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Confirming Pages: Q (T) A Area

The document summarizes examples of first-order systems and methods for linearizing nonlinear terms. It provides examples of transfer functions for several physical systems including a liquid level system, mixing process, heating process, and thermometer. It also describes how to perform Taylor series expansions to linearize nonlinear functions of single and multiple variables around an operating point.

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Chelsea Martinez
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53 views2 pages

Confirming Pages: Q (T) A Area

The document summarizes examples of first-order systems and methods for linearizing nonlinear terms. It provides examples of transfer functions for several physical systems including a liquid level system, mixing process, heating process, and thermometer. It also describes how to perform Taylor series expansions to linearize nonlinear functions of single and multiple variables around an operating point.

Uploaded by

Chelsea Martinez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Confirming Pages

CHAPTER

5
CAPSULE SUMMARY
Here are some physical examples of first-order systems:

System Transfer function

q (t)
A = area
Figure 51 Liquid H (s ) R
level system 
h (t) Q (s ) ARs  1

R
q0(t)

x(t)
q

y(t) Y (s ) 1
q Figure 54 Mixing 
process X (s ) (V / q)s  1
V
y (t)

Steam or
electricity

Figure 55 Heating T (s ) 1/ ( wC )

w, Ti q
process Q (s ) ( rV /w ) s  1

w, T

(continued)

121

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Confirming Pages

122 PART 2 LINEAR OPEN-LOOP SYSTEMS

System Transfer function

Fluid
y = thermometer
reading
x = fluid temperature Figure 41a Y (s ) 1

Thermometer X (s ) ( mc /hA) s  1
Mercury Glass wall

TAYLOR SERIES EXPANSIONS FOR LINEARIZING


NONLINEAR TERMS
df
Functions of a single variable: f ( x )  f ( xs )  ( x  xs )
dx xs

Functions of two variables:

f f
f ( x , y)  f ( xs , ys )  ( x  xs )  ( y  ys )
x ( xs , ys ) y ( xs , ys )

cou9789x_ch05_099-122.indd 122 8/14/08 3:20:08 PM

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