Among the first stress-fighting changes that take place when we

8. http://www. 3A2013t searchmedica.com/xml- hear a tune is an increase in deep breathing. The body's
resource.html?c=ps&ss=defLink&p=Convera&rid=ds2- production of serotonin also accelerates.
vb%3Ap%%3A90125670088%3Ab95dee4c1c45616b
%3A4b039bc3&t=pubmed Music was found to reduce the pain during dental procedures.

9. http://wwwmedica.com/xml-resource.html? Playing music in the background while we are working, seemingly

c=ps&ss=defLink&p=Convera&rid=ds2-vb%3Ap%3A2013t unaware of the music itself, has been found to reduce the stress.
%3A86551734576%3A247e485353a5ff5b
%3A4adff506&t=pubmed.search Music was found to reduce heart rates and to promote higher
body temperature - an indication of the onset of relaxation.
Combining music with relaxation therapy was more effective than
1. Music Therapy
doing relaxation therapy alone.

Listening to music does wonders to alleviate stress. Please note

Maximizing With Music Therapy
that everyone has different tastes in music. Listen to the music
that you feel comfortable. Sitting down and forcing yourself to
listen to relaxation music that you don't like may create stress, As we mentioned before, there is not a single music that is good
not alleviate it. for everyone. People have different tastes. It is important that
you like the music being played.
Music has always been a great healer. In the Bible, we learn
about how David played the harp to help ease his severe The following are general guidelines to maximize the
depression of King Saul . effectiveness of the music.

Music is a significant mood-changer and reliever of stress, To wash away stress, try taking a 20-minute "sound bath." Put
working on many levels at once. some relaxing music on your stereo, then lie in a comfortable
position on a couch or on the floor near the speakers. For a
deeper experience, you can wear headphones to focus your
Music/Singing
attention and to avoid distraction.

Play a tune on the guitar and sing along. That works even in the Choose music with a slow rhythm - slower than the natural
worst of times. By the time I'm done with the song, I've breathed heart beat which is about 72 beats per minute. Music that has
deep, I've controlled myself to some degree to be able to sing on repeating or cyclical pattern is found to be effective in most
key :-), and I've come back into myself, and more into the real people.
time moment. As the music plays, allow it to wash over you, rinsing off the
stress from the day. Focus on your breathing, letting it
Internet Discussion Forum deepen, slow and become regular. Concentrate on the silence
between the notes in the music; this keeps you from analyzing
the music and makes relaxation more complete.
If you need a stimulation after a day of work, go for a faster
Many experts suggest that it is the rhythm of the music or the music rather than slow calming music.
beat that has the calming effect on us although we may not be When going gets tough, go for a music you are familiar with -
very conscious about it. They point out that when we were a such as a childhood favorite or favorite oldies. Familiarity often
baby in our mother's womb, we probably were influenced by the breeds calmness.
heart beat of our mother. We respond to the soothing music at
later stages in life, perhaps associating it with the safe, relaxing, Take walks with your favorite music playing on the walkman.
protective environment provided by our mother. Inhale and exhale in tune with the music. Let the music takes
you. This is a great stress reliever by combining exercise
(brisk walk), imagery and music.
Music can be one of the most soothing or nerve wracking
experiences available. Choosing what will work for any individual Listening to the sounds of nature, such as ocean waves or the
is difficult, most will choose something they 'like' instead of what calm of a deep forest, can reduce stress. Try taking a 15- to
might be beneficial. In doing extensive research on what any 20-minute walk if you're near the seashore or a quiet patch of
given piece of music produces in the physiological response woods. If not, you can buy tapes of these sounds in many
system many unexpected things were found. Many of the so- music stores.
called Meditation and Relaxation recordings actually produced
adverse EEG patterns, just as bad as Hard Rock and Heavy Metal.
The surprising thing was many selections of Celtic, Native Holisticonline.com is developed and maintained by ICBS, Inc.
American as well as various music containing loud drums or flute Send mail to: [email protected] with comments about this
were extremely soothing. The most profound finding was Any web site.
music Performed Live and even at moderately loud volumes even Copyright © 1998-2007 ICBS, Inc. Terms of Use
if it was somewhat discordant had very a beneficial response. All Rights Reserved.
Whenever the proper sounds were experienced an amazing
right/left brain hemisphere synchronization occurred. The normal
http://holisticonline.com/stress/stress_music-therapy.htm
voltage spiking pattern changed to a smooth sinusoidal waveform
and the usual voltage differential equalized. The entire human
energetic system is extremely influenced by sounds, the physical
body and chakra centers respond specifically to certain tones and Music and Your Body: How Music Affects Us and Why Music
frequencies. Special consideration should be given to the positive Therapy Promotes Health
effects of one actually playing or creating music themselves.
2. How and Why Is Music A Good Tool For Health? http://stress.about.com/od/tensiontamers/a/music_therapy.htm

