OPERATING SYSTEM S

OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS

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 TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Introduction to OS

Computer system organization

OS Objectives and Functions

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 What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer
andthe computer hardware

Operatingsystemgoals:

Execute user programs andmake solvinguser problems easier

Make the computer systemconvenient to use

Use the computer hardwarein an efficient manner

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 Computer System Structure
Computer systemcanbe dividedintofour components:
Hardware providesbasiccomputingresources
CPU, memory, I/Odevices
Operatingsystem
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and
users
Application programs define the ways in which the system resources are
usedto solvethe computingproblemsof the users
Wordprocessors, compilers, webbrowsers, databasesystems, videogames
Users
People, machines, other computers
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 FOUR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

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 What Operating Systems Do
Depends onthe point of view
Users viewandSystemsview
Userswant convenience, easeof use
Dont careabout resourceutilization
But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users
happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but
frequentlyusesharedresourcesfromservers
Handheldcomputers areresourcepoor, optimizedfor usabilityandbatterylife
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in
devicesandautomobiles

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 Operating System Definition

OS is a resource allocator
Manages all resources
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource
use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use
of the computer

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 Why Study Operating System?
Abstraction: gives users the illusion of infinite resources (CPU time, memory, file
space)?
System design: tradeoffs between
Performance and convenience of these abstractions
Performance and simplicity of OS
Functionality in hardware or software
Primary intersection point: OS is the point where hardware, software, programming
languages, data structures, and algorithms all come together

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 QUIZ
OS in a single users view is designed for
Ease of use
Resource utilization
OS in a mainframe is designed for
Ease of use
Resource utilization
In workstations the OS is designed for
Ease of use
Resource utilization
Compromise between ease and utilization
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 ThinkThink

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 Computer System organization
Computer System operation
Storage structure
Input output structure

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 Computer System Operation
Computer-system operation
One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common
bus providing access to shared memory
Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory
cycles
Memory controller synchronizes access to memory

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 Computer Startup
bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot initializes all aspects of
system
Typicallystoredin ROMor EPROM- knownas firmware
Loadsoperatingsystemkernel andstarts execution
Systemprocessor daemonsrunthe entire timethekernel is running
Occurrenceof an event is signaledbyinterrupt
Interrupts canbe hardwareor software

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 OS Objectives and functions
OS is a layer of software whose job is to manage all devices
and provide user programs with a simpler interface to the
hardware
Objectives of OS
Convenience
Efficiency
Ability to evolve

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 Layers and views of computer system

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 Layered Approach
Enduser viewsa computer systemin terms of a set of applications
Applications are developed in a programming language and is developed by
applicationprogrammer
To make the applications reachable to computer hardware system programs or
utilitiesare provided
OScomprisesof collectionof systemprograms
OS masks the details of the hardware from the programmer and provides the
programmer witha convenient interfacefor usingthe system.

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 OS as User/Computer Interface
OSprovidesservicesin the followingareas:
Program Development- Editors/Debuggers assist programmer in creating
programs. Theseareprovidedas applicationprogramdevelopment tool.
Programexecution loadprogram-runprogram-execute program
Access to I/O devices - OS provides a uniform interface for I/O devices
whichare hiddenfromendusers
Controlled Access to files - OS needs to understand I/O, structure of file and
alsoprovideprotectionto users in multiuser environment

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 OS as User/Computer Interface
System Access: Provide access to system as whole and to specific system
resources. Resolveconflicts for resourcecontention.
Errordetection OSneedsto be constantlyawareof possibleerrors
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in user
program
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to ensure
correct andconsistent computing
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the users and programmers
abilitiesto efficientlyusethesystem
Accounting - To keep track of which users use how much and what kinds of
computer resources

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 OS AS RESOURCE MANAGER
OS controls the basic functions of the computer like
movement, storage, processingof data
But the control mechanismis unusual
OSfunctions as a ordinarycomputer software
OS relinquishes controls or regains control depending on the
processor.
This control mechanismis not external but somethinginternal

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 OSAS RESOURCE MANAGER CONTD

kernel

Resources managed by the OS

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 GuessGuessOdd Man Out.
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 OS AS RESOURCE MANAGER CONTD
ResourcestheOScontrol are
Mainmemory
I/OdevicesandFiles
Processor
OScontrollingmainmemory
Aportionof OS(Kernel) residesin the mainmemory
Kernel contain
Frequentlyusedfunctions
Portionsof OSwhichare currentlyin use
Mainmemory= Kernel + user programs+ data
Main memory allocation is done by OS and memory management hardware in
theprocessor
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 OS AS RESOURCE MANAGER CONTD

OScontrols I/Oand files

Decides whenan I/Ocan be usedbya programin execution
Controlled access of files
OScontrols the processor
Determines the processor timefor the executionof a program

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 ACTIVITY 3

The three glasses on the left are full, three on the

right are empty. Moving only one glass, make a row
of alternatelyfull andemptyglasses.

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