1984 Acting Edition
1984 Acting Edition
1984 Acting Edition
BY
GEORGE ORWELL
A NEW PLAY BY
ROBERT ICKE AND
DUNCAN
MACMILLAN
DRAMATISTS
PLAY SERVICE
INC.
1984
Copyright 2017, Robert Icke and Duncan Macmillan
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Copyright Renewed 1977, Sonia Brownell Orwell
Copyright 1949, Harcourt., Inc
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SPECIAL NOTE
Anyone receiving permission to produce 1984 is required to give credit to the Adaptors
as sole and exclusive Adaptors of the Play on the title page of all programs distributed in
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2
This adaptation of 1984 was first produced as a co-production
between Headlong and Nottingham Playhouse, where it had its
first performance on Friday, September 13, 2013. Following a
national tour, it then opened at the Almeida Theatre on Saturday,
February 8, 2014. It was directed by Robert Icke and Duncan
Macmillan; the set design was by Chloe Lamford; the lighting
design was by Natasha Chivers; the sound design was by Tom
Gibbons; the video design was by Tim Reid. The original cast was
as follows:
3
1984 opened on Broadway at the Hudson Theatre on June 22, 2017,
produced by Scott Rudin and Sonia Friedman. It was directed by
Robert Icke and Duncan Macmillan; the set and costume designer
was Chloe Lamford; the lighting designer was Natasha Chivers; the
sound designer was Tom Gibbons, and the video designer was Tim
Reid. The cast was as follows:
4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Plays are the work of many hands, and this text owes a debt of
gratitude to the cast and creative team of the first production, as
well as to the actors and academics who gave their time and ingenuity
to development workshops, and to the brilliant teams at Headlong
and at Nottingham Playhouse.
5
FOREWORD: APPENDIX
6
not due to appear for some months.
It refers to Shakespeare, Milton, Swift, and Dickens and quotes
the Declaration of Independence at length (the latter particularly
unlikely to survive Party censorship). It finishes by telling us that
the final adoption of Newspeak had been fixed for so late a date
as 2050, reinforcing the point its own presence makes: that the final
adoption of Newspeak never happened, and its principles are so
obsolete that they now need an explanatory Appendix. The final
word of the Appendix (and of the novel) is 2050.
OBrien tells Winston Smith that he will be lifted clean out from
the stream of history. Yet, there he is, named once, off-hand, in the
Appendix, telling us the name of the Records Department, in
which Winston Smith worked. We dont know howbut Winston
Smith made it into history.
But if this Appendix is written by someone who has read the
novel from the future and appended these historical comments on
the language, what is the novel in their world? Is it a Party record
on Winston which survived into this post-Party future?
Something that didnt get into the shredder or the furnace before the
records offices were stormed? Or is it something to do with Winstons
diary? We dont know quite whether to trust it. The Party controlled all
records. How has this account of Winstons life survived?
According to the Orwell Estate, ours is the first attempt to drama-
tize the Appendix in any medium. It never felt less than essential:
given the novels interest in records and documents and their rela-
tionship to truth, the Appendix perfectly complicates the novel
that precedes it. Treating Orwells Appendix as essential makes his
novel something far more subjective and complex than simply a
bleak futuristic dystopia: At the final moment, it daringly opens up
the novels form and reflects its central questions back to the reader.
Can you trust evidence? How do you ever know whats really true?
And when and where are you, the reader, right now?
7
ADAPTORS NOTE
9
has fallen (there are several examplesbut to take one good
one, somehow the Declaration of Independence has survived).
Winston is told in the body of the novel that he has been deleted
from history, but he is mentioned by name in the Appendix.
Things arent as bleak as the ending of the main body of the
novel impliesthere is, however small, however blurry, a
glimpse of hope.
3) It undermines our trust in the written word and in the novel
itself as an artifact. Novels dont have appendicesso what,
then, is the text of this one, titled Nineteen Eighty-Four? A
footnote and appendix imply an editor. Much of the novel is
concerned with the power of the written word (Winstons diary,
Goldsteins Book, etc.), but also its capacity for deception and
control (The Party control all records, so we control the past, do
we not? asks OBrien). Is this an authoritative account or has it
been censored/amended and, if so, by whom? Can we trust
them? Notably, the Appendix provides no concrete information
about the political situation of the year 2050, about the author of
the Appendix, or about what the main body of the novel isor
meansto them. Why has it been saved?