By Elizabeth Scott, M.S., About.com Guide

3. Music In Your Daily Life
Updated: October 07, 2009
Music: A Stress Relief Tool For All Occasions
About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by
the Medical Review Board By Elizabeth Scott, M.S., About.com Guide

Research has shown that music has a profound effect on your Updated: November 07, 2007
body and psyche. In fact, there’s a growing field of health care
known as Music Therapy, which uses music to heal. Those who
About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by
practice music therapy are finding a benefit in using music to
the Medical Review Board
help cancer patients, children with ADD, and others, and even
hospitals are beginning to use music and music therapy to help
with pain management, to help ward off depression, to promote Music can affect the body in many health-promoting ways, which
movement, to calm patients, to ease muscle tension, and for is the basis for a growing field known as music therapy.
many other benefits that music and music therapy can bring. This However, you can use music in your daily life and achieve many
is not surprising, as music affects the body and mind in many stress relief benefits on your own. One of the great benefits of
powerful ways. The following are some of effects of music, which music as a stress reliever is that it can be used while you conduct
help to explain the effectiveness of music therapy: your regular activities so that it really doesn’t take time away
from your busy schedule. Music provides a wonderful backdrop
for your life so that you can find increased enjoyment from what
• Brain Waves: Research has shown that music with a you’re doing and also reduce stress from your day. The following
strong beat can stimulate brainwaves to resonate in are some of the ways you can use music to enhance your regular
sync with the beat, with faster beats bringing sharper activities:
concentration and more alert thinking, and a slower
tempo promoting a calm, meditative state. Also, Getting Ready in the Morning:
research has found that the change in brainwave activity
levels that music can bring can also enable the brain to You can wake yourself up with music, and start your day feeling
shift speeds more easily on its own as needed, which great, setting the tone for a lower-stress day. (For more tips on
means that music can bring lasting benefits to your starting your day off right, read my article 6 Great Ways to Start
state of mind, even after you’ve stopped listening. Your Day.)
• Breathing and Heart Rate: With alterations in
brainwaves comes changes in other bodily functions. During a Commute:
Those governed by the autonomic nervous system, such Put an end to road rage by playing your favorite music in the car.
as breathing and heart rate can also be altered by the It can reliever some of the tension you feel from the commute
changes music can bring. This can mean slower itself and the day so far, and help you feel less like you’re
breathing, slower heart rate, and an activation of the wasting time in traffic, and more like you’re having some nice
relaxation response, among other things. This is why time to yourself. It can also take your mind off of all that you
music and music therapy can help counteract or prevent need to get done once you reach your destination, so you’ll arrive
the damaging effects of chronic stress, greatly less stressed and more prepared to take on what awaits you.
promoting not only relaxation, but health.
• State of Mind: Music can also be used to bring a more Cooking:
positive state of mind, helping to keep depression and Good nutrition is an important part of a healthy lifestyle, and it
anxiety at bay. This can help prevent the stress can actually keep your stress level down. Eating at home is a
response from wreaking havoc on the body, and can great way to ensure healthy meals and less expense, but many
help keep creativity and optimism levels higher, bringing people find themselves too tired to cook once they get home. If
many other benefits. you put on some smooth jazz or other genre of music that you
• Other Benefits: Music has also been found to bring many enjoy, cooking becomes a fun activity rather than a chore, and
other benefits, such as lowering blood pressure (which you’ll likely find yourself relaxed and in a better frame of mind
can also reduce the risk of stroke and other health once dinner starts, which can enable you to savor your dinner
problems over time), boost immunity, ease muscle and your company as you eat.
tension, and more. With so many benefits and such
profound physical effects, it’s no surprise that so many While Eating:
are seeing music as an important tool to help the body
As you’re eating your meal, music can also be a helper. Soothing
in staying (or becoming) healthy.
music can trigger the relaxation response, which can lower
cortisol levels, making it easier to digest food. Also, studies have
Using Music Therapy: shown that classical music in particular can help you eat less,
With all these benefits that music can carry, it's no surprise that digest better, and enjoy your food more.
music therapy is growing in popularity. For more information on
music therapy, visit the American Music Therapy Association's
website.

Using Music On Your Own:

While music therapy is an important discipline, you can also
achieve benefits from music on your own. This article on music,
relaxation and stress management can explain more of how
music can be an especially effective tool for stress management,
and can be used in dailly life.
Cleaning: and help you feel more optimistic and positive. This
Keeping a simple, organized home can really help to cut down on helps release stress and can even help you keep from
your stress level, but cleaning itself is a chore that many busy getting as stressed over life’s little frustrations in the
people don’t have the energy to face after a long day. However, future.
if you throw on some energetic music, hip-hop or pop, for • Music and Affirmations: The way you see the world
example, you can raise your energy level and have fun as you and the type of self talk you habitually use can also have
clean. If you tell yourself that you only need to clean for a certain a profound effect on your stress level, which is why
amount of songs and then you can be done, you may work more positive affirmations that create more positive self talk
efficiently, and even come to look forward to doing the job. are so helpful. Music that has affirming lyrics can bring
the double benefit of music and positive affirmations,
When Paying Bills: helping you to surround yourself with positive energy
and more often look on the bright side, letting stressful
We all need to pay bills, but the job doesn’t always take a high events more easily roll off your back.
degree of concentration. Playing music while you write your
checks can help take your mind off of financial stress you may be
feeling, and make the task more enjoyable. These are some of the reasons that music relaxation is among
the easiest and most effective forms of relaxation available, and
Before Bed: music is such a great stress management tool.

