60GHz Communications and LDPC

Part 2: 60GHz (11ad)

Andr Bourdoux (Circuits and Systems for ICT - IMEC)

[email protected]

ULB 27 April 2016

IMEC 2013
PHY evolution of 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi)

11b 11a/g 11n 11ac

Wi-Fi
SISO SISO MIMO MU-MIMO
access 2.4GHz 2.4/5GHz 2.4/5GHz 5GHz
20MHz 20MHz 20/40MHz 20/40/80/160MHz
11Mbps Up to 54Mbps up to 4 streams up to 8 streams
2.4 / 5 up to 600Mbps up to 7Gbps
GHz

11ad
Extended Wi- 11af 11ah
Wi-Fi access/ SISO
60GHz Fi access/
connectivity 2GHz BW
Machine-to- MU-MIMO MU-MIMO
Up to 6Gbps TV WS <1GHz
machine <32MHz
Up to
<16MHz
Up to
mm- 11aj ~430Mbps ~200Mbps
wave 45 & 60GHz < 1GHz
for China
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 Why >1 Gbps ?

Why 60GHz ?

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Usage models
[ Source: http://wirelessgigabitalliance.org/ ]

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11ad: system view
[ Source: http://wirelessgigabitalliance.org/ ]

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Why at 60 GHz ?

PROs (mostly system level)

Bandwidth availability
High power and EIRP
Small wavelength compact antenna array narrow antenna beamwidth, beamforming
Low interference level
Spatial confinement

CONs (mostly technology-related)

Carrier frequency is an order of magnitude higher than current standards
Semiconductor technology not mature or expensive
High losses in interconnects
Frequency up/down conversion
Higher level of front-end non-idealities (phase noise, PA distortion, ...)
Lack of designers at mm-wave

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Worldwide spectrum allocation

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Channelization

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Why 60 GHz ? Lots of unlicensed BW

Spectral efficiency
(Shannon): C max Ix; y log 1 SNR bit/s/Hz
2

Capacity
(taking bandwidth BW into account):
C BW log 2 1 SNR bit/s

Physical bandwidth
Linear dependence
Potentially very large

~SNR
Logarithmic dependence
Difficult to increase significantly

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Received power (1)

Does the received power decrease or increase

with frequency?
1
PR PT GT AR
4R 2

Link between
antenna gain G and physical antenna aperture A:

4A G2
G A
2 4

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Received power (2)

PT GT AR
PR No dependence
4R 2
PT GT GR 2 Power decreases with square of

4R 2 frequency if constant antenna gains
PAG
T T 2R No dependence
4R
PT AT AR Power increases with square of

R 2 frequency if constant antenna apertures

Answer: it depends on what is kept constant

(antenna aperture or antenna gain)
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Received power (3)
90
1

When antenna gain

120 60
0.8

increases, antenna becomes

0.6
150 30
0.4

0.2 more directional

180 0

This has an impact on the

210 330

240 300 application

270

90
5
120 60
4

150
2
3
30 Example: typical Wi-Fi
1 access point or terminal has
180 0
omni directional antenna(s)
210 330

240 300 How to cope with directional

antennas ?
270

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Small antenna array at mm-waves

1 cm

/2 = 2.5 mm @ 60 GHz

IMEC 2013 13
 11ad Packet structure
Preamble

Refinement:
Acquisition:
- Timing acquisition
- Timing acquisition See next 2 slides
- Carrier freq acquisition
- Carrier freq acquisition
Channel estimation

As in many wireless standards, communication occurs in short or medium

length packets
The preamble is used for synchronization and channel estimation
The header gives info over PHY (e.g. mode) and MAC (e.g. address)
The data field contains ... (guess what?)
Optional fields at the end
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PHY Header (1)

The PHY header contains all the information needed to receive the
packet

...

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PHY Header (2)

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11ad: Two main PHYs, up to 6.76 Gbps

Control PHY
mandatory

SC PHY

OFDM PHY

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 11ad: High-speed modes require better
sensitivity

OFDM PHY
Control PHY

SC PHY

NB: thermal noise level in 2GHz bandwidth (B) and with 10dB noise figure (NF):
10log10(kTBNF) = -174 + 92 +10 = -72 dBm
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11ad: High-speed modes require better EVM

Control PHY

SC PHY

OFDM PHY

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EVM definition

EVM (error vector magnitude) is simply the mean-square deviation from

the ideal constellation points (in above formula, symbols are normalized)
EVM is measured
without additive noise,
in ideal channel
with ideal synchronization !

All deviations come from non-idealities

EVM is a measure of the TX or RX quality

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OFDM and SC
OFDM
w[n]
QQ KQ QK QQ

d[n] d[n]
FH TCP P/S H[n] S/P] RCP F E

IFFT add parallel channel AWGN serial to remove FFT equalizer

CP to serial parallel CP

Freq. Time Freq.

domain domain domain

SC-FDE
w[n]
KQ QK QQ QQ

d[n] d[n]
TCP P/S H[n] S/P] RCP F E FH

add parallel channel AWGN serial to remove FFT equalizer IFFT

CP to serial parallel CP

Time Freq. Time

domain domain domain

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 OFDM and SC

In the frequency domain, many orthogonal sub-carriers are used and

have a narrowband modulation
Hence, channel equalization is trivial (one complex coefficient per sub-
carrier)

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Beamforming protocol in 11ad

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References
802.11:
IEEE Std 802.11-2012
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/

802.11ad
IEEE Std 802.11ad-2012, Dec. 2012, ( Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11-2012 )
http://www.wi-fi.org/discover-wi-fi/wigig-certified

IMEC
http://www2.imec.be/be_en/research/wireless-communication.html
http://www2.imec.be/be_en/research/wireless-communication/60ghz-wireless-
communication.html

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 Thank you!

IMEC 2013