The last word of the Appendix (and therefore of Nineteen Eighty-
Four as Orwell wrote it) is 2050. The Appendix suggests then that
the main body of the novel (about Winston, set in his questionable
1984) is itself a historical document being viewed from a later future
(circa 2050). So the first publishing of Orwells novel in 1949 looked
forward to a world set in a (questionable) 1984 which itself was being
looked back at from a (questionable) 2050. In the novel, Orwells
depicted 1984 has much in common with the austerity London of
1948, and reflects on events of the 1930s and 1940s in Europe.
Imagining the future always involves reflecting on the pastand
the present.
The Company who begin our play are the Appendix dramatized.
They initially seem like a modern framing device, though ulti-
matelyby the final scenesuggest that they look back on the
plays 1984 from a date around 2050. Of course, they might also be
entirely the product of Winstons imaginationby the last scene,
any hope of clear separation between reality and the reality inside
10
Winstons skull has been decisively eroded. They are deliberately
ambiguous.
The Companys reality also corresponds exactly with Winstons
own early dreams of a future readership for his scribbled writings
and of a free society. In the adaptation we have him dreaming of the
future, the unborn for whom he writes his diary, seconds before
the Company first appear, apparently discussing the diary he has
just begun to write. Are they (as the final scene of the play proposes)
real people in the year 2050 looking back on Winston? Are they
simply an imagining, a fever dream, emanating from Winstons
mind, and embodying the mirage of the future readership he
dreams of? Are they just readers of Orwells novela book group?
Are they imagined by Winston or do they imagine him?
That these characters then go on to become the population of
Oceania is a construction designed to hold all of these ambiguities.
Is Winston really in Oceania and imagining versions of his colleagues
into this free-to-read future? Or are the Company, real people in
2050, reading the novel and imagining Winston so that, in real
terms, he never existed onstage other than in their imaginations?
That Winstons final encounter with them, at the end of the play,
happens after his mind and memory have been extensively made
perfect by OBrien should also cast into doubt any certainty about
the Company being a framing devicewhich, given that they
appear elsewhere in the play, torches in hand, isnt what they are
and suggests they might be something more essential than Winstons
dream.
The construction of the play, ultimately, is one designed in order
that we should never know precisely where we are. Inside Winstons
head. Inside the Companys heads. In Oceania, 1984. In Oceania,
2050. Here, now? Moreover, the play deliberately echoes itself,
weaving single lines and whole scenes backwards and forwards
through its construction, so that there are several different equally
possible candidates for which, if Winston is indeed imagining the
play, is the moment he imagines it from. Winston could be in Room
101, and the play is his beating brain struggling to race through its
memories up until this pointor his attempt, under duress, to
make sense of what he remembers up until now. He could be sitting
in the caf waiting for the longed-for bullet to enter his brain. It
11
could all be happening in the moment he decides to write the diary
and everything that comes after becomes inevitable. Are the repeating
canteen scenes a solidifying memory of one day, or a series of
monotonous days?
Sidenote: It is one of the best jokes in Orwells novel that at the
one moment a bookGoldsteins bookpromises a single, univocal
version of the truth, Winston stops reading it, never to pick it up
again. Here is the final sentence before Winstons attention wanders
(the ellipsis is Orwells):
But deeper than [doublethink] lies the original motive, the
never-questioned instinct that first led to the seizure of power
and brought doublethink, the Thought Police, continuous war-
fare, and all the other necessary paraphernalia into existence
afterwards. This motive really consists
This denial of the original motive, the original truth, the single
reasonis central to the meaning of the novel and to Orwells
design. The truth, the real, and the literal are concepts which
are deliberately problematizedto be replaced with a richer, feverous,
ambiguous doublethink.
Doublethinkholding two contradictory beliefs in the mind
simultaneously, believing both of themis central to the novel,
central to Goldsteins book, and central to our adaptation. Characters
within Oceania have to perform normalaware that they are
always being watched. They are constantly acting, holding their
anxiety under a pretence of total calm.
Theatre is itself a form of doublethink: the audience knows that
the actor is an actor, but simultaneously believes them a character
they know that Winstons blood is pretend blood, yet at the same
time they gasp as if it were real. Theatre is always, whether we like
it or not, two contradictory things at once.
This play is not set in any literal space. The stage is at once a series
of literal spaces in the world of Oceania, a theatre in which 1984 is
being performed, some other literal spaces in a distant future
(perhaps after the Party has fallen), and the inside of Winstons
head. If at any point the onstage action or the design prioritizes the
Oceania of the Party as a concrete world, more real than some
product of Winstons feverish imagination, something has been
12
lost. Doublethinks become multiplethinks: Like Winston, we should
never know precisely where we are beyond a hunch, an impression,
a fleeting instinct. Like Winston, the audience should never be sure
what is inside Winstons head and what is real.
