COMPLEX VARIABLES

Introduction
Complex numbers
Consider the equations

x 2 1 0
x 2  3 0
x 2 10 x  40  0

There is no real number x which satisfies these equations. To get solutions of

these equations the set of complex numbers was introduced.
Definition:- A complex number z is of the form z = x+iy where x and y are real
numbers and i = 1 . Here x is called the real part and y is called imaginary part
of the complex number z . These are denoted by x = Re z and y = Im z.
Equality:- To complex numbers Z1 = x1+i y1 and Z2 = x2+iy2 are said to be equal if
x1=x2, y1=y2
Addition:- Let Z1  x1  iy1 , Z2  x2  iy2 then Z1  Z2  (x1  x2 )  i( y1  y2 )

Multiplication:- Let Z1  x1  iy1 , Z2  x2  iy2 then Z1Z2  (x1 x2  y1 y2 )  i( x1 y2  x2 y1 )

Complex plane:- We can represent z  x  iy in the XY-plane. X-axis is called the

real axis and the y-axis is called the imaginary axis. We can plot z = (x,y) as the
point P with co- ordinates x, y. The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are
represented is called the complex plane or Argand diagram.
Division:-
z1 xx yy x y x y
Let Z  where Z1  x1  iy1 , Z2  x2  iy2 , then Z= 1 22 12 2  i 2 21 12 2
z2 x2  y2 x2  y2

Complex conjugate:- Let z  x  iy then z  x  iy is called the complex conjugate

of z.
Polar form of complex numbers:- z  x  iy = rei then
y
r  | z |  x 2  y 2 ,   tan 1
Where r is called the Modulus of z denoted by | z |
x
and  is called the Argument of z denoted by arg Z.
The XY-plane in which the complex numbers are represented is called the complex
plane or Argand diagram.
Curves and Regions in the complex plane:-

Equation of a circle C with center at z = a and radius r is given by c : | z  a |  r.

| z  a | r denotes the interior of the circle (open circular disk or neighborhood of
the point a of radius r) and | z  a | r denotes the exterior of the circle.
The region between two concentric circles of radii r1 and r2 ,(r2  r1 ) is represented
by r1  | z  a |  r2 . Such a region is called open annulus. A closed annulus is of the
form r1  | z  a |  r2 . | Z | 1 is called unit circle. The upper half plane we mean the
set of points z  x  iy such that y > 0. Similarly y < 0 defines the lower half plane,
x > 0 defines the right half plane and x < 0 defines the left half plane.
Set:- A set of points in the complex plane we mean a collection of finitely or
infinitely many points.
Open set:- A set S is said to be open if every point of S has a neighborhood
consisting only of points of S.
Ex: Open circular disk
Closed set:- A set S is called closed if its complement is open.
Ex: Closed circular disk
Bounded set:- A set is called bounded if all of its points lie within a circle of
sufficiently large radius.
For example, the points inside a rectangle form a bounded set. The points on a
straight line do not form a bounded set.
Connected set:- An open set S is said to be connected if any two of its points can
be joined by a polygonal line of finitely many line segments , all of whose points
belong to S.
Domain:- An open connected set is called a domain.
 COMPLEX FUNCTION
Definition:- Let S be a set of complex numbers. If to each complex number z in S
there corresponds a unique complex number w according to some rule then w is
called a complex function of z and we write w  f ( z ) . Z is called a complex
variable. If w  f ( z)  u  iv then u  Re w, v  Im w. The set D is called the domain of
f and set of all w  f ( z ) where z  D is called the range of f.
Limit of a function
A function f ( z ) is said to have the limit l as z approaches z0 and if for every
positive real number  however small it may be, we can find a   0 such that
| f ( z )  l |  for all z  z0 where | z  z0 |  . This is written as lim f ( z )  l.
0zz

Remark:-
(1) Here z may approach z0 from any direction in the complex plane
(2) We say limit exists if it is unique and finite.

Continuity:- A function f(z) is said to be continuous at z = z0 if zlim f ( z )  f ( z0 ).

z 0

Example:-Consider the function f(z) given below

z2 , z  i
F ( z)  
 0, z i
lim f ( z )  i 2  1
z i

f (i )  0
lim f ( z )  f (i )
z i

Therefore it is not continuous function.