Getting enough sleep is important for proper functioning, and http://stress.about.com/od/tensiontamers/a/musicrelaxation.htm

getting enough sleep can help you handle stress better.
Unfortunately, stress can also interfere with sleep in several
ways. Playing music as you drift off is one way to counteract the
effects of stress by taking your mind off of what’s stressing you, Best Types of Healing Music
slowing down your breathing, and soothing your mind. (For other
ideas on getting quality sleep, read my article 10 Great Ways to Music for Healing
End Your Day.

http://stress.about.com/od/lowstresslifestyle/a/daily_music.htm By Mark Stibich, Ph.D., About.com Guide

Updated: July 06, 2009

4. Music Relaxation: A Healthy and Conveneint Stress
Management Tool About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by
our Medical Review Board
Why and How Music Aids Relaxation
Music has been thought to be healing for thousands of years, but
By Elizabeth Scott, M.S., About.com Guide you won’t (yet) find physicians prescribing Bach. Give it some
time. Research is beginning to show the healing benefits of
music. Personally, I love that science is backing up something we
Updated: November 07, 2007 all know, that some types of music can be healing.

About.com Health's Disease and Condition content is reviewed by Music and Healing
the Medical Review Board Hospitals are usually noisy places, there isn’t a lot soothing going
on. There are monitors, TVs, people talking and endless sounds.
Music Relaxation: Music and Stress Management It is hard for people to sleep and hard for them to relax. That is a
With all the ways music affects your body, you can probably shame, because if people can relax they have a lower stress
already clearly see how music can be used as an effective response and it is known that stress can slow healing.
relaxation and stress management tool. In addition to the many
physical changes that music can bring (which I list in this article More and more, researchers are looking how changing the
on music and music therapy), music is especially helpful in environment can impact healing. One approach was to rearrange
relaxation and stress management because it can be used in the the hospital schedules to help patients get more uninterrupted
following ways: sleep in the hospital. Another approach was to fill the rooms of
patients recovering from surgery with music.
• Music and Physical Relaxation: Music can promote
relaxation of tense muscles, enabling you to easily Best Music for Healing
release some of the tension you carry from a stressful While there is no “best” music for healing, people seem to prefer
day (or week). classical music or instrumental music (like Brazilian guitar). In
• Music as an Aid in Stress Relief Activities: Music can some cases, a professional musician trained in healing music, a
help you get ‘into the zone’ when practicing yoga, self music therapist, will be brought. The most common instrument
hypnosis or guided imagery, can help you feel energized for music therapists is the harp. But the absolute “best” music for
when exercising, help dissolve the stress when you’re healing probably varies by individual. The characteristics of
soaking in the tub, and be a helpful part of many other healing music should be calming, soothing and relaxed.
stress relief activities. It can take an effective stress
reliever and make it even more effective! Science of Healing Music
• Music and a Meditative State: As mentioned before, How music creates healing is not known. The most obvious route
music can help your brain get into a meditative state, is the relaxation route. By creating a relaxing environment, the
which carries wonderful stress relief benefits with it. For music gives the body a better chance to heal by reducing stress
those who find intimidating, music can be an easier hormones. There are other possible explanations. It is fairly well
alternative. established that music with a slow rhythm can slow the heart
• Music to Promote a Positive Focus: Music, especially rate. Some music therapists have elaborate explanations of how
upbeat tunes, can take your mind off what stresses you, music can “harmonize” various organs in the body and how
healing music interacts with the brain. These theories have yet to Definitions
be proven. In my opinion, the “why” doesn’t matter so much
here, it is just great that music helps healing in some cases.
Music in the context of this Best Practice Information Sheet, was
considered to be recorded music played, via a MP3 player, tape
Sources: recorder or compact disc player, for a patient before, during or
after a single episode of diagnostic/therapeutic procedure.
American Medical Association. Music Therapist.
Objectives
American Music Therapy Association
The purpose of this Best Practice Information Sheet is to provide
summarised evidence on music listening in managing anxiety or
http://longevity.about.com/od/longevityandillness/a/healing-
pain related to procedural or operative interventions.
music.htm

Types of Intervention
Music as an Intervention in Hospitals
Anonymous. Best Practice Information Sheets - Joanna
Briggs Institute. Adelaide: 2009. Vol. 13, Iss. 3; pg. 13, 4 pgs The Best Practice Information Sheet included pre-
procedure/operation, during procedure/operation and post-
procedural/operational music listening. It excluded other forms of
Abstract (Summary)
music therapy.