Within the play, doublethink manifests itself as a commitment
to rich, problematic ambiguity on almost every level. Is Julia an
innocent girl who falls in love with Winston, or a Thought Police
operative sent in to entrap him? Is OBrien ultimately a Party man
who believes he is curing Winston, or someone involved almost-
invisibly in the Brotherhood and its resistance movement? Does
the Party fall? Is the year 1984? Are Winstons memories his own?
And so on. These are questions which productions should aim to
pose, not to answerand indeed, if any of these questions, or many
others, is definitively answered by the production, rather than trying
to hold two contradictory beliefs in [the] mind simultaneously,
the intention of both our adaptation and Orwells novel is being
reduced.
Where do we think we are? Always in at least two places at once.
13
CHARACTERS
WINSTON SMITH
JULIA,
also plays WAITRESS
OBRIEN
CHARRINGTON,
also plays HOST
MARTIN
SYME,
also plays MAN
PARSONS,
also plays FATHER
MRS. PARSONS,
also plays MOTHER
and
A female CHILD
NOTES
14
1984
A clock strikes thirteen, a bell becoming digital.
Winston inhales, and looks towards us. He is a thin man in
his late thirties.
An amplified voice is heard, though the speaker is unseen.
VOICE. In that moment, it became real: The thing that he was about
to do was to begin a diary. If detected it would be punished by death.
A desk lamp flickers on, its light unstable. Winston is alone
in a wood-paneled room: shelves stacked with books, folders,
archive boxes. It could be in a library, a records room, it could
be in a school, a prison, a government building. Rooms like
this have existed all over the world for years. A corridor can
be seen beyond a long window. He looks around, anxiously.
There was no way of knowing whether you were being watched at
any given moment. How often, or on what system, the Thought
Police watched any particular individual was guesswork. It was
even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time.
A cream-colored screen illuminates: a live-feed aerial shot of
a blank page. A pen in Winstons hand hovers over the paper.
In small, clumsy letters, Winston writes todays date (in the
format April 4th). Winston thinks. He scribbles out todays
date.
In the center, below the date, Winston writes in larger letters
1984.
Winston faltered for a second. He did not know with any certainty
that this was 1984; it was never possible nowadays to pin down the
date within a year or two.
Winston adds a question mark to the year.
15
Whether he went on with the diary or not made no difference. The
Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed,
would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper,
the essential crime that contained all others in itself. Thoughtcrime.
The lights flicker.
Thoughtcrime could not be concealed forever. Sooner or later they
were bound to get you.
A deep-red spot appears on the screen, expanding and
brightening on the paper. Winston has a nosebleed.
Every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your
previous existence was denied and then forgotten. You were deleted,
annihilated: unpersoned was the usual word.
Winston tends to his nose and the diary with a handkerchief.
For whom, it suddenly occurred to him to wonder, was he writing
this diary? For the future. For the unborn.
The lights flickerfirst the desk lamp, then in the corridor.
His mind hovered for a moment round the doubtful date on the
page, and then froze suddenly on the Newspeak word doublethink.
Winston looks up.
There is a sudden, total blackout. We hear Winstons breathing.
Then, with a flicker, the lights judder back on.
A Company of people are now present: the Host, the Man, the
Father and Mother, Winston, and the Child. The Host, a man
in his 60s, speaks, reading over Winstons shoulder, a gentle,
benevolent presence. It is his voice weve been listening to.
It seems to be the present day.
HOST. Doublethink.
How could you communicate with the future? It was of its nature
impossible. Either the future would resemble the present, in which
case it would not listen to him: or it would be different, and his
words would be meaningless.
He was writing this diary for the future. For the unborn.
For us.
The Host snaps the book shut.
16
This is the moment. A thought develops into action and everything,
everything that follows becomes inevitable. Despite the consequences
of doing so, as his pen touches the paper this man is attempting to
change the world
There is a moment. The others in the room look at one another.
Winstons bemusement at his surroundings is mirrored by the
others as they exchange glances.
Of course, its the text itself thats important, not the name written
on the front of it. It occupies a unique place in our collective sub-
consciouseven if youve never read it. This accountits author
imagines a futureimagines usand asks us to listen. But what is
he trying to say?
FATHER. I had this feeling while I was reading it. I suddenly felt
happy to be reading!
