1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

5
1. Solution: .
12
A 3-digit number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
The first digit cannot be 0, so we have the following four groups of 3 such that the three
different numbers sum to a multiple of 3:
2, 4, 0; 8, 4, 0; 6, 4, 2; 8, 6, 4.
These four cases produce 4, 4, 6, and 6 numbers respectively.
There are 4 + 4 + 6 + 6 = 20 such numbers. There are a total of 443 = 48 three-digit
numbers using the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8.
20 5
The probability is P .
4 4 3 12

2. Solution: 9.

A network of the cube is shown below.

A network can be traversed without retracing any edge if it has two odd
nodes. A node is one of the 8 vertices. An odd node is a vertex that has an
odd number of edges coming out of it. This network has 8 odd nodes, so
six such nodes need to be removed. One example is shown. The two odd
nodes left with one being the starting point and the other one being the ending point. The
longest distance is then 9.

11
3. Solution: .
18
Let the event of removing a red ball be A1, the event of removing a white ball be A2, and
the event of selecting a red ball be B. We have
4 2 3 1
P( A1 ) P( B A1 ) (The probability of selecting a red
6 3 6 2
ball after removing and replacing a red ball.)
2 1 5
P( A2 ) P( B A2 ) (The probability of selecting a red ball
6 3 6
after removing and replacing a white ball.)
2 1 1 5 1 5 11
P(B) P(A1 ) P(B | A1) P(A2 ) P(B | A2 ) .
3 2 3 6 3 18 18

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 1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

4. Solution: 56.
Let g be the number of girls and b be the number of boys.
According to the problem, after one-fifth of the girls left, the ratio of the girls to boys was
2:5, or
4
g
5 2 (1)
4
g b
2
(2)
b 3 5 3
After 44 boys leave, the ratio of boys to girls was 2:5, or
4
g
5 5
(3)
b 44 2
2
b
5 4
Substituting (2) to (3): 3 (cross multiply) 5(b 44) b
b 44 2 3
4 4 11
5b 220 b 5b b 220 b 220 b 60.
3 3 3
Substitute the value of b into any of the above equations to obtain g = 50.
4 4
The number of students who remained = (b 44) g (60 44) 50 16 40 56.
5
5

3
5. Solution: .
2
The area of BEF = The area of the square ABCD The area of EDF The area of
BAE The areas of BCF
1 1 1 2 1 3
= 22 2 4 2 .
2 2 2 2

1
6. Solution: .
5

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 1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

15
There are a total of 15 cards. There are ways to choose 3 cards from 15. There are
3
8 7
ways to choose 3 red cards from 8 and ways to choose 3 black cards from 7. The
3 3
8 7

3 3 1
probability is equal to .
15 5

3

7. Solution: 17.
Method 1:
have 3 points of intersection. One circle will have at most 2 points of
Three lines can
intersection with each line. So, each circle will add 6 more points and 2 circles will add
12 points of intersection with the lines. However, two circles will also have at most 2
points of intersection with themselves. This will add 2 more points of intersection. The
total points of intersection among two circles and three lines are 3 + 12 +2 = 17.

Method 2:
Direct counting:

8. Solution: 12 15 .
Using the Heron formula to find the area of the triangle, we get
1 1
s (a b c) (8 12 16) 18 .
2 2
A s(s a)(s b)(s c) 18(18 8)(18 12)(18 16) 12 15 .

9. Solution: 81 3 .
Shown in the 2-D image below, the diameter of the sphere is the same
as the side length of the large cube. The diameter of the sphere is also
the same as the length of the small cubes diagonal. Let the side of the
small cube be a. Its diagonal has a length of 9, so we know that
9
a 2 a 2 a 2 92 . a and the volume of the inscribed cube is
3
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 1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

9
a3 ( ) 3 81 3 .
3

37
10. Solution: .
64

Stage 0 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

1
The nine white squares in stage 2, after partially shaded, will produce 9 more shaded
4
9
7
areas. The fraction of shaded area in the third stage will be 4 37 .
16 64
Note: See a similar problem in 1995 National Sprint problem 20.