Music as a therapeutic intervention is a development largely of

Quality of the Research
the mid 20th century, however, it has existed in various forms in
most cultures for many centuries. In recent years the use of
music as an intervention has increased and this, to some extent, Overall, quality of included studies in the systematic reviews was
may reflect the growing interest in complimentary therapies. poor to moderate. The commonly identified methodological issues
Music has been used for patients of all ages, from infants, were inadequate randomisation, small sample size and
children, adults to older adults, and pre-procedural/operative and insufficient information provided on the employed methodologies.
post-procedural/operative intervention to reduce anxiety or pain.
Music is often used in conjunction with other activities such as
Types of Intervention-Findings
education programs, videos and relaxing messages. The common
theory behind music therapy is that music acts as a distracter.
The basic assumption for this is the fact that music is a form of Type of Music
communication, and has been described as a universal language,
and so it can provide an escape from negative stimuli such as A wide range of music was identified in the systematic reviews
pain and anxiety to something pleasant and encouraging. A and the most common approach was to provide patients with a
patient's mind can escape into his or her own familiar and selection from which to choose. Styles included classical, jazz,
soothing world. easy listening, country and Western, Chinese instrumental,
Western slow rhythm, relaxing, piano, peaceful pan flute and new
Copyright Joanna Briggs Institute 2009 age. Other styles included Trance-Zen dance by Halpern and tape
number three from music Rx by Dr Bonny.3-6
Information Source
Type of Music Device
This Best Practice information sheet, which updates and
supersedes the JBI information sheet of the same title published The commonly used music devices include compact disc or
in 2001,2 has been based on 4 systematic reviews published in cassette tape with or without headphone or MP3 player.
2002-2008.3-6
Music Listening for Pre-Procedural Anxiety
Background
A systematic review that looked at the effectiveness of pre-
Music as a therapeutic intervention is a development largely of procedural music-listening included 12 studies on anxiety of
the mid 20th century, however, it has existed in various forms in patients before undergoing procedures such as vascular
most cultures for many centuries. In recent years the use of angiography, cystoscopy and biopsy, breast biopsy, colonoscopy,
music as an intervention has increased and this, to some extent, cardiac-catheterisation, gynaecological laparoscopy and
may reflect the growing interest in complimentary therapies.3 orthopaedic procedures such as arthroscopy, and extracorporeal
Music has been used for patients of all ages, from infants, shock wave lithotripsy.5 The time of the music-listening
children, adults to older adults, and pre-procedural/operative and intervention ranged from 5 to 60 minutes while the most
post-procedural/operative intervention to reduce anxiety or pain. frequent length of time was between 15 and 30 minutes.5
Music is often used in conjunction with other activities such as
education programs, videos and relaxing messages.3
Degree of anxiety was assessed in both psychological and
physiological changes when confronted with a stress such as
The common theory behind music therapy is that music acts as a operations and diagnostic procedures. Psychological component
distracter.6 The basic assumption for this is the fact that music is of anxiety was commonly measured using the State Trait Anxiety
a form of communication, and has been described as a universal Inventory (STAI). Other psychological measures include visual
language, and so it can provide an escape from negative stimuli analogue scale and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The
such as pain and anxiety to something pleasant and physiological measures include respiration, blood pressure and
encouraging.6 A patient's mind can escape into his or her own heart rate, heart rate variability, skin temperature, blood glucose
familiar and soothing world.6 levels, stroke volume and cardiac output.5
Psychological measures A systematic review that looked at the effectiveness of pre, post
or intra-operative music-intervention included 42 studies on
anxiety and/or pain of patients. All patients underwent elective
Music listening had a consistently positive and statistically
surgery including gynaecological, abdominal, ear, nose and
significant effect on reducing psychological parameters of pre-
throat, cardiac, urologic, ophthalmologic, orthopaedic and breast
procedural state anxiety.5 Five trials found music had a
biopsy.6
statistically significant effect on reducing anxiety scores
compared with the control group in between-group comparison.
Three trials found that post-test anxiety measures significantly The time of the music-listening intervention in pre-operative or
decreased when compared with the pre-test score.5 post-operative phase lasted from five minutes to four hours and
the most frequent length of time between 15 and 30 minutes.5
Intra-operatively music was used during the entire period,
No evidence was found to support the use of music over no-
beginning at the start of the procedure. In the majority of
music use in improving the perception of well-being. One study
studies, patients were provided with music by headphones.6
examined the effect of pre-operative relaxation music on
patients' experience of well being, which was measured with a
100-mm visual analogue scale with end-points of calm and very Anxiety
anxious. The study found that pre-operative well-being was
significantly higher in both music intervention and control groups
Music listening is somewhat effective in reducing psychological
after the session but no between group difference was found.5
presented anxiety and volume of sedative drugs required to
manage anxiety. Anxiety was commonly measured using the
One study examined the effects of music listening on mood state State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a numeric rating scale or
prior to cardiac catheterisation. The POMS tool was used as visual analogue scale. The review reported that the music
measurement tool. However, music listening did not have intervention significantly reduced anxiety scores in 50% of
significant effect on changes in mood state either in the pre-post included studies. The use of sedative drugs was significantly less
values or between the control and music intervention groups. for patients in the music intervention group in comparison to the
control group who did not listen to music.6
Physiological measures
Pain
The physiological parameters of anxiety did not show any
consistent positive effects on patients who had received music There was some evidence to show that music listening can
listening.5 However, some evidence was found that music had an reduce pain and volume of analgesics required to manage pain
effect on the reduction of respiratory rate. related to surgical operation. The Visual Analogue Scale, a
numeric rating scale, the McGill Pain Questionnaire and Verbal
Rating Scale were used to measure pain. Music intervention was
Blood Pressure
shown to have a significant pain reducing effect in 59% of the
included studies. Music intervention significantly reduced the use
Five studies compared mean blood pressure readings between a of analgesics in 47% of the included studies.6
music listening group and a control group (no-music). However
no statistical difference was found between the groups in
Physiological measures
reduction of blood pressure. Four studies reported data
comparing pre- and post-intervention mean blood pressure
readings within groups. Two studies found reductions in both There was some minor evidence to show that the use of music
systolic and diastolic blood pressure for the intervention group intervention is effective in reducing heart rate, blood pressure,
when comparing pre- and post-intervention readings but only one respiratory rate and blood cortisol levels.6
study demonstrated statistical significance.5
Type of Music
Pulse
The tempo of the music seems to be the most important factor.
Eight studies reported between group comparative data but only Use of slow and flowing music with 60 to 80 beats per minute
one study showed a significant difference in pulse reduction appears to have positive outcomes on relaxation and pain relief.
between a music listening group and a control group. In the the recommended type of music is non-lyrical consisting of low
studies that examined pre- and post procedural difference, only tones with strings, and with minimal brass percussion. A volume
one of three studies found a statistically significant reduction in level of 60 dB is also recommended. Despite several papers
pulse rate in the music listening group.5 advocating patients' own choice of music, no significant
difference was found between patients who selected the type of
music and those who did not choose.6
Respiration Rate

