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com
SHORT REVISION (FUNCTIONS)
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. GENERAL DEFINITION :
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If to every value (Considered as real unless otherwise stated) of a variable x, which belongs to some
collection (Set) E, there corresponds one and only one finite value of the quantity y, then y is said to be

page 14 of 41
a function (Single valued) of x or a dependent variable defined on the set E ; x is the argument or
independent variable .
If to every value of x belonging to some set E there corresponds one or several values of the variable y,
then y is called a multiple valued function of x defined on E.Conventionally the word "FUNCTION is
used only as the meaning of a single valued function, if not otherwise stated.

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x f (x ) y
Pictorially :
, y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f AxB (ii) a A (a, f(a)) f and
(iii) (a, b) f & (a, c) f b = c
2. DOMAIN, CODOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of f .
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a a A, (a, f(a)) f}
Range of f = {f(a) a A, f(a) B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of codomain . If only the rule of function is given then the domain of
the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a continuous function, the interval
from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS :

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION :
If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + ... + an1 x + an where n is a non negative integer
and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0 0, then f is called a polynomial function of degree n .
NOTE : (a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a 0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1 xn , where n is a positive integer .
(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION :
y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn1 + ....... + Pn1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and
P0 (x), P1 (x) ........... are Polynomials in x.
e.g. y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y x = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not algebraic is
called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .
(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION :
g(x )
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h (x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x) 0.
(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION :
A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a 1, x R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of the
exponential function is called the logarithmic function . i.e. g(x) = loga x .
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown .

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+ +
1
x ,
a>
a (0, 1)
) = f(x) = ax , 0 < a < 1
f(x (0, 1)
)45 )45

(1, 0) (1, 0)
x
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x
x
l og a

=
=
)=

y
y g( x g(x) = loga x

page 15 of 41
(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION :
A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolute value function or Modulus function. It is defined as
x if x 0
: y = x
x if x 0

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(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION :
A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows : y
y = 1 if x > 0
1 for x 0
y = f (x) = 0 for x 0 O
> x
y = Sgn x
1 for x 0
y = 1 if x < 0
It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ;
x 0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION :
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to x . Note that for :
1 x < 0 ; [x] = 1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .
Properties of greatest integer function :
y
(a) [x] x < [x] + 1 and graph of y = [x] 3
x 1 < [x] x , 0 x [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer . 2
(c) [x] + [y] [x + y] [x] + [y] + 1 1
(d) [x] + [ x] = 0 if x is an integer
= 1 otherwise . 3 2 1 1 1 2 x

3
2
(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION :
3
It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x [x] . y graph of y = {x}
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of 3.7 is 0.3. 1

The period of this function is 1 and graph of this function

is as shown . x
1 1 2
4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION :

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

+
R {0} , if n is even
1
(ii)
x n , (n N) R {0} R {0} , if n is odd
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+
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R , if n is even

(iii) x1 / n , (n N) R, if n is odd R, if n is odd

+ +
R {0} , if n is even R {0} , if n is even
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page 16 of 41
1
(iv) 1/ n , (n N) R {0} , if n is odd R {0} , if n is odd
x
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is even

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [1, + 1]

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(ii) cos x R [1, + 1]

(iii) tan x R (2k + 1) , kI R
2

(iv) sec x , kI
R (2k + 1) ( , 1 ] [ 1 , )
2
(v) cosec x R k , k I ( , 1 ] [ 1 , )
(vi) cot x R k , k I R
C. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

(i) sin1 x [1, + 1] 2 , 2

(ii) cos1 x [1, + 1] [ 0, ]

(iii) tan1 x R ,
2 2

(iv) cosec 1x ( , 1 ] [ 1 , ) 2 , 2 { 0 }


(v) sec1 x ( , 1 ] [ 1 , ) [ 0, ]
2
(vi) cot 1 x R ( 0, )

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

D. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R{0} R+ { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R {0} R+ { 1 }

E. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a 1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = log x R+ { 1 } R{0}
a

(a > 0 ) (a 1)

F. Integral Part Functions Functions

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(i) [x] R I
1 1
(ii) R [0, 1 ) , n I {0}
[x ] n
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G. Fractional Part Functions

page 17 of 41
(i) {x} R [0, 1)
1
(ii) RI (1, )
{x}

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H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+ { 0 }
1
(ii) |x| R{0} R+

I. Signum Function

|x|
sgn (x) = ,x0 R {1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION :

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :
(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS :
One One Function (Injective mapping) :
A function f : A B is said to be a oneone function or injective mapping if different elements of A
have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2 A & f(x1) ,
f(x2) B , f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 or x1 x2 f(x1) f(x2) .
Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is oneone .
(ii) If any line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is oneone .
Manyone function :
A function f : A B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the same
f image in B . Thus f : A B is many one if for ; x1, x2 A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1 x2 .
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Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as
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OR

page 18 of 41
Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum,then f(x) is
manyone . In other words, if a line parallel to xaxis cuts the graph of the function atleast
at two points, then f is manyone .
(ii) If a function is oneone, it cannot be manyone and vice versa .
Onto function (Surjective mapping) :

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If the function f : A B is such that each element in B (codomain) is the f image of atleast one element
in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A B is surjective iff b B, some
a A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR

Note that : if range = codomain, then f(x) is onto.

