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Speech and Audio Signal Processing ECE554 - Lec - 5 STFT Analysis v2.0

The document discusses the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). It begins by reviewing the limitations of the Fourier transform in analyzing non-stationary signals and introduces the STFT as a way to analyze localized sections of a signal over time. The STFT computes the Fourier transform of short sections of a signal multiplied by a window function. This allows the spectrogram to show how the frequency content of a signal varies over time. The document provides examples of spectrograms for different types of signals and discusses the effect of window size.

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Nikesh Bajaj
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
106 views10 pages

Speech and Audio Signal Processing ECE554 - Lec - 5 STFT Analysis v2.0

The document discusses the short-time Fourier transform (STFT). It begins by reviewing the limitations of the Fourier transform in analyzing non-stationary signals and introduces the STFT as a way to analyze localized sections of a signal over time. The STFT computes the Fourier transform of short sections of a signal multiplied by a window function. This allows the spectrogram to show how the frequency content of a signal varies over time. The document provides examples of spectrograms for different types of signals and discusses the effect of window size.

Uploaded by

Nikesh Bajaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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9/28/2013

Overview
Short-Time Fourier Transform

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Window effect
Speech and Audio Signal Processing

Window Function
ECE554

Nikesh Bajaj
[email protected]
Asst. Prof. DSP, SECE
Lovely Professional University
2 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Short Time Fourier Transform


Ba Overview


Review of Limitation of FT
Introduction to STFT
Advantage of STT over FT
sh

Spectrogram
Effect of window size
Nikesh Bajaj
Limitation of STFT
[email protected]
Digital Signal Processing Summary
Lovely Professional University
4 By: Nikesh Bajaj
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Limitation of FT Limitation of FT
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1= 10 x
x 2= 20
3= 40
4=100

x(t)=cos( 1 t)+cos( 2t)+cos( 3t)+cos( 4t)

x1(t)=cos( 4t)
x2(t)=cos( 3t)
x3(t)=cos( 2t)
x4(t)=cos( 1t)

x1(t) x2(t) x3(t) x4(t)


By: Nikesh Bajaj 6 By: Nikesh Bajaj
5

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Why So??? Solution to The Problem


Support region In space In frequency Computing the FT of signal for every short
sin(t) 0 time duration.

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(t) 0
The basis function sin(t) is not localized in time!
This is called as SHORT TIME FOURIER
The (t) (sample) is not localized in frequency
TRANSFORM.

signal x(t)
Fourier Transform does not give any
information about occurrence of frequency window w(t)
~
x(t )w(t )e dt
it
components with time. X ( , )

7 By: Nikesh Bajaj 8 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Where we are???


Introduction to subject
Signal & System (in a glance)
Fourier Series
Ba Short Time Fourier Transform
Equidistant frequencies:

k
2
k
t
Review of Fourier Transform
sh
Limitation of Fourier Transform (FT)
Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT)

Window function
Fractional Fourier Transform t
Wavelet Transform
9 By: Nikesh Bajaj 10 By: Nikesh Bajaj
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Spectrogram Spectrogram 1: Sine wave at 660 Hz


Spectrogram is graphical representation of
x(t ) e i0 t
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Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)


~
X ( ) 2 ( 0 )
Frequency

y(t)=Asin(2f0t)

f0=660 Hz

Time
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Spectrogram 2: White noise Spectrogram 3: Chirp signal


Impulse signal white noise Q????

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x(t ) (t )
~
X ( ) 1

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Spectrogram 4: Train whistle


Ba Spectrogram 5: Human voice Bat
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Spectrogram 6: arbitary signal Match the signal with Spectrogram


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STFT with wide window STFT with narrow window

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Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT) Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT)
19 By: Nikesh Bajaj 20 By: Nikesh Bajaj

STFT with medium window Ba STFT with MATLAB


spectrogram(x, window, overlap )


signals
x1=sin(2*pi*50*(0:0.001:2))
x2=sin(2*pi*300*(0:0.001:2))
sh
y1=x1+x2
y2=[x1 x2]
Check
Signal and FT Spectrogram (STFT) plot(y1), plot(y2), Plot(abs(fft(y1))) and for y2
spectrogram(y1, w) check for y2 and diff value of w
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Effect of window size Effect of window size


t2
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t2

Narrow window: a=0.01 Middle size window: a=0.001

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Effect of window size Effect of window size


t2 t2

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Middle size window: a=0.0001 Wide window: a=0.00001

Trade-off in
Time-Frequency
Ba
High time and frequency resolution
cant be achieved simultaneously
Trade-off in
Time-Frequency
sh
t2

28 By: Nikesh Bajaj


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Problems with STFT Summery


Uncertainty Principle: t 1
4
t Limitation of FT
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We cannot localize events in time and frequency Does not inform about position of frequency
simultaneously! occurrence in time.
STFT
Improved time resolutionDegraded frequency resolution Spectrogram gives time-frequency information.
Improved frequency resolution Degraded time resolution
But with limited resolution.
Solution is Wavelet Transform.
Problem : the same and t through the entire plane!