Music Listening for Pain Management

Of five studies that reported between-group difference of
respiration rate, three studies showed that the music listening
group had a significantly greater reduction of respiration rate A systematic review that looked at the effectiveness of music-
compared with patients who did not listen to music. Of four intervention for the management of acute, chronic or cancer pain
studies that compared pre- and post-intervention mean included 51 studies. Of the 51 studies, 28 evaluated pain during
respiration rate, three studies had significant reductions in a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure such as colonoscopy or
respiration rate for the music listening group while the control lithotripsy. Fourteen studies evaluated postoperative pain. Other
groups did not have a statistically significant reduction.5 studies evaluated chronic and other cancer pain, labour pain and
experimental pain.4
Music Listening for Anxiety and Pain Related to Surgical
Operation Pain Intensity
Music listening can reduce post-operative pain intensity level. The music intervention for the improvement of following outcomes:
statistical pooling shows that music reduced post-operative pain (Grade C)
intensity levels. However, the maximum reduction in pain * the perception of well-being
intensity levels is only 0.9 units on a zero to ten scale and its * reduction of side effects of analgesic drugs
clinical significance is unclear.4 * the physiological parameters of anxiety
* No significant difference was found between patients who
selected the type of music and those who did not choose. (Grade
Pain Relief
C)

Listening to music can reduce pain in various hospital settings. A

statistical pooling shows that patients who listened to music had [Sidebar]
a 70% greater probability of having at least 50% of pain relief Grades of Recommendation
than patients who did not listen to music.4 These Grades of Recommendation have been based on the JBI-
developed 2006 Grades of Effectiveness1
Opioid Requirements Grade A Strong support that merits application
Grade B Moderate support that warrants consideration of
application
Listening to music can reduce the amount of analgesic drugs Grade C Not Supported
required for the management of pre-operative pain. A statistical
pooling showed that music reduced morphine use by 1mg
(18.4%) two hours after surgery. The use of music also reduced [Sidebar]
opioid requirements during painful procedures, however, it was * Music intervention should be used in conjunction with standard
not statistically significant.4 pain/anxiety care such as prescribed medications.