Into function :
If f : A B is such that there exists atleast one element in codomain which is not the image of any
element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR

Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even will
always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :

(a) oneone onto (injective & surjective)

(b) oneone into (injective but not surjective)

(c) manyone onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) manyone into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined from
A A is nn & out of it n ! are one one.
Identity function :
The function f : A A defined by f(x) = x x A is called the identity of A and is denoted by IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .

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Constant function :
A function f : A B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image in B .
Thus f : A B ; f(x) = c , x A , c B is a constant function. Note that the range of a constant
function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or into .
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7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS :

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are defined in

page 19 of 41
A B. Now we define f + g , f g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f g) (x) = f(x) g(x)
(ii) (f g) (x) = f(x) g(x)
f f (x)
(iii) (x) = domain is {x x A B s . t g(x) 0} .
g g ( x)

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8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS :
Let f : A B & g : B C be two functions . Then the function gof : A C defined by
(gof) (x) = g (f(x)) x A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x f (x)
Diagramatically g (f(x)) .
Thus the image of every x A under the function gof is the gimage of the fimage of x .
Note that gof is defined only if x A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take its
g-image. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of the domain
of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo (goh) &
(fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is
defined, then gof is also a bijection.
9. HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS :
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms
is of the same degree with respect to those variables .
For example 5 x2 + 3 y2 xy is homogeneous in x & y . Symbolically if ,
f (tx , ty) = tn . f (x , y) then f (x , y) is homogeneous function of degree n .
10. BOUNDED FUNCTION :
A function is said to be bounded if f(x) M , where M is a finite quantity .
11. IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION :
A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
IMPLICIT FUNCTION . For eg. the equation x3 + y3 = 1 defines y as an implicit function. If y has been
expressed in terms of x alone then it is called an EXPLICIT FUNCTION.
12. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION :
Let f : A B be a oneone & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B A such that f(x) = y g(y) = x, x A & y B . Then g is said to be inverse of f . Thus
g = f1 : B A = {(f(x), x) (x, f(x)) f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A B is a bijection & g : B A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.
Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y x , the changed form of x = y .

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(iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .
(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A B , g : B C then the inverse of gof exists and
(gof)1 = f1 o g1 .
13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS :
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If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x + 3 .

page 20 of 41
If f (x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of f then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x) f (x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the yaxis & every odd function is

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symmetric about the origin .
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x) f ( x)
e.g. f ( x)
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the same time
is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any one of
them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION :
A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of the
function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (T) , where T is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period .

(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx+ cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f (x) also has a period p .
f (x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0) .
15. GENERAL :
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0 .
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) f(x) = xn , n R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) f(x) = akx .
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) f(x) = kx, where k is a constant .

EXERCISE1
Q.1 Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) f (x) = cos2x 16 x 2 (ii) f (x) = log7 log5 log3 log2 (2x3 + 5x2 14x)

1 5x
(iii) f (x) = ln x 2 5x 24 x 2 (iv) f (x) =
7 x 7

2 log10 x 1
(v) y = log10 sin (x 3) 16 x 2 (vi) f (x) = log100x
x
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1 x
(vii) f (x) = ln x(x 2 1) (viii) f (x) = log 1 2
2
4x 1 2 x 1

1
(ix) f (x) x 2 x (x) f (x) = (x 2 3x 10) . ln 2 ( x 3)
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2
9 x
1

page 21 of 41
cos x
(xi) f(x) = logx (cos 2x) (xii) f (x) = 2
6 35x 6x 2
1 1
(xiii) f(x) = log1 / 3 log 4 [x ] 2
5 (xiv) f(x) =
[x ]
log (2{x} 5) (x 2 3x 10)
1 x
,

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(xv) f(x) = logx sin x

1
(xvi) f(x) = log2 log1/ 2 1 + log10 log10 x log10 4 log10 x log10 3

x
sin 100
1 1 1
(xvii) f (x) = + log1 {x}(x2 3x + 10) + +
[x ] 2| x| sec(sin x)
1
7
(xviii) f (x) = (5x 6 x ) lnx +
2
(7 x 5 2x ) + ln 2 x
2

f
(xix) If f(x) = x 2 5 x 4 & g(x) = x + 3 , then find the domain of (x) .
g
Q.2 Find the domain & range of the following functions .
( Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
2x x 2 3x 2
(i) y = log 5 2 (sin x cos x) 3 (ii) y =
1 x 2 (iii) f(x) =
x2 x 6
x
(iv) f (x) = 1 | x | (v) y = 2 x 1 x

x 4 3
(vi) f (x) = log(cosec x - 1) (2 [sin x] [sin x]2) (vii) f (x) =
x 5
Q.3 Draw graphs of the following function , where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function.
(i) f(x) = x + [x]
(ii) y = (x)[x] where x = [x] + (x) & x > 0 & x 3
(iii) y = sgn [x] (iv) sgn (x x)
Q.4 Classify the following functions f(x) definzed in R R as injective, surjective, both or none .
x 2 4x 30
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = x3 6 x2 + 11x 6 (c) f(x) = (x2 + x + 5) (x2 + x 3)
x 2 8x 18
1
Q.5 Let f(x) = . Let f2(x) denote f [f (x)] and f3(x) denote f [f {f(x)}]. Find f3n(x) where n is a natural
1 x
number. Also state the domain of this composite function.

