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Special Topics in Structural Engineering: Homework Student Name: Abdulla Ibrahim Tahsin ID: 1310066

This document discusses key concepts in structural engineering including tensile strength, tensile testing, stress-strain curves of steel, compressive strength of concrete, modulus of elasticity of concrete. It defines tensile strength as the maximum tensile load divided by cross-sectional area. Tensile tests determine properties of metals under uniaxial tension. Stress-strain curves show proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points, and strain hardening. Compressive strength depends on factors like water-cement ratio and is tested on concrete cubes or cylinders. Modulus of elasticity varies based on concrete properties and testing conditions. References for further information are provided.

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71 views6 pages

Special Topics in Structural Engineering: Homework Student Name: Abdulla Ibrahim Tahsin ID: 1310066

This document discusses key concepts in structural engineering including tensile strength, tensile testing, stress-strain curves of steel, compressive strength of concrete, modulus of elasticity of concrete. It defines tensile strength as the maximum tensile load divided by cross-sectional area. Tensile tests determine properties of metals under uniaxial tension. Stress-strain curves show proportional limit, elastic limit, yield points, and strain hardening. Compressive strength depends on factors like water-cement ratio and is tested on concrete cubes or cylinders. Modulus of elasticity varies based on concrete properties and testing conditions. References for further information are provided.

Uploaded by

Abdullah Simpson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Special Topics in Structural Engineering

Homework
Student Name: Abdulla Ibrahim Tahsin
ID: 1310066
Tensile Strength
The tensile strength is defined as the maximum tensile (stretching) load a body can withstand
before failure divided by its cross sectional area.

Tensile Test
This test determines important mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile
strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Tensile tests determine the ductility and strength
of various metals when the materials undergo uniaxial tensile stresses.
An electro-mechanical or hydraulic universal testing machine equipped with the appropriate
specimen grips, an extensometer and software capable of strain rate control and recording
stress strain data is necessary to conduct this test.
Stress strain curve of steel

Proportionality limit. Up to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain (Hooke's law), so the
stress-strain graph is a straight line, and the gradient will be equal to the elastic modulus of the material.

Elastic limit is a value of stress up to which material can be deformed elastically under load, after
unloading it will return to its original dimension.

Upper yield point is the point after which the plastic deformation starts. This is due to the fact that the
dislocations in the crystalline structure start moving. But after a while, the dislocations become too
much in number and they restrict each others movement. This is called strain hardening and lower yield
point is the point after which strain hardening begins.

Strain hardening is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation. This strengthening


occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation within the crystal
structure of the material
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is defined as the maximum compressive load a body can bear prior to failure,
divided by its cross sectional area.

The compressive strength of concrete is the most common performance measure used by the engineer
in design building and other structures

Compressive strength of concrete depends on Ratio of cement to mixing water, Ratio of


cement to aggregates, the strength of the mortar, the bond between the mortar and the
coarse aggregate, Grading, surface texture, shape, strength, and stiffness of aggregate
particles, Maximum size of aggregate.

Strength of concrete is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Air in
concrete produces voids. Excess of water in concrete evaporate leave the voids in the
concrete. Consequently, as the W/C ratio increases, the porosity of the cement paste in the
concrete also increases. As the porosity increases, the compressive strength of the concrete
decreases.

How to determine Compressive Strength of Concrete.


Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various standard codes
recommends concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard specimen for the test.

American Society for Testing Materials ASTM C39/C39M provides Standard Test
Method and procedure which summarize of applying a compressive axial load to molded
cylinders (6-in.diameter by 12-in.) or cube (6in x 6in)with specified dimension at a rate which is within a
prescribed range until failure occurs. The compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing
the maximum load attained during the test by the cross-sectional area of the specimen reported in SI
units in megapascals MPa.
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
Concrete has no clear-cut modulus of elasticity. Its value varies with different concrete strengths, concrete
age, type of loading, and the characteristics and proportions of the cement and aggregates. Furthermore,

There are several different definitions of the modulus:

The initial modulus is the slope of the stressstrain diagram at the origin of the curve, The tangent
modulus is the slope of a tangent to the curve at some point along the Curve for instance, at 50% of the
ultimate strength of the concrete, The slope of a line drawn from the origin to a point on the curve
somewhere between 25% and 50% of its ultimate compressive strength is referred to as a secant
modulus.
References
1. Mechanics of materials - Beer, Johnston, Dewolf and Mazurek

2. ASTM E8 / E8M - 16a Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic
Materials

3. ASTM C39 / C39M - 17b Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens

4. Steel Design, 5th Ed By William Segui

5. Design of Reinforced Concrete, 9th Edition - Jack C. McCormac

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