Side Effects
[Reference]
References
There is no evidence to suggest that listening to music has any 1. The Joanna Briggs Institute. Systematic reviews - the review process, Lev
effect on reducing side effects of analgesic drugs. No statistically line 2009 http://www.joannabriggs.edu.au/pubs/approach.php
significant difference was found on the use of music in reducing 2. The Joanna Briggs Institute. Music as an Intervention in Hospitals. Best P
side effects of analgesia such as nausea.4 information sheets for the health professionals. 2001; 5(4): 1-6.
3. Evans D. The effectiveness of music as an Intervention for hospital patien
Acknowledgments of Advanced Nursing. 2002; 37(1): 8-18.
4. Cepeda MS, Carr DB, Lau J, Alvarez H. Music for pain relief. Cochrane Dat
2006 (2).
There is no evidence to suggest that listening to music has any
5. Gillen E, Biley F, Allen D. Effects of music listening on adult patients' pre-
effect on reducing side effects of analgesic drugs. No statistically
hospital. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2008; 6(1): 24
significant difference was found on the use of music in reducing
6. Nilsson U. The anxiety- and pain-reducing effects of music interventions:
side effects of analgesia such as nausea.4 Acknowledgments
Journal. 2008; 87(4): 780 (2): 5-94.
7. Pearson A, Wiechula R, Court A, Lockwood C. The JBI model of evidence-
* Professor Carole Kenner, Dean of College of Nursing, University Based Healthc 2005; 3(8): 207-215.
of Oklahoma, Oklahoma, USA Subjects: Best practice, Evidence-based medicine,
Medical research, Music therapy, Hospitals
* Mrs Elizabeth Gillen, Site Librarian, Nursing, Health and Social Psychological aspects, Anxieties,
Care Research Centre, Cardiff University, UK Medical treatment
Author(s): Anonymous
* Dr Francis Biley, Associate Professor, Centre for Qualitative
Research, Bournemouth University, UK Document types: Best Practice Information Sheets
Document features: References, Charts
In addition this Best Practice information sheet has been
Publication title: Best Practice InformationSheets - Joanna Br
reviewed by nominees of international Joanna Briggs
Institute. Adelaide: 2009. Vol. 13, Iss. 3; p
Collaborating Centres.
Source type: Report
[Sidebar] ISSN: 13291874
Recommendations
* The use of music in the pre-procedural period may reduce ProQuest document ID: 1883977021
psychological anxiety and reduce the volume of sedative drugs
Text Word Count 2145
required to manage anxiety.(Grade A)
* Music may reduce the respiratory rate of the patients, caused Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?
by anxiety. However, music should only be used in conjunction did=1883977021&sid=6&Fmt=3&clientId
with standard care in the management of physiologically =71572&RQT=309&VName=PQD
presented anxiety. (Grade B)
* The use of music may reduce pain related to surgical operation
or painful procedure and reduce the volume of analgesic drugs Effects of music therapy on women's physiologic
required to manage pain. However, it should not be used as a measures, anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean
primary intervention for the management of pain due to its small delivery
effect. (Grade A) Shu-Chen Chang, Chung-Hey Chen. Research in Nursing &
* Music recommended to be flowing and non-lyrical with 60 to 80 Health. New York: Dec 2005. Vol. 28, Iss. 6; pg. 453
beat per minute that consists of low tones with strings, and with
minimal brass percussion. A volume level of 60 dB is also Abstract (Summary)
recommended. (Grade B)
* No sufficient evidence was identified to recommend the use of
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of music
therapy on women's physiologic measures, level of anxiety, and
satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Sixty-four women who Author(s): David W Luce
were planning to have a cesarean delivery were randomly divided Author Affiliation: DAVID W. LUCE Chapman University, Orange, C
into an experimental and a control group. The experimental
group received routine care and music therapy, whereas the David W. Luce, Ph.D., MT-BC, is the Director of
control group received routine care only. Our results indicated University, Orange, CA. The author gratefully ac
that compared to the control group the experimental group had Taggart, associate professor of music education
significantly lower anxiety and a higher level of satisfaction and early childhood music educator for her instr
regarding the cesarean experience. No significant differences and collegiality that contributed to the developm
were found between the two groups in any of the physiological © 2004, by the American Music Therapy Associ
indexes. This controlled study provides evidence that music
therapy can reduce anxiety and create a more satisfying Document types: General Information
experience for women undergoing cesarean delivery.
Publication title: Music Therapy Perspectives.
[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Silver Spring: 2004. Vol. 22,
Iss. 1; pg. 26, 8 pgs
The healing power of music
Peter Jaret. Reader's Digest. (U.S. edition). Pleasantville: Sep Source type: Periodical
2001. Vol. 159, Iss. 953; pg. 175 ISSN: 07346875
ProQuest document ID: 771862621
Abstract (Summary)
Text Word Count 6193
Music therapy has the potential to fight infections, soothe pain, Document URL: http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=
and ease autism. Part of music's power comes form its ability to 771862621&sid=2&Fmt=4&clientId=715
relieve anxiety, which can suppress immune defenses as well as 72&RQT=309&VName=PQD
intensify the experience of pain.

