PROJECT FORMULATION

Ing. J. Mauricio Espinoza

September 19th, 2015
What is a Project??
 What is a Project?

Unique process consisting of a set of coordinated and

controlled activities with start and finish dates, undertaken
to achieve an objective conforming to specific
requirements, including constraints of time, cost, quality
and resources

A Project is a planned set of activities

A Project has a scope
A Project has time, cost, quality and resource constraints
 Project definition
The projects are proposed changes that
are executed or implemented in a
particular social context. These
proposals should define a discourse that
allows implementers interpret and
understand the reality in which they wish
to participate and be guiding benefit
directly or indirectly to third parties or
groups.
 Explaining the definition of a Project

Proposals for change that are

Speech Third persons or groups
executed
Initially define changes or Define development discourse The project beneficiaries are not
modifications hypothetically that underlying the conception and employees of the organization
will be verifying the design of the project. that have designed and
implementation of the project. implemented the project.
Is valid whenever is implemented
It will allow to interpret and
or performed in a given social
understand the reality in which Rather those sectors who have
reality and not just an idea or
intervene. identified a need or want that
document.
affect their levels of quality of
Declarative aims of development life.
are not enough, but the This refers to approaches to
implementation of the necessary social change have
actions in order that the proposed development organizations
changes are fulfilled. that are implicit in its
intervention strategy.
You should consider the active
participation of the population.
 SCENARIOS FOR ACTION
Evidence that the project as a whole is a supposition that
will go happening with the putting in march of the same one.

They are three components those that shape a hypothesis

of action:
1. Identification of the problem on which it is going to be
controlled.
2. Definition of the aims that translate the changes.
3. Strategies of action that allow to obtain the above
mentioned changes.
 Final Conclusion
Development projects that promote
organizations are hypotheses of action, from
certain approaches to development, seeking to
change or modify a situation identified as a
problem and, by virtue of which were intended
to benefit certain rural social sectors or urban.
 Conclusion : What is a Project?

Define a Focus
Development: It helps to interpret The target population
of the projects
(Discourses on
social change)

To design a PROJECT
(with the Methodology of
the Logical Framework)
To identify
HYPOTHESIS OF Hierarchy of
Objectives
Goals Indicators
Sources of
Verification
supposed

ACTION
Aim
Identify the Problem.
Product
Formulate objectives (what Purpose
we want to change?).
Define action strategies (how Results
we do?). Final

Actions
Management of a Project
 CYCLE OF THE PROJECT

FOLLOW
PATTERN IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
EVALUATION

FEEDBACK

Information for the development of new projects

Chart created by FRANKE, Marfil (1993). In: Strip newsletter. Lima: School for development.
 CYCLE OF THE PROJECT
PATTERN
DevelopmentApproach:Speaking
IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION
aboutsocialchange.
Identificationandprioritizationof I. Evaluation Process
Management
keyissues:Organizational (Administrative)
Execution Evaluationontheprogressofworkto
Diagnosis. (Programmatic) achievethepurposeandresults.
Managementand
Training
HierarchyofObjectives:End/ administrationof
Technicalassistance II. Evaluation Ex-Post
humanandmaterial
Purpose/Results/Actions. Supportfor
resources. Effectivenessinachievingthepurpose,
organizations
LinesofAction. Direction
Appliedresearch resultsandactivities.
Budgets. Planningactivities Efficientuseoffinancialresourcesfor
andgoals theimplementationofactivities.
Designthebaseline. Effectsandimpacts.
Evaluation Expost
: Relevance
Monitoring Activities
Coherence
Viability
Sustainability
Impact FEEDBACK

Information for the development of new projects

Chart created by FRANKE, Marfil (1993). In: Strip newsletter. Lima: School for development.
 METHODOLOGY

Identificationofcentralproblemin
aproject.
 What is a Problem?

It is a limitation or lack of diverse nature,

which does not allow the creation or use of
opportunities and prevent the development,
growth and empowerment of people,
organizations and / or territories.
 How a problem is identified?
- Identify a topic. For example: Education, Health,
Employment, Disability, Roads, Competitiveness, among
others.

- Clearly identify the target population affected.

- Report territorial space. Is nationally, in a region, district,

neighborhood, organization or guild?

