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Module 10: Differential Protection of Bus, Transformer and Generator: Transformer Protection

(1) Differential protection of transformers involves using matched CTs on the primary and secondary windings to detect internal faults based on non-zero circulating currents. (2) Numerical relays can implement differential protection by software comparisons without physical CT connections, making the scheme more adaptable to different transformer connections and tap positions. (3) A percentage differential scheme is used to prevent operation under no load conditions, CT errors, or off-nominal taps by setting a threshold based on a percentage of restraining current.

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140 views4 pages

Module 10: Differential Protection of Bus, Transformer and Generator: Transformer Protection

(1) Differential protection of transformers involves using matched CTs on the primary and secondary windings to detect internal faults based on non-zero circulating currents. (2) Numerical relays can implement differential protection by software comparisons without physical CT connections, making the scheme more adaptable to different transformer connections and tap positions. (3) A percentage differential scheme is used to prevent operation under no load conditions, CT errors, or off-nominal taps by setting a threshold based on a percentage of restraining current.

Uploaded by

Thirumal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 10 : Differential Protection of Bus, Transformer and Generator

Lecture 39 : Transformer Protection

Introduction

Differential protection of transformer was introduced in lecture 2. Traditionally, it involves establishing


circulating current through a pair of matched CTs installed on the primary and secondary winding of the
transformer. If there is no internal fault in the transformer, zero current flows through the differential
overcurrent element. However, in case of an internal fault, the CT secondary currents are not matched
and hence the differential current is not zero. This causes the overcurrent element to pick up and
operate the circuit breakers to isolate the transformer.

Selection of CT Turns Ratio

Let the transformer turns ratio given


by and the corresponding CT
ratio be given by and as
given in fig 39.1. Then,
Current in CT - 1 primary =

Current in CT - 1 secondary =

Current in CT - 2 primary =

Current in CT - 2 secondary =

If there is no fault, then with proper connections account for the CT polarity, we should obtain circulatory
current through CT secondary.
Hence,

Selection of CT Turns Ratio (contd..)

i.e, or (1)

If the transformer (to be protected ) is working on tap T as shown in fig 39.2, then the above equality
has to be modified as follows:

(2)
Example
Let the primary of the transformer winding has 1000 turns while secondary has 500 turns. If the primary
CT ratio is 100:5, find the CT ratio required in the secondary side to establish circulatory current scheme.

Ans: =1000, and =20

From equation (1), we get

Thus, a suitable secondary CT ratio would be 200:5.

Example (contd..)

Remarks 1: Sometimes due to odd turns ratio' involved in primary, it may not be possible to obtain
matching CTs on the secondary. In such situations auxiliary CTs' are used either on primary or secondary
(or both sides) to obtain circulatory currents in absence of internal faults. Primary of the auxilliary CT is
connected in series with secondary of main CT. Secondary of auxilliary CT participates in the circulating
current scheme.

Remark 2: The circulating current scheme described above has been traditionally used with
electromechanical and solid state relays. However in case of numerical relays, such physical connections
are no more required. Given turns ratio and CTs ratio and , one can work out the
expected current in secondary of transformer (in absence of internal fault). Hence, auxiliary CTs become
redundant and the transformer connections are simplified drastically. Thus, with numerical relaying most
of the hardware connections and circulatory currents can be easily accounted in software. Further, with
digital protection systems differential protection can be implemented by either 'sample by sampe'
comparison or by first computing the phasors and then comparing them.

Phasor computation approach will involve a delay equal to the time required for moving window to latch
on to post fault phasor. Conversely, 'sample by sample' comparison approach can be faster but it is more
prone to picking up to noise or trannsients. Hence, even it has to be slowed down by 'polling scheme'. In
this scheme, we increment a winter, whenever large enough differential is detected. If counter is positive
and differential is below threshold, we decrement the counter. If the counter 'ensures as threshold, a trip
decision is issued.
Example (contd..)
Remark 3: When dealing with three phase transformers, the transformer connections like Y-Y or
also play a role in determining CT secondary interconnections to establish circulating current scheme.
This is because of the phase shifts typically of the order of that result in the line currents when we
move from primary to secondary side of the power transformer. Fig 39.3 shows the typical connections
for star-delta transformer bank for establishing the circulatory currents. The study of the circuit brings
out the following important rule for interconnection of CT secondary for transformers: If the power
transformer winding are connected in Y configuration, use configuration for corresponding CT
secondary interconnections" (and vice-versa).
Remark 4: With numerical relays such interconnection complexity can be easily handled in software.
After, specifying the turns ratio and the phase shift from primary to secondary, it should be possible to
work out the expected secondary differential current by simple calculation.

Role of Percentage Differential Protection

So far, our discussion has focused on an ideal transformer. However, practical transformers and CTs pose
additional challenge to protection.

The primary of transformer will carry no load current even when the secondary is open circuited. This will
(1)
lead to

differential current on which the protection scheme should not operate.

It is not possible to exactly match the CT ratio as per equation (1). This would also lead to differential
(2)
currents under

healthy conditions.
If the transformer is used with an off nominal tap, then differential currents will arise as equation (2) is
(3)
not satisfied

even under healthy conditions. However, tap position can be read in numerical protection scheme and
accounted by equation (2). This would make the numerical protection scheme adaptive.

To prevent the differential


protection scheme from picking
up under such conditions, a
percentage differential
protection scheme is used. (see
fig 39.4 )
It improves security at the cost
of sensitivity. Notice an offset of
to account for the no load
current. The current on the x-
axis is the average current of
primary and secondary winding
referred to primary. It indicates
the restraining current while the
corresponding difference on Y-
axis represents the differential
current. For reference current
direction see fig 39.1.

The differential protection will pick up if magnitude of differential current is more than a fixed percentage
of the restraining current.

Complications of Magnetizing Inrush

We now plan to show that even percentage


differential protection scheme will misclassify the
inrush current as fault current. This is because
during inrush, secondary current is negligible (zero
if secondary is open circuited), while primary
current can be as high as 10 - 20 times the full
load current. Thus some kind of restraint function
is required to inhibit the pick up on inrush.
Traditionally, this restraint is based upon second
harmonic content in primary which discriminates a
fault from the inrush condition.

Alternatives in numerical relaying also include voltage restraint used in integrated substation protection
scheme and flux restraint scheme. Before, discussing these schemes further, we will review the origin of
magnetizing inrush phenomenon.

Consider the circuit in fig 39.5. The switch is closed at t = 0. By Faraday's law, we have

, with

and

(3)

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