Differentiability:- A function f(z)is said to be differentiable at a point z = z0 if

f ( z  z )  f ( z0 )
lim
z 0
exists and is denoted by f '( z0 ) .
z
Example1:- Find the derivative of f ( z )  z 2
( z  z )2  z 2
f '( z )  lim  2z
z 0 z
Example2:- Let f ( z )  z

f ( z  z)  f ( z) z  z  z

z z
( x  x)  i ( y  y )  ( x  iy ) x i y
 
xi y xi y
x i y
lim 1
x 0 x  i y

x i y
lim  1
y 0 x  i y

Therefore f ( z )  z is not differentiable.

Neighborhood:- A neighborhood of a point z0 in the complex plane is the set of all

points z such that | z  z0 |  , where  is a small positive real number.

Geometrical meaning:- If z0  x0  y0 . Then | z  z0 | ( x  x0 )  ( y  y0 )

2 2

Therefore | z  z0 |   ( x  x0 )2  ( y  y0 )2   2 , which is a circle with centre (x0, yo)

and radius  . Geometrically a neighborhood of a point z is the set of all points
inside the circle having z0 as the centre and  as the radius.

Analytic Functions:
Definition: A function f (z) is said to be analytic in a region R if f (z) is defined
and differentiable at all points of R.
A function f (z) is said to be analytic at a point z  z0 in R if f (z) is
analytic in a neighborhood of z0 or f(z) has derivative exists at every point in a
neighborhood of z0 .

Examples: 1) 1, z, z 2 ,….. and more generally polynomials are all analytic in the
entire complex plane.
1
2) The function f (z) = is analytic everywhere in the complex plane
1 z

except at z=1.
2 2
3) z , z , z , z are not analytic anywhere in the complex plane.
Note: Analytic function is also called a regular function or holomorphic function.
Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for a function
f (z) = u(x , y) + iv(x , y) to be analytic for every z in a region R are
u u v v
(i) , , and are continuous in R;
x y x y
(ii) Its real and imaginary parts satisfy Cauchy-Riemann Equations
u v u v
 and  .
x y y x
Proof: (  ) Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic at a point z = x+iy.
f ( z  z)  f ( z)
Then f ' ( z )  lim ----------- (1) exists where z  xi y .
z 0 z

Let z  0 along real axis. Then x  0, y  0 .

u ( x  x, y)  iv( x  x, y)  u  iv u v
Therefore f ' ( z )  lim =  i ----- (2)
x 0 x x x

Let z  0 along imaginary axis, then y  0 , x  0 .

v u
Therefore f ' ( z )   i ----------- (3)
y y

Since f (z) is analytic, both the values of f ' ( z ) given by (2) and (3) must be the
u v v u
same and hence i = i
x x y y

u v u v
  and 
x y y x

Which are called Cauchy- Riemann (C-R) equations.

() Suppose f (z) = u+iv having partial derivatives

u u v v u v u v
, , , and  ;  .
x y x y x y y x

Then by Taylor’s theorem for function of two variables,

f ( z  z)  u( x  x, y  y)  iv( x  x, y  y)

u u v v
 u ( x, y)  x y  .....  i[v( x, y)  x y  .....]
x y x y
 u v u v
 f ( z)  ( i ) x( i ) y
x x y y

u v v u
f ( z  z)  f ( z)  (  i ) x  (  i ) y
x x x x
u v u v
=(  i ) x  i y(  i )
x x x x
u v
=(  i ) ( x  i y)
x x
f ( z  z)  f ( z) u v
 f ' ( z)  lim = i
z 0 z x x

Therefore f (z) is analytic in R.

Examples: (1) Show that f ( z )  e z is analytic everywhere. Find f ' ( z ) .
Solution: f ( z)  e( xiy )  e x .eiy
 e x (cos y  i sin y)

u  e x cos y, v  e x sin y

u v
 e x cos y;  e x cos y
x y

u v
 e x sin y;  e x sin y
y x

f '( z )  e x cos y  ie x sin y

= e x (cos y  i sin y) = e x eiy

= e( xiy )  e z .
(2) f ( z )  z 2 is analytic function.
(3) f ( z )  z is nowhere analytic.
(4) Show that f ( z)  log z is analytic everywhere except at z=0.
1 y
Proof: f ( z)  log r  i  log( x 2  y 2 )  i tan 1
2 x
 x  iy x  iy
f ' ( z)  
x y
2 2
( x  iy )( x  iy )

Therefore C-R Equations are satisfied.