5
Q.6 If f(x) = sinx + sin x cos x cos x and g 1 , then find (gof) (x).
3 3 4
Q.7 The function f(x) is defined on the interval [0,1]. Find the domain of definition of the functions.
(a) f (sin x) (b) f (2x+3)
Q.8(i) Find whether the following functions are even or odd or none

(a) f(x) = log x 1 x 2 (b) f(x) =

x ax 1 (c) f(x) = sin x + cos x
x
a 1
2

(d) f(x) = x sin x x 2 3

(e) f(x)= sin x cos x (f) f(x) =
1 2 x

2x
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x x
(g) f(x)= 1
x (h) f(x) = [(x+1)]1/3 + [(x 1)]1/3
e 1 2
(ii) If f is an even function defined on the interval (5, 5), then find the 4 real values of x satisfying the
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x 1
equation f (x) = f ..
x2

page 22 of 41
Q.9 Write explicitly, functions of y defined by the following equations and also find the domains of definition
of the given implicit functions :
(a) 10x + 10y = 10 (b) x + y= 2y

Q.10 Show if f(x) = n a x n , x > 0 n 2 , n N , then (fof) (x) = x . Find also the inverse of f(x).

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Q.11 (a) Represent the function f(x) = 3x as the sum of an even & an odd function.
(b) For what values of p z , the function f(x) = n x p , n N is even.
Q.12 A function f defined for all real numbers is defined as follows for x 0 : f (x) [1x,,x01x1
How is f defined for x 0 if : (a) f is even (b) f is odd?
1
Q.13 If f (x) = max x , for x > 0 where max (a, b) denotes the greater of the two real numbers a and b.
x

Define the function g(x) = f(x) . f 1 and plot its graph.

x
Q.14 T h e f u n c t i o n f (x) has the property that for each real number x in its domain, 1/x is also in its domain and
1
f(x)+ f = x. Find the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain of f (x)?
x
Q.15 Compute the inverse of the functions:
x
10 x 10 x
(a) f(x) = ln x x 2 1
x 1
(b) f(x) = 2 (c) y =
10 x 10 x

1 3
Q.16 A function f : , , defined as, f(x) = x2 x + 1. Then solve the equation f (x) = f 1 (x).
2 4

Q.17 Function f & g are defined by f(x) = sin x, xR ; g(x) = tan x , xR K 1

2
where K I . Find (i) periods of fog & gof. (ii) range of the function fog & gof .
Q.18 Find the period for each of the following functions :
(a) f(x)= sin4x + cos4x (b) f(x) = cosx (c) f(x)= sinx+cosx
3 2
(d) f(x)= cos x sin x .
5 7
Q.19 Prove that the functions ; (a) f(x) = cos x (b) f(x) = sin x
(c) f(x) = x + sin x (d) f(x) = cos x2 are not periodic .
Q.20 Find out for what integral values of n the number 3 is a period of the function :
f(x) = cos nx . sin (5/n) x.

EXERCISE2
Q.1 Let f be a oneone function with domain {x,y,z} and range {1,2,3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false .
f(x) = 1 ; f(y) 1 ; f(z) 2 . Determine f1(1)
Q.2 Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.
(a) The function f (x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f f ( x ) 1 f ( x ) = f (x) for all
x in the domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f (3).

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(b) Suppose f is a real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4 f (x) and f (1) = 4. Find the value of f (21).

(c) L e t ' f' be a function defined from R+ R+ . If [ f (xy)]2 = x f ( y) 2 for all positive numbers x and y and
f (2) = 6, find the value of f (50).
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(d) Let f (x) be a function with two properties

(i) for any two real number x and y, f (x + y) = x + f (y) and

page 23 of 41
(ii) f (0) = 2.
Find the value of f (100).
(e) Let f be a function such that f (3) = 1 and f (3x) = x + f (3x 3) for all x. Then find the value of f (300).

Q.3(a) A function f is defined for all positive integers and satisfies f(1) = 2005 and f(1)+ f(2)+ ... + f(n) = n2f(n)
for all n > 1. Find the value of f(2004).

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(b) If a, b are positive real numbers such that a b = 2, then find the smallest value of the constant L for
which x 2 ax x 2 bx < L for all x > 0.
(c) Let f (x) = x2 + kx ; k is a real number. The set of values of k for which the equation f (x) = 0 and
f f (x ) = 0 have same real solution set.
(d) If f (2x + 1) = 4x2 + 14x, then find the sum of the roots of the equation f (x) = 0.
ax b 5
Q.4 Let f (x) = for real a, b and c with a 0. If the vertical asymptote of y = f (x) is x = and the
4x c 4
3
vertical asymptote of y = f 1 (x) is x = , find the value(s) that b can take on.
4

Q.5 A function f : R R satisfies the condition, x2 f (x) + f (1 x) = 2x x4 . Find f (x) and its domain and
range.