29 By: Nikesh Bajaj 30 By: Nikesh Bajaj

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9/28/2013

Advance Transform Techniques


Course Code: ECE408

Window functions
Rectangular window /Boxcar
Hanning
Window Functions

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Kaiser
Bartlett
Chebyshev
Hamming
Hann
Taylor
Nikesh Bajaj
[email protected]
Triangular
Asst. Prof. LSECA, ECE
Blackman
Lovely Professional University
31 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Properties of STFT


Linear
Complex valued
Time invariant
Ba


Where we are?
Introduction to Subject
Brief about Signal & System
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform & Its Limitations
Time shift
sh
Short Time Fourier Transform & its Limitations
Frequency shift With MATLAB

Many other properties of the FT also apply. Window Functions, with MATLAB
Fractional Fourier Transform
Introduction to Wavelet
33 By: Nikesh Bajaj 34 By: Nikesh Bajaj
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1
Overview Window Function t

Introduction to Window Function A mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of


some chosen interval.
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Windowing is a technique used to shape the time portion


Summary of your measurement data, to minimize edge effects that
result in spectral leakage in the FFT spectrum. By using
Window Functions correctly, the spectral resolution of
your frequency-domain result will increase.
Applications of window functions include spectral
analysis, filter design, and beam-forming.
In typical applications, the window functions used are non-
negative smooth "bell-shaped" curves
35 By: Nikesh Bajaj 36
apodization function or tapering function By: Nikesh Bajaj

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9/28/2013

Effect of Windowing Window Function


1

Spectral analysis of Cos(wt) low-dynamic-range. : excellent resolution for comparable


Use MATLAB strength signals
Rectangular Window: poor choice for signals of disparate

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amplitudes
spectral leakage
high-dynamic-range : low-resolution, also poorest in terms
The leakage tends to be worst (highest) near
of sensitivity;
and least at frequencies farthest from
waveform contains random noise, the ability to find weak
leakage can interfere sinusoids amidst the noise is diminished by a high-dynamic-range
Any window (including rectangular) affects the window, used for wideband applications
spectral estimate computed by this method. Moderate windows: They are commonly used in
narrowband applications, such as the spectrum of a
telephone channel
37 By: Nikesh Bajaj 38 By: Nikesh Bajaj

Window Function

Ba
Spectral analysis involves a tradeoff between resolving
comparable strength signals with similar frequencies and
resolving disparate strength signals with dissimilar
frequencies. That tradeoff occurs when the window
High-resolution windows


Rectangular window

Also called as Dirichlet


1

function is chosen.
window
sh
The first side-lobe is only 13 dB lower
than the main lobe, with the rest falling
off at about 6 dB per octave

39 By: Nikesh Bajaj 40 By: Nikesh Bajaj


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Moderate-resolution windows Moderate-resolution windows


Hann window Hamming window
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The ends of the cosine just touch zero, so the


side-lobes roll off at about 18 dB per octave.
N represents the width, in samples, of a
discrete-time window function. Typically it is
an integer power-of-2, such as 210 = 1024.
n is an integer, with values 0 n N-
1. So these are the time-shifted forms
of the window
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Tukey window Triangular windows

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Kaiser windows
Ba Low-resolution (high-dynamic-range)
windows

Nuttall window, continuous first


derivative
sh
45 By: Nikesh Bajaj 46 By: Nikesh Bajaj
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Low-resolution (high-dynamic-range) Low-resolution (high-dynamic-


windows range) windows
BlackmanHarris window Flat top window
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9/28/2013

Window functions
Rectangular window /Boxcar
The Hann and Hamming windows, both of

Hanning
which are in the family known as "raised

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Kaiser
cosine" windows, are respectively named Bartlett
after Julius von Hann and Richard Chebyshev
Hamming. The term "Hanning window" is Hamming
sometimes used to refer to the Hann Hann
window Taylor
Triangular
Blackman
49 By: Nikesh Bajaj 50 By: Nikesh Bajaj

STFT- for Speech


STFT
Ba STFT for Speech
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51 By: Nikesh Bajaj 52 By: Nikesh Bajaj
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STFT for Speech Linear Filtering


.
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Linear Filtering Spectrogram

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Pitch Detection Ba
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