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Kul 2. Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form

Maxwell's equations in integral form consist of four laws: Faraday's law, Ampere's law, Gauss's law for electric fields, and Gauss's law for magnetic fields. These laws relate the electric and magnetic fields to each other and to charges and currents. Faraday's law describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field. Ampere's law relates magnetic fields to electric currents and displacement currents. Gauss's laws relate electric and magnetic flux to enclosed charge and state that magnetic monopoles have not been observed.

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356 views11 pages

Kul 2. Maxwell's Equations in Integral Form

Maxwell's equations in integral form consist of four laws: Faraday's law, Ampere's law, Gauss's law for electric fields, and Gauss's law for magnetic fields. These laws relate the electric and magnetic fields to each other and to charges and currents. Faraday's law describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electric field. Ampere's law relates magnetic fields to electric currents and displacement currents. Gauss's laws relate electric and magnetic flux to enclosed charge and state that magnetic monopoles have not been observed.

Uploaded by

Rico Bernando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Maxwells Equations in Integral Form

Four Laws
Maxwells equations in integral form are a set
of FOUR LAWS resulting from several
experimental findings and a purely
mathematical contribution.
Faradays Law
Amperes Circuital Law
Gausss Law for the Electrical Field
Gausss Law for the Magnetic Field
Faradays Law
The electromotive force around a closed
path is equal to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the path
d
C E dl dt S B dS
Amperes Circuital Law
The magnetomotive force around a closed
path is equal to the algebraic sum of the
current due to the flow of charges and the
displacement current bounded by the path
Displacement

H dl I
d
C S D dS current introduced
C
dt S by Maxwell

I C S J dS
Current due to
flow of free
charges
S

d
C H dl S J dS dt S D dS
Application of Amperes Law to
Closed Surfaces
d
C H dl S J dS1 dt S D dS1
1 1 1
d
C H dl S J dS2 dt S D dS2
2 2 2

d
0 J dS 2 D dS 2
S1 S 2
dt S1 S2
d
Finally:
dt S
D dS J dS
S

Displacement current emanating from a closed surface


is equal to the current due to the charges flowing in the
volume bounded by the closed surface
Capacitor Circuit

d

dt S
D dS J dS
S

Ignoring the fringe effects


of finite plates
d , A is the area of each plate
( D A) I (t )
dt
Observation: Where the wire current ends on one of the
plates, The displacement current takes
over and completes the circuit to the
second plate.
Gauss Law for Electric Field
The displacement flux emanating from a
closed surface is equal to the charge
contained within the volume.
The volume bounded by the surface S,

D dS Q dv
S
V
V
Free Charge
charge density

D dS dv
S V
D E
Gauss Law for Magnetic Field
The magnetic flux emanating from a closed
surface is equal to zero

B dS 0
S

Note that Gauss Law for


magnetic field is consistent
with Faradays Law
d
C E dl dt S B dS1 d
0 B dS
1 1

d
C E dl dt S B dS2 dt S1 S2
2 2
Law of Conservation of Charge
The net current due to flow of charge emanating
from a closed surface is equal to the time rate of
decreases of the charge within the volume
bounded by the surface
d
S J dS dt V dv

D dS dv
S V
Gauss Law
d

dt S
D dS J dS Amperes Law
S
Maxwells Equations in Integral
Form
d
C E dl dt S B dS Faradays Law

d
C H dl S J dS dt S D dS Amperes Law

D dS dv
S V
Gauss Law

B dS 0
S
Gauss Law

d
S J dS dt V dv Law of Conservation of Charge
Maxwells Equations for Static
Fields in Integral Form
For static fields, d
0 , therefore,
dt
E dl 0
C
Note: The electric and
H dl J dS
C S magnetic fields
are no longer
D dS dv
S V dependent
B dS 0
S

J dS 0
S

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