(5) Show that f ( z)  sin z is analytic everywhere and find f ' ( z ) .
Proof: sinz = sin(x+iy) = sinx cosiy + cosx siniy
= sinx coshy + icosx sinhy
Hence u = sinx coshy and v = cosx sinhy
u v u v
= cosxcoshy ; = cosxcoshy ;  sin x sinh y ;   sin x sinh y
x y y x

Since C-R equations are satisfied , f(z)= sinz is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane . Therefore f ' ( z ) = cosz
(6) Show that f (z) = coshz is analytic and find f ' ( z ) .
e z  e z e x [cos y  i sin y]  e x [cos y  i sin y]
Proof: cosh z  
2 2
 cos y cosh x  i sin y sinh x

Therefore f ' ( z)  sinh x cos y  i cosh x sin y  sinh z

(7) If f (z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y) is analytic, prove that the family of curves u(x, y) = c1
is orthogonal to the family of curves v(x, y) = c2 for every arbitrary constants
c1 and c2 .

Proof: The slope of the tangent to the family of curves u(x, y) =c1is obtained by
u u dy
differentiating u(x, y) = c1 w.r.t. x ; + = 0,
x y dx

u
= - x  m1 ---------------- (1)
dy
dx u
y

v v dy
Similarly for v(x, y) = c2 , + =0, implies
x y dx
 v
= - x  m2 ---------------- (2)
dy
dx v
y

Therefore m1.m2  1
Hence the two family of curves are orthogonal to each other.
Harmonic function: A function A(x, y) is said to be a harmonic function if it
2 A 2 A
satisfies the Laplace‘s equation 2 A  0 i.e.,  0.
x 2 y 2

Theorem: If f (z) = u+iv is analytic, then u and v are u and v are harmonic.
Proof: Since f (z) is analytic, C-R equations are satisfied.
u v u v
 ------------- (1) and  --------------- (2)
x y y x

Diff. (1) w.r.to x and (2) w.r.to y;

 2u  2u
  0 which implies that u is harmonic.
x 2 y 2

 2v  2v
Similarly,   0 which implies v is harmonic.
x 2 y 2

Note: (1) If f (z) is analytic, then u is called the conjugate harmonic function of v
and vice versa.
(2)u and v are harmonic does not implies that f (z) = u+iv is analytic.

C-R equations in polar form:

Let x  r cos , y  r sin  . Then z  x  iy  rei
So f ( z)  u  iv  f (rei )      (1)
Diff. partially w.r.to r and  ;
u v
 i  f ' (rei )ei        (2)
r r
u v
i  f ' (rei )irei      (3)
 
1 u 1 v
i   f ' (rei )ei      (4)
r  r 

From (2) and (4), we get

u v 1 u 1 v
 i  i 
r r r  r 
u 1 v u v
Therefore  ;  r [since C-R equations]
r r   r
u v
And f ' ( z )  ei ( i )
r r

Result:
 2u 1 u 1  2u
If f ( z)  u  iv is analytic where z  rei then    0 (Laplace
r 2 r r r 2  2
equation in polar form).
Proof:
u 1 v u v
We have  and  r
r r   r

 2u 1 v 1  2v
  
r 2 r 2  r r

 2u  2v
 r
 2 r

1 v 1  2v 1 u 1  2v
Thus     (  r )0
r 2  r r r r r 2 r
Milne-Thomson’s method:
Given a harmonic function u(x,y) to determine an analytic function
f(z)= u(x,y)+I v(x,y), we have f ( z)  ux ( x, y)  ivx ( x, y)  ux ( x, y)  iu y ( x, y) by
zz zz
C-R equations. Since x  Re z  and y  Im z  , we have
2 2i
zz zz zz zz
f ( z )  u x ( , )  iu y ( , ) . This holds for all z and z .
2 2i 2 2i

In particular for z = z , we have f ( z)  ux ( z,0)  iu y ( z,0) .