Q.6 Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x 1 is 1
and the remainder when p(x) is divided by x 4 is 10. If r (x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by
(x 1)(x 4), find the value of r (2006).
1
e | ln{ x }| | ln{ x }|
{x} where ever it exists

Q.7 Prove that the function defined as , f (x) =
{x} otherwise , then
f (x) is odd as well as even. ( where {x} denotes the fractional part function )

1 1 x
Q.8 In a function 2 f(x) + xf 2f 2 sin x = 4 cos2 + x cos
x 4 2 x
Prove that (i) f(2) + f(1/2) = 1 and (ii) f(2) + f(1) = 0

Q.9 A function f , defined for all x , y R is such that f (1) = 2 ; f (2) = 8

& f (x + y) k xy = f (x) + 2 y2 , where k is some constant . Find f (x) & show that :
1
f (x + y) f = k for x + y 0.
x y
Q.10 Let f be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant a the
1 2
equation f (x a ) f (x) f (x) holds for all x . Prove that the function f is periodic .
2
Q.11 If f (x) = 1 + x 2 , 0 x 4
g (x) = 2 x , 1 x 3
Then find fog (x) & gof (x) . Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x) .
Q.12 Find the domain of definition of the implicit function defined by the implicit equation,
4 2 1
3y + 2x = 2 4 x .
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Q.13 Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively. Solve 4{x}= x + [x]

9x 1 2 3 2005
Q.14 Let f (x) = x then find the value of the sum f +f +f + ....+ f
9 3 2006 2006 2006 2006
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Q.15 Let f (x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x [6, 6]. If the range of the function is

page 24 of 41
[a, b] where a, b N then find the value of (a + b).
Q.16 Find a formula for a function g (x) satisfying the following conditions
(a) domain of g is ( , )
(b) range of g is [2, 8]
(c) g has a period and

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(d) g (2) = 3
3 4
Q.17 The set of real values of 'x' satisfying the equality + = 5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer
x x
b b
function) belongs to the interval a , where a, b, c N and is in its lowest form. Find the value of
c c
a + b + c + abc.
1
Q.18 Find the set of real x for which the function f(x) = is not defined, where [x]

x 1 12 x 11
denotes the greatest integer function.
Q.19 A is a point on the circumference of a circle. Chords AB and AC divide the area of the circle into three
equal parts . If the angle BAC is the root of the equation, f(x) = 0 then find f (x) .
Q.20 If for all real values of u & v, 2 f(u) cos v = f(u + v) + f(u v), prove that, for all real values of x
(i) f(x) + f( x) = 2a cos x (ii) f( x) + f( x) = 0
(iii) f( x) + f(x) = 2b sin x . Deduce that f(x) = a cos x b sin x, a, b are arbitrary constants.

EXERCISE3
Q.1 If the functions f , g , h are defined from the set of real numbers R to R such that ;

2 0, if x 0
f (x)= x 1, g (x) = x 1 , h(x) =
2 ; then find the composite function ho(fog) & determine
x , if x 0
whether the function (fog) is invertible & the function h is the identity function. [REE '97, 6]
2

Q.2(a) If g (f(x)) = sin x & f (g(x)) = sin x , then :
(A) f(x) = sin2 x , g(x) = x (B) f(x) = sin x , g(x) = x
(C) f(x) = x2 , g(x) = sin x (D) f & g cannot be determined
(b) If f(x) = 3x 5, then f1(x)
1 x5
(A) is given by (B) is given by
3x 5 3
(C) does not exist because f is not oneone (D) does not exist because f is not onto
[JEE'98, 2 + 2]
Q.3 If the functions f & g are defined from the set of real numbers R to R such that f(x) = ex,
g(x) = 3x 2, then find functions fog & gof. Also find the domains of functions (fog)1 & (gof)1.
[ REE '98, 6 ]
Q.4 If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x 1), then f1(x) is : [ JEE '99, 2 ]
x ( x 1)
1 1 1
(A)
2
(B)
2

1 1 4 log2 x (C)
2

1 1 4 log2 x (D) not defined

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x y
Q.5 The domain of definition of the function, y (x) given by the equation, 2 + 2 = 2 is :
(A) 0 < x 1 (B) 0 x 1 (C) < x 0 (D) < x < 1
Q.6 Given x = {1, 2, 3, 4}, find all oneone, onto mappings, f : X X such that,
f (1) = 1 , f (2) 2 and f (4) 4 . [ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
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1 , x 0

Q.7(a) Let g (x) = 1 + x [ x ] & f (x) = 0 , x 0 . Then for all x , f (g (x)) is equal to

page 25 of 41
1 , x0

(A) x (B) 1 (C) f (x) (D) g (x)
1
(b) If f : [1 , ) [2 , ) is given by , f (x) = x + , then f 1 (x) equals
x
x x2 4 x x x2 4
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1 x2 4
1 x2