- To need with specificity the limitation or lack that you want to

solve in the population I target. To avoid the words " is absent
of " and " it is not or exists ", because makes invisible the
problem.
 How a problem is justified?
Analyze the context in which the problem
occurs:
a) The socio-cultural characteristics that people (development purposes)
live. It refers to the customs, habits, ways of thinking and acting, type of
relations that reproduce. How relevant is the problem identified in the
reality in which they want to intervene? Is a felt need?

b) An Economic and material factors required face (means of

development). This material and tangible aspects that must be solved
to generate social change in people (rights, equity, social inclusion,
access to opportunities and services) will be identified.
Example: Problem Tree

1 Central problem
CHILDREN AND TEENS OF
CARABAYLLO DISTRICT ,
WORKING IN DANGEROUS
ACTIVITY WHOSE RIGHTS
ARE VIOLATED IMPEDING
THE INTEGRAL
DEVELOPMENT
 MIDDLEANDENDINTHECOREPROBLEM

Deficienciesincomplexmediainapopulationorcommunitycanbe
formulatedasCentralProblems

Core problem
Insufficient and poor in rural
Middle areas sanitation. Insufficient and poor
sanitary conditions do not
allow the healthy
Inappropriate healthy development of rural
End development of rural families families in Cajamarca.
in Cajamarca

.
 MIDDLEANDENDINTHECOREPROBLEM

Core problem

Chirimoya low quality Low profitability

Middle does not have competitive Chirimoya limits the
prices in domestic and improvement in income
international markets.
Huinco Community.

End Enhancing income of

farmers.

.
 Examplesofproblems:StrategicProgramsCountry
Population access to Absence of ID or birth certificate and the exercise
Identity
of other fundamental rights that follow from them,
generates a high level or undocumented index.
Articulated
Nutrition Program Prevalence of chronic malnutrition in children.

Maternaland
NeonatalStrategic High rates of maternal and infant mortality.
Program

StrategicProgram
Low levels of reading achievement of
LearningOutcomesof mathematical and logical understanding of
BasicEducation elementary students in public schools.

StrategicProgram
Accesstosocial
Deterioration of roads and roads nationwide limited
servicesandmarket trafficability, competitiveness, raise production costs
opportunities and distribution.
 METHODOLOGY

Causality Analysis of the core

problem identified

:
 Construction of Causal Analysis

This is a tool for participatory know the

magnitude and extent of the limitations or
difficulties experienced particular social group
and not allowing it to achieve higher living
standards.

Its usefulness lies in identifying any problems

that may exist in a social reality using cause-
effect relationship. These problems must be
linked to a specific topic or a situation.

:
 Leading questions of the causal analysis

The questions that they present later serve as guide

orientadora in the construction of the causal analysis or
analysis of causality :

- Which is the problem? Indicates the occur problem

-What causes the problem? Refers to the causes of the

problem

:
 CHILDREN AND TEENS OF CARABAYLLO DISTRICT , WORKING IN DANGEROUS ACTIVITY
WHOSE RIGHTS ARE VIOLATED IMPEDING THE INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT

HIGHSOCIAL LOWFAMILIARINCOMELIKE REPETITION,EXTRAAGE

LOCALPUBLICPOLICYLIMITEDTO
TOLERANCEAND FACTORTHATSTIMULATESTHE EASYACCESSOFTHENNA
THEPREVENTIONAND ORSCHOOLDROPOUTTEEN
PERMISIONTOTHE CHILDLABOUR TOJOININWORKSOF
ELIMINATIONOFIT
CHILDLABOUR DANGEROUSNATURE
INADEQUATE
POSITIVEVALUATIONOF LOWQUALITYOFTHE PERFORMANCEWORKING
EMPLOYMENT NNA
LIMITEDINFORMATIONFOR THECHILDLABOURON
DECISIONSRELEVANTTOTHE THEPARTOFTHEFAMILY
NEEDSOFWORKINGNNA ANDTHECOMMUNITY HIGHINDEXOF HIGHTEENPREGNANCY THENNATHATWORKLACK
PERFORMANCEAND INDICESOFINCENTIVETO SERVICESORPROTECTION
UNDEREMPLOYMENT WORK PROGRAMSTOENJOYANDTO
EXERCISEHISRIGHTS
LIMITEDENGAGEMENTAND
POLITICALACTIONTOSTARTFOR BREACHOFTHE LIMITEDCOVERAGEAND SCHOOLNOTRESPOND
THEWORKINGNNA PROTECTIVEROLEOF QUALITYOFTHESOCIAL PROPERLYTOTHENEEDSOF
THEFAMILY PROGRAMS WORKINGNNA LIMITEDCONTROLAND
VIGILANCEOFTHEPOLITICAL
AUTHORITIESANDTHE
CLAIMSLIMITEDCIVILSOCIETYTO FAMILIESTOPREVENTTHE
POORANDNUMEROUS INFORMALWORK ATTITUDEOFREJECTIONOF CHILDLABOUR
ASSUMEACOMMITMENTAND PARTOFTEENAGERSTO
FAMILIESWITHNNAIN
COMPLIANCEANDDEMANDOF CONTINUESTUDIESOR
SCHOOLAGE
RIGHTSFORTHEWORKINGNNA TECHNICALSCHOOL
LIMITEDOCCUPATIONAL
COMPETITIONSTO
WEAKJOINTINTRASECTORIALAND IGNORANCEOFTHE ACCEDETOTHELABOR
BETWEENACTORSPRIVADOS,CIVIL FAMILIESONTHE MARKET
SOCIETYANDINSTANCESOFTHE NEGATIVE
NATIONALREGIONALANDLOCAL CONSEQUENCESOFTHE EDUCATIONALOFFER TEENAGERSWHO
GOVERNMENTINVOLVEDINTHE CHILDLABOUR LIMITEDACCESSTO PRIORITIZETHE
PROBLEMATICSOFTHENNATHATTHEY
ECONOMICALLY IMMEDIATEINCOME
WORK
TEENAGERSAREOUTOF OVERHISEDUCATIONAL
SCHOOLAGE FORMATION
APTITUDESOFTHELOCAL
GOVERNMENTTOAPPROACH
NNA'sTOPICTHATTHEYWORK
 THE CIRCLE OF CONTROL
AND WORRY FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF CAUSALITY

:
 Identification of the Circle of Control or Influence
And of the Circle of concern

As soon as the tree of problems is had finished it is

necessary to proceed to identify the circle of control or
influence and from concern to level of the reasons of the
tree of problems.

Circle of Control or of Influence corresponds to the reasons that

can be faced by the program or project. These reasons will serve
as modal for the formulation of the aims specific or proved from
the logical frame.
Circle of concern corresponds to the reasons that will not be able
to be faced by the program or project and they might be a modal
to realize strategic alliances or synergies with other instances or
entities that work the topic and are in aptitude to face it.

AdaptadodeStephenCovey.Los7
: hbitosdelagentealtamenteefectiva
TREE OF PROBLEMS AND ANALYSIS OF CAUSALITY
 Synthesis in the
Analysis of Causality
 CHILDREN AND TEENS OF CARABAYLLO DISTRICT , WORKING IN DANGEROUS ACTIVITY
WHOSE RIGHTS ARE VIOLATED IMPEDING THE INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT

HIGHSOCIAL REPETITION,EXTRAAGE
LOCALPUBLICPOLICYLIMITEDTO
TOLERANCEAND EASYACCESSOFTHENNA
THEPREVENTIONAND ORSCHOOLDROPOUTTEEN
PERMISIONTOTHE TOJOININWORKSOF
ELIMINATIONOFIT
CHILDLABOUR DANGEROUSNATURE
INADEQUATE
POSITIVEVALUATIONOF PERFORMANCEWORKING
NNA
LIMITEDINFORMATIONFOR THECHILDLABOURON
DECISIONSRELEVANTTOTHE THEPARTOFTHEFAMILY
NEEDSOFWORKINGNNA ANDTHECOMMUNITY HIGHTEENPREGNANCY THENNATHATWORKLACK
INDICESOFINCENTIVETO SERVICESORPROTECTION
WORK PROGRAMSTOENJOYANDTO
EXERCISEHISRIGHTS
LIMITEDENGAGEMENTAND
POLITICALACTIONTOSTARTFOR BREACHOFTHE SCHOOLNOTRESPOND
THEWORKINGNNA PROTECTIVEROLEOF PROPERLYTOTHENEEDSOF
THEFAMILY WORKINGNNA LIMITEDCONTROLAND
VIGILANCEOFTHEPOLITICAL
AUTHORITIESANDTHE
CLAIMSLIMITEDCIVILSOCIETYTO FAMILIESTOPREVENTTHE
POORANDNUMEROUS ATTITUDEOFREJECTIONOF CHILDLABOUR
ASSUMEACOMMITMENTAND PARTOFTEENAGERSTO
FAMILIESWITHNNAIN
COMPLIANCEANDDEMANDOF CONTINUESTUDIESOR
SCHOOLAGE
RIGHTSFORTHEWORKINGNNA TECHNICALSCHOOL