Hence f ( z)    ux ( z,0)  iu y ( z,0)  dz  c

Properties of analytic functions:

i. If f ( z ) and g ( z ) are analytic functions then f  g , fg , f / g are analytic if
g ( z)  0
ii. If f ( z ) is analytic then its continuous. (analytic  Differentiability 
continuity)

Problems:
Let f ( z)  u  iv be an analytic function, then S.T
2 2
1. (  ) | f ( z ) |2  4 | f '( z ) |2
x y
2 2

 
2. ( | f ( z ) |)2  ( | f ( z) |)2 | f '( z ) |2
x y
2 2
3. (  )log | f ( z ) | 0
x 2 y 2
Solution:
f ( z )  u  iv

Let  | f ( z) |2  u 2  v2
 u v
f '( z )  i
x x
u 2 v 2 v u
| f '( z ) |2  ( )  ( )  ( )2  ( )2
x x y y

 u v
 2u  2v
x x x

2
u 2  2u v 2  2v
 2( )  2u  2( )  2v
x 2 x x 2 x x 2

= 2 | f '( z) |2
 2
Similarly 2  2 | f '( z ) |2
y

2 2
Adding we get (  ) | f ( z ) |2  4 | f '( z ) |2
x y
2 2

4. Show that V ( x, y)   sin x sinh y is harmonic. Find the harmonic conjugate

of V
Solution:
Vx   cos x sinh y;Vy   sin x cosh y;
Vxx  sin x sinh y;Vyy   sin x cosh y;
Vxx  Vyy  0  V ( x, y) is harmonic

u
Vx     cos x sinh y
y

u ( x, y )  cos x cosh y  g ( x)
u v
  sin x cosh y  g '( x) 
x y
Thus u( x, y)  cos x cosh y  C

5. Find the analytic function f ( z)  u  iv where

u  e x ( x cos y  y sin y)  2sin x sinh y  x3  3xy 2  y
Solution:
 u x  e x (cos y  x cos y  y sin y )  2cos x sinh y  3x 2  3 y 2
u y  e x ( x sin y  y cos y  sin y )  2sin x cosh y  6 xy  1
vx  u y  e x ( x sin y  y cos y  sin y )  2sin x cosh y  6 xy  1
f '( z )  u x  ivx  e z (1  z )  3z 2  i(2sin z  1)
Thus f ( z)  ze z  z 3  2i cos z  iz  C

6. If u  xy then find v and hence f(z)

Solution:
u v
 y
x y
y2
v ( x, y )   g ( x)
2
v
 g '( x)   x
x
x2
g ( x)   C
2
v v
dv  dx  dy
x y
u u
  dx  dy
y x
  xdx  ydy
x2 y 2
v ( x, y )     C
2 2
x2 y 2 z2
f ( z )  xy  i (   C )  i (  C )
2 2 2
Exercises:
1
7. Show that u  log( x 2  y 2 ) is harmonic. Find the conjugate harmonic
2
function and the corresponding analytic function f ( z)  u  iv
8. Find the analytic function f ( z)  u  iv . Given that u  v  e x (cos y  sin y)
9. Find the analytic function f(z) as a function of z, given that the sum of its
real and imaginary part is x3  y3  3xy( x  y)
10. Find the analytic function f ( z)  u  iv such that
1 1
i. u  (cos  sin  ) iv. v  (r  )sin 
r r
 cos 2
ii. u ,r  0 v. u  r 2 cos 2  r sin 
r2
cos
iii. v  r sin   vi. v  r 2 cos 2  r cos  2
r

Solution:
1
i. Given that u  (cos  sin  )
r
1 1 v
ur   2 (cos   sin  ) 
r r 
1
v    (cos   sin  )
r
1
v(r , )   (cos   sin  )  g (r )
r
v 1 1
 2 (sin   cos  )  g '(r )   (sin   cos  )
r r r

x
11. Let v  x 2  y 2  . Find u and hence f ( z)  u  iv
x  y2
2

12.Find an analytic function f(z) s.t Re f '( z)  3x2  4 y  3 y 2 and f (1  i)  0