July 15, 2008, Relationships

Subjects: Music therapy, Anxieties, Pain management
Author(s): Peter Jaret Music Soothes the Soul
Document Feature
types: Music can be a salvation and antidote to most psychological
challenges
Publication Reader's Digest. (U.S. edition). Pleasantville: Sep
title: 2001. Vol. 159, Iss. 953; pg. 175
Music is often overlooked as a therapeutic intervention: singing,
Source Periodical listening, and creating music of any kind will provide an
type: immediate biological and psychological benefit for everyone. In
fact, music can be a salvation and antidote to most psychological
ISSN: 00340375
challenges: that’s why people sing in the shower and while
ProQuest 78201184 driving the car, or simply listen to music that’s inspiring and
document distracting from emotional upset.
ID:
Document http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? Today I learned about the concept of a “break-up tape”,
URL: did=78201184&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=71572&RQ something that is easily created with digital technology. I had
T=309&VName=PQD never heard the term before but it’s a compilation anyone can
make for their I-Pod, Cell Phone, or MP 3 Player of the songs that
shout out to them: “Get over it. You’ll be ok. You are ok and
Music Learning Theory and Audiation: Implications for you’re not going to let this break-up flatten you."
Music Therapy Clinical Practice
David W Luce. Music Therapy Perspectives. Silver Spring: It doesn’t matter if you’ve been dumped or you are the dumper,
2004. Vol. 22, Iss. 1; pg. 26, 8 pgs ending a relationship that once promised love, companionship,
friendship and sex can be terribly debilitating. While grieving is
Copyright American Music Therapy Association 2004 important and psychologically coming to grips with this trauma is
vital, sometimes a little "I Will Survive" attitude will help move
[Headnote] you along the path to recovery. Even if it’s just temporary, you’ll
ABSTRACT: Early childhood music educators use music learning theory havetoafacilitate
respite from yourdevelopment
musical pain and a reminder of who you were
prior to theory
in their students. For music therapists, an understanding of music learning this trauma. Should your ex be an overly self-involved
is an entry-level
narcissist
competency. However, there are several different music learning theories (and whose
(Buttram, 1996),exand
isn’t?)
the try
lacksinging
of along with Carly
current research makes it difficult to determine which theory is being Simon
taughtandandtellinthem
how "You're So Vain"
much detail. In or suggest that they just
addition, although each of these models may offer a vocabulary for Hit the Road,
describing Jack. events,
musical
experiences, or processes, it is difficult to conclude, in the absence of research, that any one vocabulary is
Positive
being used, or that all music therapists are using a similar vocabulary. Psychology
This paper News
provides anDaily recently
overview of featured a piece about
music learning theory as developed by Gordon (1971, 1989, 1997a,“Music 1997b)and andSong:
moreThe Sounds of Hope.” They report a number of
specifically,
research
audiation, and the types distinctively musical vocabulary and implications for findings about the
music therapy immediate psychological and medical
clinical
practice and stages preparatory audiation. The paper considers the benefits
model's. of music: increased happiness, less stress, reduced
depression
David W. Luce, Ph.D., MT-BC, is the Director of Music Therapy at Chapman symptoms,
University, greater
Orange, CA.autonomy,
The and increased
author gratefully acknowledges Dr. Cynthia Taggart, associate professorcompetence,
of musichope, and optimism.
education at Michigan Research shows that children
who friendship,
Slate University and early childhood music educator for her instruction, are involved with musicand
mentorship, programs grow up to have lower
collegiality that contributed to the development of this article. rates of addictive behaviors, better academic performance, and
© 2004, by the American Music Therapy Association greater preparedness for college and the work force.
While music therapy as a distinct field has been around a long Pregnant women who are stressed, particularly late in pregnancy,
time, it’s only recently that I’ve begun suggesting to patients that have an increased risk of their child going on to develop asthma.
they sing their way out of the blues. Theoretically, this So finds a British study conducted on a cohort of over 5,800
intervention would fall under the umbrella of cognitive behavioral families and presented in Berlin at the Annual Congress of the
therapy. Losing yourself in the right music is an immediate, European Respiratory Society (ERS). Very anxious pregnant
unconscious and effortless way to reframe your situation. You women are 65% more likely to have a child who later develops
can swiftly defeat the black and white thinking that’s leading you asthma than mothers with a lower level of anxiety.
to catastrophize the magnitude of this break-up or other trauma.
As Shakespeare said in Hamlet, "There is nothing either good or © 2009 MediLexicon International Ltd
bad, but thinking makes it so." This concept is the basis of http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/124485.php
cognitive therapy: to change your feelings, you need only to
change the way you're thinking about your situation. Embracing
a behavioral change of turning to your break up tape will shift
Anxious Pregnant Mothers More Likely To Have Smaller
your thinking and you’ll find a way to accept, as Mick Jagger and
Babies
the Stones did, that You Can’t Always Get What You Want.

hahla M. Hosseini, Minhnoi W. Biglan, Cynthia Larkby, Maria M.