WEAKJOINTINTRASECTORIALAND IGNORANCEOFTHE
BETWEENACTORSPRIVADOS,CIVIL FAMILIESONTHE
SOCIETYANDINSTANCESOFTHE TEENAGERSWHO
NEGATIVE PRIORITIZETHE
NATIONALREGIONALANDLOCAL CONSEQUENCESOFTHE
GOVERNMENTINVOLVEDINTHE IMMEDIATEINCOME
CHILDLABOUR OVERHISEDUCATIONAL
PROBLEMATICSOFTHENNATHATTHEY
WORK FORMATION

SERVICESAND
APTITUDESOFTHELOCAL
GOVERNMENTTOAPPROACH
VIGILANCETO
NNA'sTOPICTHATTHEYWORK EDUCATIONAL LOCAL ANTICIPATEAND
FAMILIESAND SYSTEM WITH
APTITUDES TO TOERADICATE
EFFECTIVEPUBLICPOLICIESTO COMMUNITIESSENSITIVE
APPROACH THE THECHILD
ANDMOBILIZEDOPPOSITE PROBLEMATICS OF
PREVENTANDCHILDLABOUR LABOUR
TOTHECHILDLABOUR CHILD LABOUR
CAUSES FOR THE CIRCLE OF CONCERN
 ABOUT THE CAUSES FOR THE CIRCLE OF CONCERN AND THAT
THE PROJECT NO FACE WITH ACTORS MUST IDENTIFY WHICH MAY
SUPPLEMENT FOR EFFORTS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE SOLUTION
OF THE SAME.

LOWFAMILIARINCOMELIKE
FACTORTHATSTIMULATESTHE
Between the actors that are related to the causes
CHILDLABOUR could be:
HIGHTEENPREGNANCY
LOWQUALITYOFTHE
EMPLOYMENT
INDICESOFINCENTIVETO
WORK
Ministry of Labour and Employment
Promotion - Youth to Work Program.
HIGHINDEXOF
PERFORMANCEAND
UNDEREMPLOYMENT
Ministry of Education - Access to Basic
LIMITEDCOVERAGEAND
QUALITYOFTHESOCIAL Education overage o Access to Technical
PROGRAMS
Education.

INFORMALWORK
EDUCATIONALOFFER Ministry of Health - Program for Sexual and
LIMITEDACCESSTO
ECONOMICALLY Reproductive Health.
LIMITEDOCCUPATIONAL TEENAGERSAREOUTOF
COMPETITIONSTO SCHOOLAGE
ACCEDETOTHELABOR
MARKET
 Algunas Limitaciones de la
Algunas premisas para
tcnica del rbol de reducir las limitaciones
Problemas
Debate participativo entre los todos
Se construye a partir de los sectores y actores involucrados.
percepciones y opiniones de
las personas. Estas Refrendar las percepciones con
percepciones pueden ser informacin estadstica o emprica
arbitrarias.

El diagnstico se reduce a los Identificar las capacidades

problemas de la comunidad (fortalezas) y oportunidades de la
poblacin objetivo vinculadas al
exclusivamente.
problema central

Identificar posibles alianzas con

Las causas que no sern otros actores que trabajan en la
resueltas por el proyecto. misma temtica y poblacin para
complementar esfuerzos.
CAPACITY (STRENGTHS) AND
OPPORTUNITIES OF PROJECT
TARGET POPULATION
 Identificationofcapabilities(strengths)andTarget
PopulationOpportunities

The tool allows to complement the formulation of causal analysis, and

thus overcome the limitation that it is only by emphasizing difficulties or
weaknesses that presents a reality or a particular social group.

These capabilities and opportunities are identified from the core problem.