11. Solution: 0.16.

3 2 3
The area of ABC equals a 2 2 3 . The three white
4 4
regions represent three pieces of one-sixth of a circle.
The area of the shaded region
1
= The area of the triangle ABC 3 (the area of the circle of
6
radius 1)
3 3.14
= 3 12 3 1.737 0.16.
6 2 2

1
12. Solution: .
8

Method 1:
Square both sides:
(5x 1) 2 (3x 2) 2
25x 2 10 x 1 9 x 2 12 x 4

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 1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

3 1
16 x 2 22 x 3 0 . Using the quadratic formula, we get x1 and x 2 . The
2 8
1
smallest value is x 2 .
8
Method 2:
We write the equation as two equations: 5 x 1 3x 2 (1)
and 5x 1 (3x 2) (2)
3
Solve for x in (1), we get: x
2
1 1
Solve for x in (2), we get: x . The desired solution is then x .
8 8

13. Solution: 2.
4x 1 3y 1 3 1 1 1 1
y f ( x) ; x ; f 1 (1) ; ( f 1(1)) 1 ( ) 1 2.
3 4 4 2 2

14. Solution: 28.

Using the Triangle Inequality, we have:

x 8 x 8 3x 9 (1)
x 8 3x 9 x 8 (2)
Solve x in (1), we have 25 x .
Solve x in (2), we have x 3 .
The smallest value for x is 24 and the largest value is 4. The answer
is 24 + 4 = 28.

15. Solution: 10.

The radius of the circle is 26/2 = 13. The radius of the circle is a perpendicular bisector of
the chord. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, the desired solution is
2x 2 132 122 2 5 10.
Note: Some Common Pythagorean Triples:
3 4 5
5 12 13
8 15 17
7 24 25
20 21 29
12 35 37
9 40 41
11 60 61
13 84 85

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1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

16. Solution: 402.

Method 1:
12 = 1 2 6 = 1 3 4 = 2 2 3 = 2 6 = 3 4 .
The 2-digit positive integers have the form of 2( a 1) 3(b 1) 5(c 1) 7( d 1)
We found the following 2-digit positive integers that have 12 factors:
25 31 50 96
23 32 50 72
21 32 51 90
22 31 51 60
22 31 71 84
The desired solution is 60 + 72 +84 + 90 +96 = 402.

Note:
Table of factors of counting numbers 1 to 100

Number Counting numbers Number Property

of factors of
counting
numbers
1 1 1 Square
number
2 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 25 Prime
43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 number
3 4, 9, 25, 49 4 Square of a
prime
4 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 33, 34, 35, 32
38, 39, 46, 51, 55, 57, 58, 62, 65, 69, 74, 77,
82, 85, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95
5 16, 81 2 Square
number
6 12, 18, 20, 28, 32, 44, 45, 50, 52, 63, 68, 75, 16
76, 92, 98, 99
7 64 1 Square
number
8 24, 30, 40, 42, 54, 56, 66, 70, 78, 88 10
9 36, 100 2 Square
number
10 48, 80 2
11 0
12 60, 72, 84, 90, 96 5

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1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

1
17. Solution: .
2
OC 2 1
AOB ~COM (AB|| MC). M is the midpoint of CD. .
OA 4 2

1
18. Solution: .
10
There are 9 10 1 90 3-digit palindromes. There are 9 10 10 900 3-digit
90 1
palindromes. The probability is then P .
900 10

19. Solution: 16.

Let the two numbers be x and y.
According to the problem,
xy ( x y) 39 ( x 1)( y 1) 40 10 4 8 5 .
(Note that 40 = 20 2 40 1 are both out of range, since each number must be less than
20.)
( x 1) 8 and ( y 1) 5 gives x = 9 and y = 6. They share 3 as a common factor, so
they are not relatively prime.
( x 1) 10 and ( y 1) 4 gives x = 11 and y = 5. The sum is 16.