Solution:
Let f '( z)  U  iV , then U  3x2  4 y  3 y 2
U x  Vy  6 x
U y  Vx  4  6 y  Vx  4  6 y  (*)
V ( x, y )  6 xy  g ( x)  (1)
Vx  6 y  g '( x)
from(*) g '( x)  4
g ( x)  4 x  C
V ( x, y )  6 xy  4 x  C
Therefore f '( z)  3x2  4 y  3 y 2  i(6 xy  4x  C )
By Milne Thomson method f '( z)  3z 2  i(4 z  C )

On integration f ( z)  z 3 i(2 z 2  Cz)  C 1

But f (1  i)  0
 f (1  i )  (1  i )3  i (2(1  i ) 2  C (1  i ))  C1  0
1  i  3i  3  i (4i  C  Ci )  C1  0
2i  2  4i 2  Ci  C  C1  0

Comparing real and imaginary parts,

2C  0 6  C  C1  0
C  2 C1  4

Therefore f ( z )  z  i(2 z  2 z )  4  z  4  2i( z  z)

3 2 3 2

13. Find f(z) if u  e x  y cos 2 xy

2 2

Solution:
u x  e x  y ( sin 2 xy )(2 y )  (2 x)e x  y cos 2 xy
2 2 2 2

u x  v y  2e x  y ( y sin 2 xy  x cos 2 xy )

2 2

u y  e x  y ( sin 2 xy )(2 x)  (2 y )e x  y2
2 2 2
cos 2 xy
u y  2e x  y ( x sin 2 xy  y cos 2 xy )  vx
2 2

vx  2e x  y ( x sin 2 xy  y cos 2 xy )
2 2

Therefore f '( z)  ux  ivx  e x  y (2 y sin 2 xy  2 x cos 2 xy  2 x sin 2 xy  2 y cos 2 xy)

2 2

By M.T rule
f '( z )  2 ze z
2

dt
On integrating f ( z )   2 ze z dz   2et  et  C  e z  C
2 2

14. u  v  ( x  y)( x2  4xy  y 2 )

Solution:
ux  vx  x2  4 xy  y 2  ( x  y)(2 x  4 y)
 x 2  4 xy  y 2  2 x 2  4 xy  2 xy  4 y 2
 3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2
u y  vy   x 2  4 xy  y 2  ( x  y)(4 x  2 y)
  x 2  4 xy  y 2  4 x 2  2 xy  4 xy  2 y 2
=
 3x 2  3 y 2  6 xy
But ux  vy and u y  vx
 u x  u y  3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2
Therefore
u y  ux  3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2
Adding, we get 2u y  6 x2  6 y 2  u y  3x2  3 y 2
Substituting, We get 2ux  12 xy  ux  6 xy
6x2 y
u ( x, y )   g ( y)
Therefore 2
u y  3x 2  g '( y )
From (*) g '( y)  3 y 2
On integration, we get g ( y)   y3  C
Therefore u( x, y)  3x 2 y  y 3  C
Now v  x3  4x2 y  y 2 x  x2 y  4 y 2 x  y3  3x2 y  y3  C
=  x3  3 y 2 x  C
v  3xy 2  x3  C
Therefore f ( z)  u  iv  3x2 y  y3  C  i(3xy 2  x3  C )
= iz 3  C
Or ux  6 xy , u y  3x2  3 y 2  vx

f ' ( z)  ux  ivx  6 xy  i(3 y 2  3x2 )

 0  i(3z 2 )

f ( z )  iz 3  c

3) u  v  e x (cos y  sin y)
ux  vx  e x (cos y  sin y)  u y  ux  e x cos y  e x sin y

u y  vy  e x ( sin y  cos y)  u y  ux  e x cos y  e x sin y

Adding, 2u y  2e x sin y Subtract, 2ux  2e x cos y

u y  e x sin y ux  e x cos y

But f ' ( z)  ux  ivx

 ux  iu y  e x cos y  ie x sin y
  e x [cos y  i sin y]

 e x .eiy  ex iy  ez
f ( z)  ez  c

4) u  v  ( x  y)( x2  4xy  y 2 )
ux  vx  x2  4 xy  y 2  ( x  y)(2 x  4 y)

