12/3/2013

Advance Transform Techniques

Course Code: ECE408

Where are we?

Introduction to Subject, Signal & System
Fourier Series, Fourier Transform & Its Limitations
Short Time Fourier Transform & its Limitations, with MATLAB
Image Compression and Coding Window Functions, with MATLAB
Fractional Fourier Transform
Introduction to Wavelet
Haar Wavelet
Daubechies Wavelet
Wavelet Packet Analysis
Nikesh Bajaj M-Band Wavelets
DWT and Filter bank
[email protected]

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Denoising, Coding and
Electronics & Communication Dept. Other Transforms
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Overview
Ba Motivation
Huffman codes Compression??
Run Length coding Why?
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JPEG Coding Types
ITU T.81 Algos

Quantization, A-law and -law

EZW coding
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Huffman Coding Huffman Algorithm

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Huffman Coding Huffman Coding

Computation VLC
Huffman Code of given symbols
Code is not unique
Encoded Message
Entropy H(x) = - P(xi) log2 (P(xi)) Efficiency near to 1
Average Length R = ni P(xi) Prefix Code
Efficiency = R/H
Loss less Coding
Example x = [A B C D E]
P(x) = [0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.15]

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Message M = ABABDBABEC
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Run Length Coding

Ba Image Compression
It is used when long sequence of Ones and Zeros Image: dpi 4x4 image
comes in the signal Redundancy?
Example Spatial Correlation
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 Spectral Correlation
Temporal Correlation
(7) (0) (3) (1) (6) (0) (0)
Or
11111111111111100000000000000000001111
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(15,1), (19,0), (4,1)

(01111,1) , (10011,0), (00100,1)
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RGB to YCrCb RGB image

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Transform Coding
Aim of Transforming
To create a representation for the data in which
there is less correlation among the coefficient
value
To have a representation in which it is possible
to quantize different coordinates with different
precision

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Transform Coding
Ba What transform should have??
Properties of Transform
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Fourier Transform??
Spectral correlation but time?
STFT or
Wavelet Transform by Best Basis Selection process
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JPEG: Still Image Compression

Image Compression Standard Standard
JPEG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
Formally: ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1
Working Group 1
International
(JBIG,JPEG)
organization for
Standardization Joint ISO/IEC
Technical Sub-committee 29
International Committee (Coding of Audio,
Electro-technical (Information Picture, Multimedia
Commission Technology) and Hypermedia
information
Work commenced in mid-1980s.
Draft international standard 1991.
Widely used for image exchange, WWW, and digital photography.
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JPEG:Encoder and Decoder JPEG:Basic Algorithm

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JPEG: Image Partitioning
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JPEG: Quantization Table
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JPEG: Differential coding of DC DCT of an Image

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JPEG: Example Ba
JPEG: Example
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JPEG: Example
JPEG: Example
The DC coefficient is DPCM coded (difference
between the DC coefficient of the previous block
and current block)
The AC coefficients are mapped to run-length
pairs: (run,value)
(0,5),(0, -3),(0, -1),(0,- 2),(0, -3),(0,1),
(0,1),(0, -1),(0, -1),(2,1),(0,2),(0,3),(0, -2),
(0,1),(0,1),(6,1),(0,1),(1,1), EOB
These are then Huffman coded (codes are
specified in the JPEG scheme)

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JPEG: Decoding JPEG: Decoding

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JPEG: Original Vs reconstructed
Image
Ba JPEG: Example
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Image Compression JPEG ITU T.81 Standard

Different coding
8x8 block
artifacts

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Quantization Quantization

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Uniform Quantizer
Ba Uniform & Nonuniform Q
Subband Uniform quantization
Uniform Dead zone quantization
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Mid-tread & Mid Rise A-Law & -Law

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A-Law & -Law Non Uniform Quatizer

A-Law
-Law

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Computation
Ba EZW Coding
Step size Progressive Encoding
Quantization noise Qnois = 2 /12 Embedded Encoding
Number of levels L = 2n = (Amx-Amn)/ Any bit rate
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Lossy
Number of bits per sample n = log2L Lossless

EZW
1. Natural Images

2. Large coff. are more

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important than small

Each Pass
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P +ve Significant
N ve Significant
T zerotree
Z isolated tree

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