Capabilities refer to human, material and

Opportunities are situations or situations that
financial strengths that comprise the social
are in the social, economic, political and / or
group, organization or sector. Unlike
cultural environment with which it interacts a
opportunities, these capabilities are not
group, organization or sector. These
under the control of the social group or
opportunities should be identified clearly and
sector and allow seize opportunities that
precisely, considering only those that exist as
arise in the social, political, economic and /
actual events or trends and feasible be
or cultural environment in which they
exploited. An additional feature is that these
operate. These capabilities may be related
opportunities are outside the control of the
to organizational, material, financial, skills
social group and its use should be driven by a
or abilities of the target population itself and
set of actions, a project or program.
executing the project team resources.
Howtoidentifythe
Capacitiesand
Opportunities?
 Example
Capabilities (Strenghts) Opportunities
C1. Demand from communities to
O1. Local educational institutions in the
participate in the implementation of
areas of Lomas and Progress
projects with children and adolescents.
capabilities to intervene in the issue of
C2. Willingness of families to improve and
child labor.
get involved in the development of their
O2. Public policies to prevent and eliminate
children.
child labor and promote the
C3. Municipality ability to summon the
comprehensive development of
participation of other bodies and
children and adolescents.
utilities.
O3. Strategic alliances between
C4. Families and communities in areas of
municipalities and sources of
Lomas and El Progreso to participate in
international cooperation.
proceedings against the eradication of
O4. Interest and financial support from
child labor.
private institutions to invest in
C5. Comprehensive Care Services and
childhood, education and health.
Security for the prevention and
O5. Disposition of State (MEF) to increase
eradication of child labor.
social investment for inclusion and
C6. Multidisciplinary and experienced poverty reduction
to intervene in population of
O6 Existence of social programs whose
children and adolescents vulnerable
target population working children.
computer.
MATRIX OF ALTERNATIVES
ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF THE CIRCLE OF
CONTROL (Synthesis) AND CAPACITY AND
OPPORTUNITIES

How to put together Matrix

Alternatives (means or actions)?
 Matrix Alternatives Construction process

Causes Control 1. HIGH SOCIAL TOLERANCE AND

Step 1: Identify Causes of Circle CHILD LABOUR PERMISSIBILITY.
2. POSITIVE ASSESSMENT OF CHILD
control circle that allude to or AWARENESS AND LABOUR BY THE FAMILY AND
ASPECT SAME THEME reality MOBILIZATION COMMUNITY
AGAINST CHILD 3. BREACH OF PROTECTIVE ROLE OF
(Synthesis). LABOUR THE FAMILY
4. IGNORANCE OF FAMILIES ON THE
(Theme or NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF
Appearance) CHILD LABOUR

Capabilities that will help

reverse the causes
Capacidades/Fortalezas
Step 2: Report abilities / C2. Willingness of families to improve and get
strengths ALLOW reverse involved in the development of their children.
or overcome the causes C4. Families and communities in areas of Lomas
identified (synthesis) in step and El Progreso to participate in proceedings
1. against the eradication of child labor.

C5. Comprehensive Care Services and Security for

the prevention and eradication of child labor.
 Matrix Alternatives Construction process
Opportunities
Step 3: Identify Opportunities to O1. Local educational institutions in the areas of Lomas and
take advantage could be Progress capabilities to intervene in the issue of child labor.
O4. Interest and financial support from private institutions to
determined to solve because of invest in childhood, education and health.
the control circle (Synthesis). O6. Existence of social programs whose target population
working children.

Alternatives CAPABILITIES WITH OPPORTUNITIES

linking to reverse the causes concerning Awareness
Step 4: Propose means or and Mobilization
actions that could be 1. Sensitize and empower families, organized groups
implemented to solve the causes and / or associations on issues of Childhood and
of synthesis. Adolescence and its link with education and health as
These means should be identified well as eradicating child labor. (CAUSE 1 y 2, Cap 2 y
Cap 4 Opo 4).
by analyzing the capabilities that
you tell to realize it and the 2. Promote the dissemination of guidelines and National
opportunities that could leverage: and International Policies on Child Labour and the
role of the family in eradicating the problem.(CAUSE 1
Feasibility for execution. y 2, Cap 4 Opo 1, 4 y 6)

3. Design and implement coordination groups or tables

to promote vigilance in eradicating child labor.
(CAUSE 1 y 2, Cap 2, Cap 4 Opo 1)