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2 2
log2 (x 3)
(c) The domain of definition of f (x) = is :
x 2 3x 2
(A) R \ { 1, 2} (B) ( 2, ) (C) R\{ 1, 2, 3} (D) ( 3, ) \ { 1, 2}
(d) Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4 } & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
x
(e) Let f (x) = , x 1 . Then for what value of is f (f (x)) = x ?
x 1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 1.
Q.8(a) Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2 for x > 1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph of f(x)
with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals
1
(A) x 1, x > 0 (B) , x > 1 (C) x 1 , x > 1 (D) x 1, x > 0
(x 1) 2
(b) Let function f : R R be defined by f (x) = 2x + sinx for x R. Then f is
(A) one to one and onto (B) one to one but NOT onto
(C) onto but NOT one to one 2 (D) neither one to one nor onto
x x2
Q.9(a) Range of the function f (x) = 2 is
x x 1
7 7
(A) [1, 2] (B) [1, ) (C) 2 , (D) 1,
3 3
x
(b) Let f (x) = defined from (0, ) [ 0, ) then by f (x) is
1 x
(A) one- one but not onto (B) one- one and onto
(C) Many one but not onto (D) Many one and onto [JEE 2003 (Scr),3+3]
2
Q.10 Let f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x 1. Thus g ( f (x) ) is invertible for x

(A) , 0 (B) , (C) , (D) 0, 2 [JEE 2004 (Screening)]
2 2 4 4
Q.11(a) If the functions f (x) and g (x) are defined on R R such that
0, x rational 0, x irrational

f (x) = , g (x) =
x, x irrational x, x rational
then (f g)(x) is
(A) one-one and onto (B) neither one-one nor onto (C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one
(b) X and Y are two sets and f : X Y. If {f (c) = y; c X, y Y} and {f 1(d) = x; d Y, x X}, then
the true statement is

(A) f f 1 (b) b (B) f 1 f (a ) a
(C) f f 1
( b) b , b y (D) f 1 f (a ) a , a x [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]

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ANSWER KEY
FUNCTIONS
EXERCISE1
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5 3 3 5 1
Q 1. (i) , , , (ii) 4 , (2, )(iii) ( , 3]
4

page 26 of 41
4 4 4 4 4 2

1 1 1
(iv) ( , 1) [0, ) (v) (3 2 < x < 3 ) U (3 < x 4) (vi) 0, ,
100 100 10
1 5 1 5
(vii) (1 < x < 1/2) U (x > 1) (viii) , 0 , (ix) (3, 1] U {0} U [ 1,3 )

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2 2

1 5
(x) { 4 } [ 5, ) (xi) (0 , 1/4) U (3/4 , 1) U {x : x N, x 2} (xii) , , 6
6 3 3
(xiii) [ 3, 2) [ 3,4) (xiv)
(xv) 2K < x < (2K + 1) but x 1 where K is nonnegative integer
5
(xvi) {x 1000 x < 10000} (xvii) (2, 1) U (1, 0) U (1, 2) (xviii) (1, 2) 2,
2
(xix) ( , 3) (3 , 1] [4 , )

Q 2.
(i) D : x R R : [0 , 2] (ii) D = R ; range [ 1 , 1 ]
(iii) D : {xx R ; x 3 ; x 2} R : {f(x)f(x)R , f(x) 1/5 ; f(x) 1}
(iv) D : R ; R : (1, 1) (v) D : 1 x 2 R : 3, 6
(vi)
D : x (2n, (2n + 1)) 2 n 6 , 2 n 2 , 2 n 56 , n I and
R : loga 2 ; a (0, ) {1} Range is (, ) {0}
1 1 1
(vii) D : [ 4, ) {5}; R : 0, ,
6 6 3

Q.4 (a) neither surjective nor injective (b) surjective but not injective
(c) neither injective nor surjective
Q.5 f3n(x) = x ; Domain = R {0 , 1}
Q.6 1 Q.7 (a) 2K x 2K + where K I (b) [3/2 , 1]
Q.8 (i) (a) odd, (b) even, (c) neither odd nor even, (d) odd, (e) neither odd nor even, (f) even,
1 5 1 5 3 5 3 5
(g) even, (h) even; (ii) , , ,
2 2 2 2
Q.9 (a) y = log (10 10x) , < x < 1
(b) y = x/3 when < x < 0 & y = x when 0 x < +
Q.10 f1(x) = (a xn)1/n
Q.12 (a) f(x) = 1 for x < 1 & x for 1 x 0; (b) f(x) = 1 for x < 1 and x for 1 x 0
1
if 0 x1
x2
Q.13 g( x ) Q.14 {1, 1}
2
x if x 1
x x log2 x 1 1 x
Q.15 (a) e e ; (b) ; (c) log Q.16 x = 1
2 log2 x 1 2 1 x
Q.17 (i) period of fog is , period of gof is 2 ; (ii) range of fog is [1 , 1] , range of gof is [tan1, tan1]