© Copyright Sussex Publishers, LLC
Brooks, Michael B. Gorin, and Nancy L. Day studied a sample of
http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-therapist-is-
low-income women, half of whom were African American and the
in/200807/music-soothes-the-soul
other half Caucasian. The group already had well-known risk
factors such as alcohol and cigarette use. The authors
Journal Article The consequences of high-risk behaviors:
demonstrated that the mother's anxiety during pregnancy
trauma during pregnancy. Patteson SK, Snider CC, Meyer DS,
impacts birth outcomes over and beyond factors such as drug
Enderson BL, Armstrong JE, Whitaker GL, Carroll RC. J Trauma
use, education, and race.
2007; 62(4): 1015-20. DOI:
10.1097/01.ta.0000221554.95815.2e What is this? PMID:
17426561 (Copyright © 2007, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins) Anxiety during the third trimester predicted women delivering
significantly smaller babies. In the first and second trimesters,
BACKGROUND:: Trauma during pregnancy places two lives at the effects of anxiety were significant only among those women
risk. Knowledge of risk factors for trauma during pregnancy may who had severe anxiety.
improve outcomes. METHODS:: We reviewed the charts of 188
such patients admitted to a Level I trauma center from 1996 to Low to moderate levels of anxiety in women during either the
2004. A comparison was made of injury severity and outcome first or second trimester did not significantly affect the birth
from a cohort of nonpregnant female trauma patients selected outcomes, but women who are severely anxious during much of
with a similar temporal occurrence and age range. RESULTS:: their pregnancy should be considered for anxiety-reducing
Motor vehicle collisions comprised 160 cases, 67 using a restraint interventions.
device. Of 84 patients tested, 45 tested positive for intoxicants,
16 positive for 2 or more intoxicants. A significant trend toward
less testing through the study period was observed (p = 0.0002). "One way to prevent health problems in children and adults is to
Injury severity was assessed by Revised Trauma Score (RTS). focus care on the prenatal period," the authors note. "It is key to
RTS <11 or admission to operating room or intensive care units pursue further research which addresses interventions to
(OR/ICU) classified patients as severely injured. The six maternal ameliorate the effects that a woman's trait anxiety has on the
fatalities had an RTS <11 or OR/ICU disposition. Fetal outcomes development of fetuses."
included 155 live in utero, 18 live births, and 15 fatalities
correlating with injury severity by either criteria (p < 0.0001). Of Copyright © 1995-2009 ScienceDaily LLC
the fetal fatalities, 7 occurred with RTS = 12, but only 3 fatalities http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091027132253.h
occurred in the 147 cases not admitted to OR/ICU. Gestational tm?
age correlated (p < 0.0001) with fetal outcomes. The 18 live utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Fe
births had mean gestational ages of 35 +/- 4 weeks as compared ed%3A+sciencedaily+%28ScienceDaily
with fetal fatalities at 20 +/- 9 weeks, and fetuses alive in utero %3A+Latest+Science+News%29
at 22 +/- 9 weeks gestation. Coagulation tests prothrombin time
(PT), international normalized ratio (INR) (both p < 0.008), and
partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (p < 0.0001) correlated with
maternal outcome. A matched cohort of nonpregnancy trauma The Association Between Maternal Anxiety and Treatment
cases during the same time frame indicated that, despite a Outcome for Childhood Anxiety Disorders
significantly higher percentage of severely injured patients, fewer
fatalities occurred. This might reflect a greater risk for the Print ISSN: 0813-4839 Volume: 26 | Issue: 1 Cover
pregnant trauma patient. CONCLUSIONS:: This study of trauma date: April 2009 Page(s): 1-15
in pregnancy cases revealed a high percentage with risk This study examined the influence of maternal anxiety on the
behaviors. There was a significant trend toward less intoxicant treatment outcome of anxious children. Forty-eight clinically
testing in recent years. Coagulation tests were the most anxious children (aged 6–14 years) were classified into two
predictive of outcomes. Lower gestational age correlated with groups based on the presence of an anxiety disorder diagnosis in
fetal demise. their mother. Diagnostic data at posttreatment showed that
children with anxious mothers responded significantly less
http://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php? favourably to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) than did
fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_6 children with nonanxious mothers (28% vs. 58% improved,
0630_23 respectively). At 12-month follow-up, 68% of children with
anxious mothers improved, compared to 79% of children with
nonanxious mothers. This difference was not significant. Findings
Anxious Pregnant Women Are More Likely To Have were not consistent across outcome measures. This study also
Asthmatic Children investigated the changes in maternal anxiety across child
treatment. Prior to treatment, diagnostic data showed that 60%
of mothers met criteria for an anxiety disorder. At posttreatment,
Article Date: 07 Oct 2008 - 3:00 PST 21% of these mothers were free of their primary diagnosis. There
was also a significant reduction in self-reported maternal anxiety
across treatment that was maintained at follow-up. Theoretical
and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Copyright © Australian Academic Press 2009 All Rights Reserved.

http://www.atypon-link.com/AAP/doi/abs/10.1375/bech.26.1.1