20. Solution: 38.

9a 8 5
54a 48 50a 40 a2
10a 8 6
The sum of the original fractions numerator and denominator is (9 10)a 38.

32
21. Solution: .
65
The total number of outcomes is equal to 15 14 13 12 , since the balls are selected
without replacement.
We are given 8 odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15) and 7 even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8, 10,
12, 14).
In order to get an odd sum, we need to have the following selections of the balls:
Case I: Odd, Even, Even, Even.
4!
There are 8 7 6 5 ways in this case.
3!1!
Case II: Odd, Odd, Odd, Even.
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1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

4!
There are 8 7 6 7 ways in this case.
3!1!
4! 4!
8 7 65 8 7 6 7
The desired probability is P 3!1! 3!1! 32 .
15 14 13 12 65

22. Solution: 67.

(1) The number of squares in the figure (a): 42 + 32 + 22 + 12 = 30;
(2) The number of shaded squares consisting of one small square: 24;
(3). The number of squares consisting of 4 small squares in (c): 5 + 5 1 = 9;
(4) The number of squares in (d): 4.
The total number of squares is 30 + 24 + 9 + 4 = 67.

(a) (b (c) (d)

23. Solution: 4.
Method 1:
When Rachel divides her favorite number by 7, she gets a remainder of 5. The smallest
value for her favorite number can be 7 + 5 = 12. 12 5 = 60. The remainder will be 4
when 60 is divided by 7.

Method 2:
Let Rachels favorite number be x.
Since she gets a remainder of 5 after dividing her number by 7, we have
x = 5 mod 7
5x 55 4 mod 7. So the remainder will be 4.

13
24. Solution: .
20
Let the number picked be x. According to the Triangle Inequality, we have
12 7 x x 19
7 x 12 x5

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1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

There are a total of 20 numbers and the favorable outcomes are from 6 to 18. The
18 6 1 13
probability is P .
20 20

1
25. Solution: .
3
In order for the five-digit number to be divisible by 36, the number needs to be divisible
by both 4 and 9. This means that the number formed by the last two digits must be
divisible by 4 (the units digit must then be 2 or 6) and the sum of the digit must be
divisible by 9.
We then have:
2 + 1 + x + 7 + 2 0 mod 9 3 + x 0 mod 9 x=6
2 + 1 + x + 7 + 6 0 mod 9 x + 7 0 mod 9 x=2
2 1
The ratio of the smaller digit to the larger digit is .
6 3

26. Solution: 5.
Let the first term of the sequence be a. The sum of first ten terms of an arithmetic
sequence with a common difference of, say, 1.
S a a 1 a 2 .. a 10 10a 45 5(2a 9) .
S must be divisible by 5.

5
27. Solution: .
4
Shown in the figure below, the area of the shaded region is equal to
the areas of the two small triangles subtracted from the area of the
surrounding rectangle, or
1 1

2 3 2 2 2 5
2 .
2 2 2 4

1
28. Solution: .
4
1 1 1 1 1
f ( x) x.
1 1 1 1 x x 1 x
1 1 1 1
1 1 x 1 x x x x
1
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x

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 1999 Mathcounts National Sprint Round Solutions

1 1
f (2) 2 ; f ( f (2)) f (2) 2 ; ( f ( f (2))) 2 (2) 2 .
22 4

1
29. Solution: .
128
The perimeters form a pattern:

3 3 3 3 3

20 21 22 23 2 n 1

1
The pattern is a geometric sequence with a common ratio of . The ratio of the
2
perimeter of the tenth triangle to the perimeter of the third triangle is
3
2
29 2 1 1 .
3 2 9 2 7 128
22

30. Solution: 80.

We first find the pattern of the perimeter of the arrangement as shown below, where N is
the number of rows in the figure:

.
22 24 26 28 .. 2(2n)

The perimeter of the figure with n rows is equal to 2 (2n).

Next, we find how many rows are in the 20th figure.
(1 n)n
1 2 3 4 ... n 210 n = 20.
2
The desired perimeter is 2 (2n) = 2 2 20 = 80.
115