General sounds of assent from the company. The Child has
located a remote control and turns on a television.
MAN. I thought I knew it, but my memory was completely wrong.
I had all these ideas before I started and now ImI meanhow do
you begin to talk about one of the most significant things that has
ever been put on paper?
HOST. Exactly.
MOTHER. Its wonderful. I really think its wonderful. I really felt
it. I mean, Im not sure I always know exactly what its
MAN. Thats the point. Its about uncertainty, the impossibility of
truly knowing / anything.
HOST. In fact, it requires us to believe two contradictory things
simultaneouslyand accept both of them. Its always about more
than one thing.
FATHER. Ignorance, / hate-speech, perpetual war, uncertainty.
MOTHER. Love. / The future. Hope. Humanity. Freedom.
MAN. Oppression. Torture. Populism. Revolution.
FATHER. Looking at the past and dreaming a better future.
MOTHER. Exactly.
MAN. But what it so beautifully demolishes is the whole notion of
objective truth, of there being one set, true reality. How do you
17
know anything in this world is real?
OBrien, spectacled, smart, formal, can be seen through the
window, walking along the corridor. He is looking directly at
Winston. As Winston turns his head to the window, OBrien
stops.
MARTIN. Once you finish this book you become a different person.
You dont feel the same. You dont think the same. It changes every-
thing. And it will always be true. Its a vision of the future no matter
when its being read.
OBrien resettles his spectacles on his nose and exits.
FATHER. Its a warning. Its a call to arms. He wants us to resist. To
shut off the screens and take to the streets. To look at the world and
say this isnt good enough. The way things are. The infringements on
our liberty. The corruption. The lies. He wants us to do whatever it
takes. Whatever / it takes.
WINSTON. Yes! / Yes!
MAN. Which is / what Im saying. Or
FATHER. Well, to quote the, er, at one point, it says, We should
never have trusted them. We should never have trusted them.
18
The Father fumbles with his phone, which is where the melody
is coming from.
HOST. Perhaps we might all
FATHER. Sorry.
Everyone else turns the phones off, fussing with phones,
glasses. Winston has no phone.
The Host moves to a light switch to try and turn on some
more lights: The bulbs burst. The Mother sings the melody
quietly under her breath, concentrating.
HOST. Is it?
FATHER. Turned off.
They put their phones away.
MARTIN. Youre seeing yourself in it because its opaque. Its a
mirror. Every age sees itself reflected.
HOST. Though he was shaped by what he lived through. These key
figures, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Hemingway, Swiftall people the
Party wanted to suppress!theyre each the product of a particular
time.
FATHER. But nothings changed.
MAN. Oppression. Torture. / Uprisings. Revolution.
FATHER. Austerity. Unpopular politics, / perpetual war, uncertainty.
MAN. Corruption. Deceit. Infringements on our liberty.
MARTIN. How can you say a book has changed the world when
the world is still exactly the same?
MAN. Exactly. It tells you whats wrong, but it doesnt offer / an
alternative.
MARTIN. Full of fevered dreams and paranoid / hallucinations.
HOST. Written by someone who knew hed soon be dead.
A sudden screech of noise from the screenfeet stamping, a
womans voice yelling commands. It could be an exercise
program.
WOMANS VOICE. ONE, two, three, four! ONE, two, three
MOTHER. Will you stop that?
19
1984
by George Orwell
a new play by Robert Icke
and Duncan Macmillan
6M, 2W, 1 child
Winston Smith, living under the totalitarian rule of the Party, has the idea of writing
a diary. It is a crime punishable by death and there is no way of knowing if he is being
watched. He imagines two futuresin one, a future readership in a free society think
of him as a hero; in the other he is caught, executed and forgotten. Perhaps both
things are true. That day, during the obligatory Two Minutes Hate, he wondered
who else might be harbouring thoughts of rebellion, and who may be working for
the Thought Police. Winston starts the diary. He writes the year, so far as he knows
it: 1984. This multi-award winning adaptation of George Orwells ultimate dystopian
novel continues to resonate throughout the world.
This is a staging that reconsiders a classic with such steely power that it chills brain,
blood and bone. The Times (London)
a work of extraordinary quality and intensitya very neat theatrical telling of the
classic dystopian parable The Independent (London)
Icke and Macmillans adaptation of 1984 stands out as one of the most unique and
disturbing takes on a book that sadly never seems to lose its relevance.
The Hollywood Reporter
fresh, tight, and horrifying. a deadly chilling piece for dangerous times.
Time Out London