Quiz Chapter 2 Quiz Main Ideas
Quiz Chapter 2 Quiz Main Ideas
Quiz Chapter 2 Quiz Main Ideas
This is a preview of the published version of the quiz
Started: Dec 21 at 12:35pm
Quiz Instruc ons
The following paragraphs have main ideas that may appear at various places within the
paragraph. Identify the sentence of each paragraph that contains the main idea by filling
in the correct sentence number in the space provided.
Question 1 1 pts
(1) Although most viewers think “reality TV” is a 21stcentury phenomenon, the truth is
that it actually began around seventy years ago. (2) One show popular in the 1940s and
1950s was Candid Camera, which put people into unusual situations and filmed them
without their knowledge. (3) Then the host would say, “Smile! You’re on Candid Camera.”
(4) Originally broadcast in 1948, Candid Camera is considered the first reality show.
(5) Other 1940s shows, like Ted Mack’s Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfrey’s
Talent Scouts, featured amateur contestants and realtime audience voting. (6) These
programs are the ancestors of American Idol and its countless spinoffs.
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Question 2 1 pts
(1) When Chevrolet began to sell its Nova cars in Latin America, hardly anyone would
buy them. (2) The company finally learned that Spanish speakers read the car’s name as
the Spanish phrase no va, meaning “doesn’t go”! (3) Like Chevrolet, many American
companies have learned the hard way that they need to know their customers’ language.
(4) When PepsiCola ran its “Come Alive with Pepsi” ads in China, the consumers
laughed. (5) The company had not translated its slogan accurately. (6) In Chinese, it
came out as “Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead.”
Question 3 1 pts
(1) In the South, the Civil War destroyed half the region’s farm equipment and killed one
third of its draft animals. (2) The death of slavery also ended the plantation system.
(3) The number of farms doubled from 1860 to 1880, but the number of landowners
remained the same. (4) The size of the average farm dropped by more than half, as
sharecropping and tenancy rose. (5) A shortage of cash forced Southern farmers to
borrow against future crops. (6) Crop liens and high credit costs kept a lot of black and
white farmers trapped in a cycle of debit and poverty. (7) So at the very time the rest of
the economy was consolidating after the Civil War, Southern agriculture was marching off
in the opposite, less efficient direction.
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Question 4 1 pts
(1) First, the good news: Americans are definitely eating more healthful meals. (2) We are
consuming greater amounts of such highfiber foods as wholegrain breads, fruits and
vegetables, which are believed to help prevent certain cancers and other diseases. (3) At
the same time, we are substituting relatively lowfat foods for higher fat ones—for
example, eating fish instead of red meat, drinking skim milk instead of whole. (4) The bad
news is that our snack foods are not nearly as healthful. (5) Between meals, we often
revert to eating large amounts of fat. (6) For instance, sales of ice cream and potato chips
are going through the roof. (7) Another drawback of the snack foods is that they have
almost no fiber. (8) As eatingbehavior experts have concluded, we try superhard to eat
healthfully at mealtimes—but then undo some of the good work by “rewarding” ourselves
with snacks that are bad for us.
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Question 5 1 pts
(1) Many bank robbers and home thieves are caught and convicted in this country.
(2) However, the American criminal justice system is not as well equipped to deal with
whitecollar crime as it is to handle street crime. (3) Unlike a robbery, a stock or insurance
fraud is complex and difficult to unravel. (4) Local law enforcement officials commonly
lack the skills and resources necessary to tackle crimes outside the sphere of street
crime. (5) Federal agencies will handle only the more serious whitecollar crimes. (6) And
the handful of whitecollar criminals who are prosecuted and convicted are given a slap
on the wrist. (7) Street criminals who steal $100 may find their way to prison, while the
dishonest executive who embezzles $1 million may receive a suspended sentence and a
relatively small fine. (8) Federal statistics indicate that embezzlers at banks steal nine
times more than bank robbers. (9) Yet whereas 91 percent of bank robbers end up in jail,
only 17 percent of the embezzlers go to jail.
Question 6 1 pts
(1) Unlike women in other ancient societies, Egyptian women were not entirely
subordinated to men. (2) Although polygamy was permitted, it was not common; the
basic social unit was the monogamous family. (3) Even the pharaoh, who could keep
secondary wives and concubines, had a chief wife. (4) Women were not secluded.
(5) They could own and inherit property and engage in business. (6) The Egyptians of the
New Kingdom also permitted queens to act as royal regents, giving them the power to
rule in the pharaoh’s absence. (7) For instance, Queen Hatshepsut of the Eighteenth
Dynasty “controlled the affairs of the land.” (8) In monumental statues from the
Eighteenth Dynasty, some queens were depicted on the same scale of size as their
husbands, while statues of anyone else had to be much smaller.