3x2  6 xy  3 y 2  ux  u y

u y  vy  3x2  6 xy  3 y 2  u y  ux

Adding, 2ux  6( x2  y 2 ) 2u y  12 xy

u x  3x 2  3 y 2 u y  6 xy  vx

f ' ( z)  ux  ivx  3x2  3 y 2  i6 xy

 3z 2

f ( z)  z3  c

1
5) u  (cos   sin  )
r
1 1
ur   (cos   sin  ) and u  ( sin   cos  )
r2 r
1 1
ur  v and vr   u
r r
1 1 1
 vr   [ (sin   cos  )]  2 (sin   cos  )
r r r
1
f ' ( z )  ei [ur  ivr ]  ei (sin   cos   i sin   i cos  )
r2

1
 ei [(cos   i sin  )  i(cos   i sin  )]
r2
 1 i 1 (1  i)
 2
e [i  1]ei   2 2i (1  i) 
r r e z2
1 (1  i)
 f ( z )  (1  i)( )  c  c
z z

cos 
6) v  r sin  
r
cos  1 cos 
vr  sin   2
  u and u  rvr  r sin  
r r r
sin  1 sin 
v  r cos    rur and ur  v  cos   2
r r r
sin 
u (r , )  r cos    g (r )  g ' (r )  0
r
sin 
ur  r cos    g ' (r ) g (r )  c
r2
sin 
 u (r , )  r cos  
r
sin  cos 
f ( z )  r cos    i[r sin   ]
r r
i
 r[cos   i sin  ]  [cos   i sin  ]
r
i i i
 rei  ei  rei  i  z 
r re z
cos 2
7) u ,r  0
r2
2cos 2 1 2sin 2 1
ur   v u    [ u  vr ]
r3 r r 2
r
2cos 2 1 2sin 2 2sin 2
v  rur   vr  [ ]
r2 r r 2
r3
2 sin 2
 v(r ,  )    g (r )  g ' (r )  0
r2 2
 2
vr  3
sin 2  g ' (r ) g (r )  c
r
sin 2
 v(r ,  )   c
r2
f ( z )  u  iv

1 1
 2
(cos 2  i sin 2 )  2
r z

8) u  r 2 cos 2  r sin 

1
ur  2r cos 2  sin   v u  2r 2 sin 2  r cos   rvr
r

v  2r 2 cos 2  r sin  vr  2sin 2  cos 

v(r , )  r 2 sin 2  r cos   g (r ) g ' (r )  0

vr  2r sin 2  cos   g ' (r ) g (r )  c

 v(r , )  r 2 sin 2  r cos   c

f ( z)  u  iv  r 2 (cos 2 i sin 2 )  ir (cos   i sin  )  ic

 r 2ei 2  irei  ic

 z 2  i ( z  c)

1
9) v  (r  )sin 
r
1 1
vr  (1  )sin  v  (r  ) cos 
r2 r
1
u  rvr ur  v
r
1 1
 (r  )sin   (1  ) cos 
r r2
1
u (r , )  (r  ) cos   g ( r )
r
 1
ur  (1  2
) cos   g ' ( r )  g ' (r )  0, g (r )  c
r
1 1
f ( z )  u  iv  (r  ) cos   c  i(r  )sin 
r r
1
 r (cos   i sin  )  (cos   i sin  )  c
r
1
 rei  ei  c
r
1
 z c
z