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Q.18 (a) /2 (b) (c) /2 (d) 70
Q.20 1, 3, 5, 15

EXERCISE2
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1
Q 1. f (1) = y

page 27 of 41
Q.2 (a) 3/4, (b) 64, (c) 30, (d) 102, (e) 5050
1
Q.3 (a) , (b) 1, (c) [0, 4), (d) 5
1002

15
Q 4. b can be any real number except Q5. f (x) = 1 x2, D = x R ; range =( , 1]
4

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Q.6 6016 Q 9. f (x) = 2 x2
x 1 , 0 x 1
(1 x) , 1 x 0 3 x , 1 x 2
Q 11. fog (x) = ; gof (x) = ;
x1 , 0x2 x 1 , 2 x 3
5x , 3 x 4

x , 1 x 0
x , 0 x 1
fof (x) = 4 x , 3 x 4 ; gog (x) = x , 0x2
4x , 2 x 3

3 1 1 3 3 1 3 1
Q 12. , , Q.13 x = 0 or 5/3
2 2 2 2
Q.14 1002.5 Q.15 5049 Q.16 g (x) = 3 + 5 sin(n + 2x 4), n I

Q.17 20 Q 18. (0 , 1) {1, 2, ....., 12} (12, 13) Q 19. f (x) = sin x + x
3

EXERCISE3
Q.1 (hofog)(x) = h(x2) = x2 for x R , Hence h is not an identity function , fog is not invertible
Q.2 (a) A, (b) B
Q.3 (fog) (x) = e3x 2 ; (gof) (x) = 3 ex 2 ;
Domain of (fog)1 = range of fog = (0, ); Domain of (gof)1 = range of gof = ( 2, )
Q.4 B Q.5 D
Q.6 {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 2)} ; {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 3)} and {(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2)}
Q.7 (a) B, (b) A, (c) D, (d) A, (e) D Q.8 (a) D ; (b) A
Q.9 (a) D , (b) A Q.10 C Q.11 (a) A ; (b) D

Exercise-4
Part : (A) Only one correct option
log0.3 ( x 1)
1. The domain of the function f(x) = is
x 2 2x 8
(A) (1, 4) (B) ( 2, 4) (C) (2, 4) (D) [2, )
( x 3 )x + 2
2. The function f(x) = cot 1 cos1
x 3 x 1 is defined on the set S, where S is equal to:
(A) {0, 3} (B) (0, 3) (C) {0, 3} (D) [ 3, 0]
2 1 2 1
3. The range of the function f (x) = sin 1 x + cos1 x , where [ ] is the greatest integer
2 2
function, is:

(A) , (B) 0, (C) { } (D) 0,
2 2 2
4. Range of f(x) = log 5
{ 2 (sinx cosx) + 3} is
3
(A) [0, 1] (B) [0, 2] (C) 0, (D) none of these
2
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x x
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5. Range of f(x) = 4 + 2 + 1 is
(A) (0, ) (B) (1, ) (C) (2, ) (D) (3, )
6. If x and y satisfy the equation y = 2 [x] + 3 and y = 3 [x 2] simultaneously, the [x + y] is
(A) 21 (B) 9 (C) 30 (D) 12
7. The function f : [2, ) Y defined by f(x) = x 2 4x + 5 is both oneone & onto if
(A) Y = R (B) Y = [1, ) (C) Y = [4, ) (D) Y = [5, )
8. Let S be the set of all triangles and R + be the set of positive real numbers. Then the f unction,
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f : S R+, f () = area of the , where S is :

(A) injective but not surjective (B) surjective but not injective
(C) injective as well as surjective (D) neither injective nor surjective

page 28 of 41
9. Let f(x) be a function whose domain is [ 5, 7]. Let g(x) = |2x + 5|. Then domain of (fog) (x) is
(A) [ 4, 1] (B) [ 5, 1] (C) [ 6, 1] (D) none of these
e x e x
10. The inverse of the function y = is
e x e x
1 1 x 1 2x 1 1 x
(A) log (B) log (C) log (D) 2 log (1 + x)
2 1 x 2 2x 2 1 x
11. The fundamental period of the function,

Teko Classes, Maths : Suhag R. Kariya (S. R. K. Sir), Bhopal Phone : 0 903 903 7779, 0 98930 58881.
f(x) = x + a [x + b] + sin x + cos 2x + sin 3x + cos 4x +...... + sin (2n 1) x
+ cos 2 nx for every a, b R is: (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 0
4
12. The period of e cos x x [ x ] cos x
is ______(where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
1
13.
If y = f(x) satisfies the condition f x x1 = x 2 + 2 (x 0) then f(x) =
x
(A) x 2 2 (B) x 2 2 (C) x 2 2 (D) x 2 2
a x a x
14. Given the function f(x) = (a > 0). If f(x + y) + f(x y) = k f(x). f(y) then k has the value equal to:
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 1/2
15. A function f : R R satisfies the condition, x 2 f(x) + f(1 x) = 2x x 4. Then f(x) is:
(A) x 2 1 (B) x 2 + 1 (C) x 2 1 (D) x 4 1