Question 7 1 pts
(1) The palaces of the civilization of Minoan Crete (at its peak from about 2000 to 1500
B.C.E.) lacked fortification, and the art lacked angry warlords. (2) Women’s clothing, at
least for the upper class, was so elegant that it would be eyecatching at a modern
Milanese fashion show. (3) Two circumstances help to account for what was so obviously
a world of peace and prosperity in Minoan Crete. (4) One was that, living on an island in
an age unfamiliar with seaborne invasions, the Minoans must have felt insulated from
foreign attack. (5) The other was that a friendly climate and terrain suitable for pasturing
and growing orchard crops (grapes, olives, nuts) freed the Minoans from heavy reliance
on laborintensive agriculture. (6) This meant that not only did people have more leisure
than their counterparts in agricultural societies, but produce was more diverse, providing
a greater hedge against famine and allowing for longdistance trade in goods that were
less easily produced elsewhere. (7) To take but one example, the Minoans had plentiful
wool and various kinds of natural dyes. (8) Since wool, unlike linen, is easily dyed,
Minoans were exporting “exotic” multipatterned luxury cloths to Egypt as early as about
2000 B.C.E.
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Question 8 1 pts
(1) Technology revolutionized agriculture as inventions dramatically increased
productivity on the farms. (2) Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin in 1793 permitted
an individual to clean three hundred pounds of cotton in a single day—three hundred
times more than could be cleaned by hand. (3) After the mechanization of wheat farming,
the hours required to farm one acre dropped from sixtyone to three, and the peracre
cost of production fell from $3.65 to $0.66. (4) Machines entered every phase of
agriculture—by 1890 some 900 companies were manufacturing such items as hay
loaders, cord binders, seeders, rotary plows, mowers, and combines.
The author has stated the main idea of the following textbook selection in one
sentence. Find the main idea and then choose the correct choice.
Question 9 1 pts
(1) Aggression can be defined as physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.
(2) Scientists have learned there are various inborn and physical factors that influence
the likelihood that an animal or human will be aggressive.
(3) Because aggression is a complex behavior, no one spot in the brain controls it. (4) But
in both animals and humans, researchers have found neural systems that assist
aggression. (5) When they activate those areas in the brain, hostility increases; when
they deactivate them, hostility decreases. (6) Tame animals can thus be provoked into
rage, and raging animals into submission.
(7) There are also genetic influences on aggression. (8) It has long been known that
animals of many species can be bred for aggressiveness. (9) Sometimes this is done for
practical purposes (the breeding of fighting cocks). (10) Sometimes, breeding is done for
research. (11) Finnish psychologist Kirsti Lagerspetz took normal albino mice and bred
the most aggressive ones together and the least aggressive ones together. (12) After
repeating the procedure for twentysix generations, she had one set of fierce mice and
one set of placid mice. (13) Aggressiveness similarly varies among primates and
humans. (14) Our temperament—how intense and reactive we are—is partly something
we bring with us into the world, influenced by our sympathetic nervous system’s reactivity.
(15) Identical twins, when asked separately, are more likely than fraternal twins to agree
on whether they have “a violent temper.”
(16) Level of alcohol intake also influences neural sensitivity to aggressive stimulation.
(17) Both laboratory experiments and police data indicate that when people are
provoked, alcohol unleashes aggression. (18) Violent people are more likely 1. to drink
and 2. to become aggressive when intoxicated. (19) In experiments, intoxicated people
administer strong shocks or higher pain buttons. (20) In the real world, people who have
been drinking commit about half of rapes and other violent crimes. (21) In 65 percent of
homicides, the murderer and/or the victim had been drinking.
(22) Aggressiveness also correlates with the male sex hormone, testosterone.
(23) Although hormonal influences appear much stronger in lower animals than in
humans, drugs that diminish testosterone levels in violent human males will subdue their
aggressive tendencies.
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Question 10 1 pts
(1) In 1800, the American birthrate was higher than the birthrate in any European nation.
(2) The typical American woman bore an average of seven children. (3) She had her first
child around the age of twentythree and bore children at twoyear intervals until her early
forties. (4) Had the American birthrate remained at this level, the nation’s population
would have reached 2 billion by 1990.
(5) Late in the eighteenth century, however, Americans began to have fewer children. (6)
Between 1800 and 1900, the birthrate fell 40 percent, most sharply among the middle
and uppermiddle class. (7) Where the typical American mother bore seven children in
1800, the average number of children she bore had fallen to three and onehalf in 1900.
(8) Instead of giving birth to her last child at the age of 40 or later, by 1900 the typical
American woman bore her last child at the age of 33. (9) The decline of the birthrate is
such an important historical breakthrough that it has its own name: the demographic
transition.
(10) What accounted for the declining birthrate? (11) In part, the reduction in fertility
reflected the growing realization among parents that in an increasingly commercial and
industrial society, children were no longer economic assets who would be productively
employed in household industries or bound out as apprentices or servants. (12) Instead,
children required significant investment in the form of education to prepare them for
respectable careers and marriages. (13) The emergence of a selfconscious middle class
concerned about social mobility and maintaining an acceptable standard of living also
encouraged new limits on family size.
(14) The shrinking size of families also reflected a growing desire among women to
assert control over their lives. (15) Much of the impetus behind birth control came from
women who were weary of an unending cycle of pregnancy, birth, nursing, and new
pregnancy.
(16) Thus, an important decline in the American birthrate began in the late 1800s
because of the new advantages to limiting family size and the growing desire among
women to gain control over their reproductive lives.
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