10) u  v  x3  y3  3xy( x  y)  x3  y3  3x 2 y  3xy 2 \

ux  vx  3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 and u y  vy  3 y 2  3x 2  6 xy

ux  u y  3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2 u y  ux  3x 2  6 xy  3 y 2

 f ( z)  z3  c

1
11) u  log( x 2  y 2 )
2
1 1 x
ux  2x  2  vy
2x y
2 2
x  y2

y
uy   vx
x  y2
2

x  iy z 1
f ' ( z )  ux  ivx   2 
x y
2 2
z z

x  y
v( x, y )   dy  tan 1    g ( x)
x y
2 2
x

1  1  y
vx  y 2   2  g ' ( x)
 x x  x y
2 2
1 y

 v( x, y)  tan 1 y  x c
 x
12) v  x2  y 2 
x  y2
2

( x2  y 2 )  2 x2 y 2  x2
vx  2 x   2 x   u y
( x 2  y 2 )2 ( x 2  y 2 )2

( x 2  y 2 )0  2 xy  2 xy 
v y  2 y    2 y  2  ux
(x  y )
2 2 2
 ( x  y 2 )2 

f ' ( z )  ux  ivx

 0  i (2 z )  z 4 
2

 z 

f ( z)  i  z 2  1   c
 z

13) Show that differentiability implies continuity but the converse is not true.
Solution: Let f ( z ) be a differentiable function at z  a and f ' (a) be its
derivative at z a.
f ( z )  f (a)
i.e, f ' (a)  lim , if f (a) exists
z a za

Consider lim f ( z )  lim{ f ( z)  f (a)  f (a)}

z a z a

f ( z )  f (a)
 lim f ( z)  lim ( z  a)  lim f ( a)
z a z a za z a

 f ' (a) lim( z  a)  f (a)

z a

 f (a)

 f ( z ) is continuous at z  a .

 Differentiability  Continuity
Consider f ( z )  z then f (0)  0
Now lim f ( z )  lim z  0  lim ( x  iy)
z a z 0 x , y 0

 f ( z ) is continuous at z  0

But f ( z )  z is not differentiable.

 Continuity  Differentiability

Hence the above.

14) f ( z)  z n

Put z  rei
Then, f ( z)  r nein  r n (cos n  i sin n )
u  r n cos n and v  r n sin n

u u
 nr n 1 cos n and  nr n sin n
r 
v v
 nr n 1 sin n and  nr n cos n
r 
u 1 v v 1 u
CR Equations are,  and  are satisfied.
r r  r r 

 u v 
f ' ( z )    i  ei
 r r 

 (nr n1 cos n  inr n1 sin n )ei

 nr n1 (cos n  i sin n )ei

 nr n1ein ei

 nr n1ei ( n1)

 n(rei )n1  nz n1

15) f ( z )  cosh z

f ' ( z)  sinh x cos y  i cosh x sin y

 e x  e x e x  e x
 cos y  i sin y
2 2

e x  cos y  i sinh y   e x (cos y  i sinh y)


2

e x eiy  e x eiy e z  e z
   sinh z
2 2

Problems:
sin2 x
1. Find f ( z ) where u 
cosh2 y  cos 2 x

u (cosh2 y  cos 2 x)(2cos 2 x)  sin2 x(2sin2 x)

Sol: 
x (cosh2 y  cos 2 x)2

2cosh2 ycos 2x

(cosh2 y  cos 2 x ) 2

u 2sinh2 ysin2 x

y (cosh2 y  cos 2 x)2

Since f ( z ) is analytic u and v satisfy CR equations.

u u 2(cosh2 ycos 2 x  1  isin2 xsinh2 y
Therefore f ( z )  i =
x x (cosh2 y  cos 2 x)2

2(cos 2 z  1) 2 2
By MT method, f ( z )     cosec 2 z
(cos 2 z  1)
2
cos 2 z  1 2sin z
2

Integrating we get, f ( z)  cotz  C.

y
2. Given u 
x  y2
2

u 2 xy
 2
x ( x  y 2 ) 2
Sol:
u x2  y 2
 2
y ( x  y 2 ) 2
 u u 2 xy  ix 2  iy 2 i
Therefore, f ( z )   i   2
x y ( x 2  y 2 )2 z

i
Integrating we get, f ( z )   C.
z

3. Given u  e2 x ( xcos2 y -ysin2 y)

u
Sol:  e2 x (2 xcos 2 y -2 ysin2 y  cos 2 y )
x
u
 e2 x (2 xsin2 y  sin2 y  2 ycos 2 y )
y