1
16. The domain of the function, f (x) = x
1 cos 1
(2 x 1) tan 3 x is:

(A) ( 1, 0) (B) ( 1, 0) (C) ( 1, 0] , (D) , 0
6 6 2 6
17. If f (x) = 2 [x] + cos x, then f: R R is: (where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) oneone and onto (B) oneone and into (C) manyone and into (D) manyone and onto
18. If q2 4 p r = 0, p > 0, then the domain of the function, f (x) = log (p x 3 + (p + q) x 2 + (q + r) x + r) is:
q q q
(A) R (B) R ( , 1] (C) R ( , 1) (D) none of these
2p 2p 2p
19. If [ 2 cos x ] + [ sin x ] = 3, then the range of the function, f (x) = sin x + 3 cos x in [0, 2 ] is:
(where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function)
(A) [ 2, 1) (B) ( 2, 1] (C) ( 2, 1) (D) [2, 3 )
1
20. The domain of the function f (x) = log1/2 log2 1 1 is:
4x

(A) 0 < x < 1 (B) 0 < x 1 (C) x 1 (D) null set
21. The range of the functions f (x) = log
2
2 log 16sin x 1 is
2
2

(A) ( 1) (B) ( 2) (C) ( 1] (D) ( 2]
1 x3
22. The domain of the function, f (x) = sin 1 + sin (sin x) + log (x 2 + 1),
2 x3/ 2 (3{x} + 1)

where {x} represents fractional part function is:
(A) x {1} (B) x R {1, 1} (C) x > 3, x I (D) none of these
23. The minimum value of f(x) = a tan2 x + b cot2 x equals the maximum value of g(x) = a sin2x + b cos2x where
a > b > 0, when
(A) 4a = b (B) 3a = b (C) a = 3b (D) a = 4b
x
24. Let f (2, 4) (1, 3) be a function defined by f (x) = x (where [. ] denotes the greatest integer function), then
2
f 1 (x) is equal to :
x
(A) 2x (B) x + (C) x + 1 (D) x 1
2
25. The image of the interval R when the mapping f: R R given by f(x) = cot (x2 4x + 3) is
1

3 3
(A) , (B) , (C) (0, ) (D) 0,
4 4 4 4

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ax 1
26. If the graph of the function f (x) = is symmetric about y-axis, then n is equal to:
x n (a x 1)
(A) 2 (B) 2 / 3 (C) 1 / 4 (D) 1 / 3

27. If f(x) = cot1x : R+ 0,
2
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and g(x) = 2x x2 : R R. Then the range of the function f(g(x)) wherever define is

page 29 of 41
(A) 0, (B) 0, (C) , (D)
2 4 4 2 4
28. Let f: (e2, ) R be defined by f(x) =n (n(n x)), then
(A) f is one one but not onto (B) f is on to but not one - one (C) f is one-one and onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
29. Let f: (e, ) R be defined by f(x) =n (n(n x)), then
(A) f is one one but not onto (B) f is on to but not one - one
(C) f is one-one and onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
30. Let f(x) = sin x and g(x) = | n x| if composite functions fog(x) and gof (x) are defined and have ranges
R1 & R2 respectively then.

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(A) R1 = {u: 1 < u < 1} R2 = {v: 0 < v < }
(B) R1 = {u: < u < 0} R2 = {v: 1< v < }
(C) R1 = {u: 0 < u < } R2 = {v: 1 < v < 1; v 0}
(D) R1 = {u: 1 < u < } R2 = {v:0 < v < }
( x 2 3 x 2)
31. 5
Function f : ( , 1) (0, e ] defined by f(x) = e is
(A) many one and onto (B) many one and into (C) one one and onto (D) one one and into
32. The number of solutions of the equation [sin1 x] = x [x], where [ . ] denotes the greatest integer function is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many
x x
33. The function f(x) = x + + 1 is
e 1 2
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither an odd nor an even function (D) a periodic function
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
34. For the function f(x) = n (sin 1 og2 x),
1
(A) Domain is , 2 (B) Range is , n (C) Domain is (1, 2] (D) Range is R
2 2
35. A function ' f ' from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by,
n 1 , when n is odd

f (n) = 2n is:
2 , when n is even
(A) one-one (B) many-one (C) onto (D) into
1 2
36. Domain of f(x) = sin [2 4x ] where [x] denotes greatest integer function is:
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
(A) , {0} (B) , {0} (C) 2 , 2 (D) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

sin [x]
37. If F (x) = , then F (x) is:
{x}
(A) periodic with fundamental period 1 (B) even
(C) range is singleton
{x }
(D) identical to sgn sgn 1, where {x} denotes fractional part function and [ . ] denotes greatest
{x}

integer function and sgn (x) is a signum function.

