Intersections of Polar Curves

The purpose of this supplement is to nd a method for determining where graphs of

polar equations intersect each other. Lets start with a fairly straightforward example.
Example 1. The graphs of r = 1 and r = 2 cos are sketched in the gure below.
Where do they intersect each other?

It appears that they intersect twice, once in the rst quadrant and once in
the fourth. One way that we might try and determine the intersection is by
solving the following system of equations for r and .

r=1
r = 2 cos
We rst set these equal to each other and solve for , as follows:

2 cos = 1
cos = 1/2
= /3, 5/3

We only list possible solutions between 0 and 2 because by the time has run
from 0 to 2 each graph has been traversed at least once.
 2

Now we use the equation r = 1 to nd the r-coordinates of the points we are

interested in. The intersections must occur at the points (1, /3) and (1, 5/3).
Essentially what we did in the previous example was to solve the equations simul-
taneously (in other words, we thought of them as a system of equations and solved that
system). This is exactly what we do with rectangular equations, so there doesnt really
seem to be anything new here. Unfortunately, this method doesnt always work. Lets
look at another example.
Example 2. Find the intersection of the graphs of r = cos and r = 1 cos .
The graphs are sketched below.

There appear to be three intersection points to look for.

Lets rst try to do what we did in the previous example. Our system of
equations is:
r = cos
r = 1 cos
These are already solved for r, so we set these expressions equal to each other
and solve:
cos = 1 cos
2 cos = 1
cos = 1/2
= /3, 5/3
Now plug these values for into the rst equation to nd the intersection points
(1/2, /3) and (1/2, 5/3).
Is there really a third point of intersection? Looking at the graph, it seems
that we are missing an intersection point at the origin. We can check to see
 3

whether or not both curves really go through the origin by considering the curves
separately. The curve r = cos passes through the origin when r = 0 and = /2.
The curve r = 1 cos passes through the origin when r = 0 and = 0. Since
both curve pass through the origin, this is another point of intersection.

The points of intersection are (0, 0), (1/2, /2), and (1/2, 5/3).

In order to understand what sometimes makes polar equations more dicult to deal
with than rectangular equations, we must understand what happened in the previous
example. When we determined whether or not the origin was on both curves, we found
that (0, /2) was on one curve and (0, 0) was on the other. These ordered pairs are dierent
because they have dierent second coordinates, but they both represent the same point.
The reason that polar equations can be dicult to work with is that the same point can
be represented by more than one ordered pair of polar coordinates.

When we solve a system of equations in two unknowns, we nd ordered pairs that

satisfy all of the equations. If the equations are rectangular equations for curves, then this
is equivalent to nding the points of intersection of the curves because each point in the
plane is associated with only one ordered pair of rectangular coordinates. If the equations
are polar equations of curves, then we only nd the points of intersection that happen
to be represented by the same ordered pair in both equations. We miss any intersection
points that are represented by dierent ordered pairs in dierent equations.

How do we solve this problem? Unfortunately, there isnt a single method that always
works best. One of the things that we might do is what we did in the last example:
carefully sketch the graphs of the curves and use the graph to help locate intersection
points. In this case we must make sure that we use the equations to verify suspected
intersections. One warning about this method: if your graphs are inaccurate, you may
either miss intersections or spend hours trying to locate and verify intersections that dont
exist.

The other method that will sometimes work is to translate the equations into rectan-
gular coordinates, solve the system of translated equations, then translate the intersection
points back into polar coordinates. Since there is no ambiguity with rectangular coordi-
nates, this method will yield all of the points of intersection. For many polar curves the
resulting system of translated equations will be prohibitively dicult to solve, but when
you can solve the translated system this method works very well.

Lets look at another example.

Example 3. Find the points of intersection of the circle r = 2 cos and the
cardioid r = 1 + cos . The graphs are sketched below for reference.

If you solve the system of polar equations (you can try this), you nd the
intersection point (2, 0). Lets try converting the equations into rectangular co-
ordinates and then solving.
 4

First the circle:

r = 2 cos
r2 = 2r cos
x2 + y 2 = 2x

Now the cardioid:

r = 1 + cos
r2 = r + r cos


x2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + x

Our system of equations in rectangular coordinates is:

x2 + y 2 = 2x


x2 + y 2 = x2 + y 2 + x

To solve this, we use the rst equation to replace all occurrences of x2 + y 2

in the second equation with 2x, then solve:

2x = 2x + x

x= 2x
2
x = 2x
2
x 2x = 0
x(x 2) = 0
x = 0, 2
 5

Now plug these values back into the rst equation to nd the y-coordinates of
the intersection points:
02 + y 2 = 2(0)
0 + y2 = 0
y2 = 0
y=0
and
22 + y 2 = 2(2)
4 + y2 = 4
y2 = 0
y=0

The rectangular coordinates of the points of intersection are (0, 0) and (2, 0).
Translating back into polar coordinates we nd the intersections of the original
curves are (0, 0) and (2, 0).
Before going any further, note that converting back into polar coordinates is an impor-
tant step. The fact that the rectangular and polar coordinates for the points of intersection
in the above example were the same is accidental and will not generally happen.1
To summarize, nding the points of intersection of the graphs of polar equations is
made more dicult by the fact that the polar coordinates of a point are not unique. We
can use an accurate graph to try to locate intersections, then use the equations to verify
the points of intersection. Converting the equations into rectangular coordinates, solving
the resulting system, then converting back into polar coordinates is another method that
might be helpful.

Problems: Decompose each of the following fractions.

Find the points of intersection of the following pairs of curves.
1. r = 2, r = 2 cos
2. r = sin , r = 1 + sin
3. r = sin 2, r = 2 sin
4. r = 2 + 2 sin , r = 2 2 cos
5. r = cos 3, r = sin 3
6. r = sin 2, r = sin 3
1
In fact, this leads to an interesting question. If a point is on the x-axis, then its
rectangular coordinates are also valid polar coordinates for the point (you should be able
to show this). Is this true for any other points in the plane?
 6

7. r = 3 cos , r = 2 cos
8. r2 = sin 2, r2 = cos 2
9. Find all of the self-intersections of the spiral r = (see graph above).
 7

Solutions
1. (2, 0)
3. (0, 0)

5. (0, 0), (1/ 2, /12), (1/ 2, 5/12), (1/ 2, 3/4)
7. (3/2, /3), (3/2, 5/3)
 
9. The self-intersections occur at all points of the form 2 (2n + 1), (2n + 1) where
2
n is a positive integer.