u u
Therefore, f ( z )   i  e2 z (2 z  1)
x y

e2 z e2 z
Integrating we get, f ( z )  (2 z  1)  2 2  C  ze2 z  C.
2 z

4. u  y  e xcosy

u u
Sol:  e x cosy and  1  e x siny
x y

u u
Therefore, f ( z )  i  ez  i
x y

Integrating we get, f ( z )  e z  iz
x y
5. Given v 
x2  y 2

v x 2  y 2  ( x  y )2 x x 2  y 2  2 xy
 
x ( x 2  y 2 )2 ( x 2  y 2 )2
Sol:
v ( x 2  y 2 )  ( x  y )(2 y )  x 2  2 xy  y 2
 
y ( x 2  y 2 )2 ( x 2  y 2 )2

v v
f ( z )  i
y x
Therefore,
y 2  x 2  2 xy  iy 2  ix 2  2ixy

( x 2  y 2 )2
 (1  i )
By MT method, f ( z ) 
z2
1 i
Integrating we get, f ( z )   C.
z

6. Given v  e x ( xcosy  ysiny)

v
Sol:  e x ( xcosy -ysiny  cosy)
x
v
 e x ( x sin y +siny  ycosy)
y

v v
f ( z )  i
Therefore, y x
 e x ( xsiny  siny  ycosy  ixcosy  iysiny  icosy )

By MT method, f ( z)  e zi(1  z)
Integrating, f ( z)  ize z  ie z  ie z  C  ize z  C.
7. Given v  e x siny

v
Sol:  e x sin y
x
v
 e x cosy
y

v v
f ( z )  i
y x
Therefore,
 e x (i sin y  cos y )
 ez

Integrating, f ( z)  e z  C.
8. Given v  e x ( x sin y  y cos y)

v
Sol:  e x ( x sin y +y cos y  sin y )
x
v
 e x ( x cos y +y sin y  cos y )
y
 v v
f ( z )  i
Therefore, y x
 e x ( x cos y  y sin y  cos y  ix sin y  iy cos y  i sin y )

By MT method, f ( z)  e z ( z 1)
Integrating, f ( z)   ze z  C.
x y
9. Given u  v 
x  4 xy  y 2
2

x 2  4 xy  y 2  ( x  y )(2 x  4 y )  x 2  2 xy  5 y 2
Sol: u x  vx   2 -------(1)
( x 2  4 xy  y 2 )2 ( x  4 xy  y 2 ) 2

(1)( x 2  4 xy  y 2 )  ( x  y)(4 x  2 y) 5 x 2  2 xy  y 2
Similarly, u y  vy   2
( x 2  4 xy  y 2 )2 ( x  4 xy  y 2 )2

5 x 2  2 xy  y 2
 -vx  ux 
( x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2 --------(2)
(1)+(2) gives,
3( x 2  y 2 ) 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 xy
v x  and u 
( x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  y 2 )2
x

u u 2 x 2  2 y 2  2 xy  i3( x 2  y 2 )
Therefore, f ( z )  i 
x x ( x 2  4 xy  y 2 )2

2  3i
By MT method, f ( z ) 
z2
(2  3i)
Integrating, f ( z )   C.
z

10.Given 2u  v  e x (cosy  siny)

Sol: 2ux  vx  e x (cosy  siny) -----(1)

2u y  vy  e x (cosy  siny)  2vx  ux -----(2)

Gives, 5vx  e x (3cosy  siny)

ex
 vx  (3cosy  siny )
5
 ex
From (1), ux  (cosy  3siny )
5

u u e x
Therefore, f ( z )  i  (cosy  3siny  i3cosy  isiny)
x x 5

ez
By MT method, f ( z )  (1  3i)
5

ez
Integrating, f ( z )  (1  3i)  C.
5

11.If f ( z)  u  iv is an analytic function of z , Show that

2 2 p
(  )u  p( p  1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2
x y
2 2

 p u 2 u  2u
Sol: u  pu p 1 and 2 u p  p( p  1)u p 2 ( )2  p( p  1) 2
x x x x x

2 p p  2 u 2  2u
Similarly, 2 u  p( p  1)u ( )  p( p  1) 2
y y y

2 2 p u u
Therefore, ( 2  2 )u  p( p  1)u p 2 (( )2  ( )2 )  p( p  1)u p 2 | f ( z ) |2 .
y x y x