the cell
reselection defined by the parameter CellReselectionPriority [eNB, 1..7, , Local]:

CellReselectionPriority Range ( 0-7) Comment

3G FEMTO 6 the highest priority
LTE 700 5
LTE AWS 5
UMTS 850 3
UMTS 1900 2
GSM 1 the lowest priority

TRACKING AREA UPDATE

Tracking Area (TA) is the set of E-UTRA cells configured by the operator with the
same Tracking Area Code (TAC) in the system information.
When a UE registers itself in the network, the core network stores information
about the tracking area where the registration is performed in order to assist the
UE paging.
1. Periodic registration: A MME timer T3412 [3 hours] controls the periodic TA
update procedure and defines the time interval between
two consecutive periodic location area updates. The timer is sent in the TAU
accept message from the MME
2. Normal registration when UE moves to another TA OR UE switches from connected to
idle mode.
UE reads TA identity (TAI=PLMN + TAC) and if found different than stored in SIM,
it registers to a new TA.
3. Attached/detach: To avoid unnecessary paging attempts when UE is turned off.
----------------
UE category: 1 to 5; max DL bit rate in Mbps = 10,50,100,150,300 resp. UL
5,10,50,50,75; max supporting layers 1,2,2,2,4 resp. & only cat. 5 can support
64QAM in UL.
TX power of UE is 23dbM, same as that of CDMA mobiles. and TX power of eNodeB is 43
to 48 dbM depends on the BTS model.
ENodeB RX sensitivity is -122dBm and UE RX sensitivity is -108dBm
FDL = FDL_low + 0.1(NDL � NOffs-DL), there is a table which has ARFCN to freq.
mapping
The Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRP) and Reference Signal Receive
Quality (RSRQ) help define the coverage area of the cell.
----------------
Paging procedure
----------------
Radio connection supervision RCS
The algorithm collects radio problems and inactivity info to release resources when
necessary and use them in efficient way.
RCS parameters should be set such a way that UE experiences RLF radio link failure
in DL around the same time when ENB experiences RCF radio connection failure or
radio bearer failure RBF.
DL RCS: handeled by UE but some parameters for RLF are set by ENB, the RLF is
triggered after T310 (2sec) times out, meanwhile if UE sends RRC connection re-
establishment, T311 starts, it stops when re-establishment attempt is successful
else after T311 (3sec) times out UE goes to idle from connected mode.
so RRC connected->RLF detected->T310 started->timed out then RLF triggered->T311
started->timed out then UE goes to idle mode.
At RLF detection, UE may perform RRC connection re-establishment which is used by
ENB as an indicator to RLF.

N310: no of consecutive out of sync indicators

N311: no of consecutive in of sync indicators

UE estimates DL quality of RS and compare it with Qout(lowest reliable quality

needed (for 10% BER) ) and Qin (significantly higher reliable quality than Qout
(for 2%BER)
so when DL quality estimated for last Tevaluate_Qout_DRX (6.4sec) become worse than
Qout threshold , layer 1 of UE sends out of sync signal to higher layers.
If UE detects certain no. of out of sync indications defined by N310, timer T310
starts; once T310 starts UE monitors the link for recovery using the evaluaton
period.
If for Tevaluate_Qin_DRX period, UE detects no. of in sync indications set by N311
then RLF prevents. UE sends in sync indications when DL quality is better than Qin.

UL RCS: same as DL RCS.