38. D [ 1, 1] is the domain of the following functions, state which of them are injective.
(A) f(x) = x 2 (B) g(x) = x 3 (C) h(x) = sin 2x (D) k(x) = sin ( x/2)

Exercise-5
1
1. Find the domain of the function f(x) = + x2
log10 (1 x )

3x 1
1 2x + 3 sin 2
1
2. Find the domain of the function f(x) =

3. Find the inverse of the following functions. f(x) = n (x + 1 x 2 )

4. Let f : , B defined by f (x) = 2 cos2x + 3 sin2x + 1. Find the B such that f 1
exists. Also find
3 6
f 1 (x).
5. Find for what values of x, the following functions would be identical.
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x 1
f (x) = log (x - 1) - log (x - 2) and g (x) = log x 2 .

4x
6. If f(x) = , then show that f(x) + f(1 x) = 1
4x 2
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1 1
7. Let f(x) be a polynomial function satisfying the relation f(x). f = f(x) + f x R {0} and
x x

page 30 of 41
f(3) = 26. Determine f(1).
8. Find the domain of definitions of the following functions.
x2 1 x
(i) f (x) = 3 2 x 21 x (ii) f (x) = +
x2 1 x
(iii) f (x) = og10 (1 og10(x2 5x + 16))

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9. Find the range of the following functions.
4 x2
x 2 2x 4
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = sin og 1 x
x 2 2x 4
(iii) f (x)= x 4 2 x 2 + 5 (iv) f (x) = sin2 x + cos4x
10. Solve the following equation for x (where [x] & {x} denotes integral and fractional part of x)
2x + 3 [x] 4 {x} = 4
11. Draw the graph of following functions where [.] denotes greatest integer function and { .} denotes fractional part
function.
(i) y = {sin x } (ii) y = [x] + { x}

2
12. Draw the graph of the function f(x) = x 4 | x | 3 and also find the set of values of a for which the equation f(x) =
a has exactly four distinct real roots.
13. Examine whether the following functions are even or odd or none.
x | x |, x 1
(1 2 x )7
[1 x] [1 x], 1 x 1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) =
2x x | x |,
x 1
2x (sinx tanx )
(iii) f (x) = , where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
x 2
2 3

14. Find the period of the following functions.
sin 2 x cos 2 x
(i) f (x) = 1
1 cot x 1 tanx

(ii) f (x) = tan [ x ] , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
2
1 |sinx | sinx
sin x sin 3 x
(iii) f (x) = cos x | cosx | (iv) f (x) =

2 cos x cos 3x
1 x 2
x 1
15. If f(x) = and g(x) = 1 x ; 2 < x < 1 then define the function fog(x).
x 1 1 x 2
1
16. Find the set of real x for which the function, f (x) = is not defined, where [x] denotes the
[| x 1 |] [| 12 x | ] 11
greatest integer not greater than x.

cos 1 sin x 4 2cosx
17. Given the functions f(x) = e , g(x) = cosec1
3 & the function
3
h(x) = f(x) defined only for those values of x, which are common to the domains of the functions f(x) and g(x).
Calculate the range of the function h(x).
18. Let f be a real valued function defined for all real numbers x such that for some positive constant a the
1
equation f ( x a) f ( x ) f ( x )2 holds for all x. Prove that the function f is periodic.
2
19. If f (x) = 1 + x 2, 0 x 4
g (x) = 2 x , 1 x 3

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 Get Solution of These Packages & Learn by Video Tutorials on www.MathsBySuhag.com
Then find fog (x), gof (x), fof(x) & gog(x). Draw rough sketch of the graphs of fog (x) & gof (x).
20. Find the integral solutions to the equation [x] [y] = x + y. Show that all the non-integral solutions lie on exactly
two lines. Determine these lines. Here [ .] denotes greatest integer function.

Exercise-4
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1. D 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. B

page 31 of 41
8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. B
15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. D 21. D 12. a (1, 3) {0}
22. D 23. D 24. C 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. A
29. C 30. D 31. D 32. B 33. B 34. BC
35. AC 36. B 37. ABCD 38. BD 13. (i) neither even nor odd (ii) even (iii) odd
Exercise-5 14. (i) (ii) 2 (iii) 2 (iv)

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1 1 2 2x x 2 0 x 1
1. [2, 0) (0, 1) 2. 3 , 2 15. f(g(x)) =
2 x 1 x 0
e x e x
3. f 1 =
2
1 x 2 16. (0, 1) U {1, 2,......., 12} U (12, 13) 17. e 6 , e
1
1 sin
4. B = [0, 4] ; f (x) =
2 2 6 18. Period 2 a

5. (2, ) 7. 3 8. (i) [0, 1] (ii) (iii) (2, 3) (1 x ) , 1 x 0

19. fog (x) = ;
x 1 , 0 x 2
1 3
9. (i) 3 , 3 (ii) [ 1, 1] (iii) [4, ) (iv) , 1
4 x 1 , 0 x 1

3 x , 1 x 2
3 gof(x) =
10. x 1 , 2 x3
2 5 x , 3x4

x , 0x2
fof (x) = ;
4 x , 2 x 2
11. (i)
x , 1 x 0

gog(x) = x , 0x2
4 x , 2 x 3

20. Integral solution (0, 0); (2, 2). x + y = 6, x + y = 0

(ii)

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