After max no. of ARQ retransmissions set by dlmaxReTxthreshold, DL SRB or RB can

not be recovered and radio link control RLC function indicates RBF to RCS. RCS
requests UE release to LTE signalling and payload bearer handling functionality.
so RLC function mainly deals with error detection and correction thru ARQ.
Inactivity supervision function measures UL/DL inactiivty time per UE's DRB
and is done in RLC, if DRB has been inactive for a certain time in UL/DL, RLC
reports inactivity to RCS.
RCS algorithm monitors RDB's inactivity for time set by tInactivity timer, RCS
triggers UE release else it aborts inactivity supervision.
----------------
Power Control, Scheduling and Link Adaptation
These r essential functions in the enodeB to allocate an appropriate amount of
resources at every TTI (1 msec) with the right
transport format, modulation, coding and UL power. Those three algorithms interact
closely and exchange information with each other.
----------------
Scheduling:
DL and UL schedulers r located in ENB. Resources on PDSCH/PUSCH are assigned to
users & bearers based on traffic demands, QOS requirements and estimated chanel
quality.
At the beginning of each TTI, scheduler receive info of available RB's and
avaialble DL power in the cell, PDCCH capacity and # OFDM symbols for user data. It
also receives buffer status report BSR from UE which tells that how much of data UE
would send in UL.

In DL, scheduler does prioritizations of users & bearers of users. Resources

handled by DL scheduler are PRB, PDCCH, TX rank and DL power.
In UL, scheduler does prioritizations of users and UE does prioritizations of it's
bearers based on QOS framework. Resources handled by scheduler are PRB, PUCCH.
In Ericsson L11B SW,The UE priority increases with the time elapsed since the last
assignment / grant. This is a simple and robust form of scheduling that works well
for most services.
The scheduler controls all radio interface resources except the following physical
signal and channel transmissions: Reference Signal (SR), Sounding Reference Signal
(SRS), Synchronization Channel (SCH),
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH), Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH),
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH),
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH).

Common channels like BCCH, CCCH, PCCH in DL and RACH in UL have higher priority >
HARQ X'ns of DCCH > initial X'ns of DCCH > HARQ for DTCH > initial X'ns of DTCH.

DL scheduling:
The enodeB can configure the UE to transmit CQI report periodically through RRC
message. In addition to the periodic reporting, a-periodic reporting is used.
A CQI report can also be requested from the enodeB either using a poll bit in the
grant or to use specific Transport Format (TF) for indicates �only� CQI.
The CQI can be sent in UL either on PUCCH or PUSCH depending whether there is UL
data to transmit. The CQI reports will be transmitted on the PUCCH if there is no
UL data to transmit.
In that case, the number of CQI users per cell on PUCCH is configurable with the
parameter noOfPucchCqiUsers [eNB, 160, , Global].
If there is UL data to transmit, CQI reports will be transmitted on the PUSCH time
multiplex with the data transport blocks.
There are 0-15 CQIs which has diff. modulation, coding rates and efficiency.

UE scheduling:
When there is a data in X't buffer, UE sends scheduling request SR to ENB via RACH
(RA-SR) or via dedicated resources in PUCCH depending on UL time synchronization.
In RA-response, eNB tell UE about when and which dedicated resources to be used of
PUCCH. If sync loses, PUCCH resources releases or max. no. of D-SR X'tted then UE
again sends RA-SR after 4 TTI.
From SR, ENB gets knowledge of type of data and priority of UE but to get more
details, a grant on PDCCH is issued by the scheduler.
scheduler in enodeB assigns initial resources without detailed knowledge of buffer
content.
Additional details r sent by UE thru BSR or PHR (power headroom report) together
with UL data and UE selects time/freq resources (PRB and PUCCH) in co-ordination
with link adaptation and power control.UE also considers channel quality info to
assign resources in UL.

# scheduling request users per cell on PUCCH is configurable with an operator

controlled parameter nooFPucchSrUsers [eNB, 160, , Global]
When the Inter Cell Interference Coordination ( ICIC - autonomous resource
allocation) feature is active in uplink (the parameter
ulInterferenceManagementActive [eNB, true, , Global]) ,
a random selection is made as to the allocation shall start at the lower or the
upper part of the spectrum.
It is possible to configure a proportion of the UL bandwidth to be used by the UL
scheduler using the parameter ulfrequencyAllocationProportion [eNB, 100, %,
Global].
----------------
POWER CONTROL:
common channel PC: PBCH, PCFICH, RS, SS
DL PC: PDSCH, PDCCH, PHICH
UL PC: Open loop PC: i. Regulating power for PRACH at initial access;
� ii.Regulating power for PUSCH and PUCCH as part of UL power
control.

open loop PC for random access: The random access process allows UEs to
simultaneously obtain access to a cell by using different random access preamble
sequence codes.
The codes are transmitted by the UE on the UL in specific Physical Random Access
Channel (PRACH) subframes.
Several UEs can be separated and recognized by the enodeB even they transmit in the
same subframe on the uplink if they utilize the different codes.
2 forms: Contention Free Random Access (CFRA) and Contention Based Random Access
(CBRA).
CBRA is initiated by UE to access ENB. UE selects random access sequence code from
the list of available codes. Additional signalling is required to resolve
contention if same code is selected by multiple UE's.
The CFRA process is initiated by the network and uses a dedicated random access
preamble code allocated to the UE for a limited period. It is used when the UE is
known to the network.

Random access process requires to 1. Initial network access 2.access after Radio
link failure 3. HO 4. DL/UL data transfer requiring UE synchronization.
The CBRA process can be used for all random access applications, however it is
preferable to use CFRA process for handover and synchronization as it allows for
faster access times.
To ensure newly accessed UE does not cause interference, open loop PC for random
access is uded. It involves 3 simple steps.
1.The UE measures Reference Signal (RS). 2. Transmits at calculated power.
3. The power is ramped up until a response is heard or maximum number of re-
attempts is reached.

LINK ADAPTATION:
It uses link quality measurements to adapt Modulation Coding scheme MCS. LA is used
in new X'n and HARQ reX'n but not used in UL random access msg 3 (RRC connection
request" msg)
UL link adaptation makes selection of modulation and channel coding on UL and it is
controlled by network. ENB measures UL SINR based on UL demodulation reference
signal and orders UE to use specific M and CS.
UE power headroom, scheduled bandwidth, buffer content and acceptable delay are
also considered.
In DL, Gain to interference and noise ratio GINR is used for channel prediction
which varies due to fading and interference.
SINR rs = GINR + PSD rs
SINR pdsch = GINR + PSD pdsch where PSD power spectral density can be added
logarighmically.

UE estimates SINR based on DL pSD of RS and PSD offset between RS and PDSCH. This
SINR is converted into CQI and reported to ENB in CFR. CQI is used by LA to select
transport format matching channel conditions.
B4 the 1st CQI msg is received, worst case LA is used; this is where it assumes
that UE is at cell edge. unlike for PDSCH, LA for DL common channels uses fixed
code rate
to ensure these X'ns reach at cell edge. following common channels use QPSK mod.
PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH; BPSK is used by PHICH.
For downlink channels without retransmission, the quality requirement enforced is
Block Error Rate (BLER). For downlink channels with retransmission, the quality
requirement is HARQ Operating Point (HARQ OPP).
The HARQ OPP is defined by the targeted number of retransmissions and the BLER
after the targeted number of retransmission. The MSCs used in downlink are: QPSK,
16 QAM and 64 QAM.
PDSCH Link Adaptation
The quality requirement for PDSCH is HARQ OPP. The transport format parameters are
MCS and TBS (Transport Block Size). The MCS is signaled to the UE in the scheduling
assignment.
The MCS together with the resource assignment will determine the TBS and coding
rate. There are 29 possible MCS values for new transmissions.
----------------
RE per RB

Consider 1 RB.

Hence number of resource elements : 14*12 = 168 REs

Now considering the Cell specific reference signal, number of REs for 2 antennae
will be 16

Now come to PDCCH occupied REs. For 3 symbols it will be (8 for symbol 0 + 12 each
for symbols 1 and 2) = 32

So the number of REs available for data per PRB will 168 -(16+32) = 120.

----------------
DT
RSRP, CINR, throughput, UE TX power, MCS, # RB, BLER measurements are taken.