Introduction to Computation and Problem
Solving
Class 14:
Introduction to the Swing Toolkit
Prof. Steven R. Lerman
and
Dr. V. Judson Harward
Class Preview
Over the next 5 lectures, we will introduce you to
the techniques necessary to build graphic user
interfaces for your applications.
Class 14: Introduction to Swing Basic Concepts: Components
and containers, fonts, colors, borders, layout.
Class 15: Constructing Swing interfaces.
Class 16: Lab: The Swing Event Model.
Class 17: Lab: How to do Custom Drawing in Swing, the
Graphics 2D API.
Class 18: 2D Transformations in Swing and a Graphing Case
Study.
Swing
Package of user interface classes for windows,
menus, scroll bars, buttons, etc.
Independent of hardware and operating system (as
long as they can paint a window).
Swing gains independence but loses performance by not
relying on native toolkit components.
Has Windows, Motif, Mac look and feel options.
Supersedes Java Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)
though it still uses many non-drawing classes from
that library.
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
See http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/uiswing/index.html
A Simple GUI Application
Lets build a simple application with a GUI, a
date desk accessory that displays todays
date:
Getting the Date
If we are going to display the date, we first have to
figure out what it is:
Converts DateText
import java.text.*;
import java.util.*; Millisecond ticks since since
public class Today0 { January 1, 1970, 00:00:00 GMT
public static void main (String args[]) {
DateFormat formatter =
DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
Date now = new Date();
String dateStr = formatter.format( now );
System.out.println( dateStr );
}
} A readable date
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Displaying the Date, Try 1
So, weve got the date. Lets display it. We
create an instance of a GUI class
containing the String date and we make
it visible:
public static void main (String args[]) {
DateFormat formatter =
DateFormat.getDateInstance(DateFormat.FULL);
Date now = new Date();
String dateStr = formatter.format( now );
Today1 today = new Today1( dateStr );
today.setVisible( true );
//today.show(); Our GUI class
}
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The 3 Flavors of GUI Classes
JComponents: present information or interact with the
user
Examples: labels (JLabel), buttons (JButton), text
fields (JTextField)
Containers: some JComponents are designed to hold other
components, not present or interact
Examples: JPanel , JScrollPane
Top Level Windows: are containers that are not contained
by any other containers; they can be iconified or dragged
and interact with the native windowing system
Example: JFrame, JDialog (not JComponents at all)
Anatomy of a JFrame
Look and Feel and platform
dependent
Interacts
with the
window
system
The contentPane is an
inner container that holds your
content
Displaying the Date, Try 1, Part 2
import javax.swing.*; import java.awt.BorderLayout;
public class Today1 extends JFrame
{
private JLabel dateLabel;
public Today1( String dStr ) {
setDefaultCloseOperation( EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
dateLabel = new JLabel( "Today is " + dStr );
getContentPane().add( dateLabel,
BorderLayout.CENTER );
pack();
}
Displaying the Date, Try 1, Part 3
The simplest way to display a String is a
JLabel
We need a JFrame to hold our JLabel
public class Today1 extends JFrame
{
private JLabel dateLabel;
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Displaying the Date, Try 1, Part 4
Use the ctor argument
to build the JLabel
public Today1( String dStr ) {
dateLabel = new JLabel( "Today is " + dStr );
getContentPane().add( dateLabel,
BorderLayout.CENTER );
Add the JLabel to the Where to add it; more on
JFrames contentPane this layout manager in the
next lecture
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Displaying the Date, Try 1, Part 5
So closing the window will
end the application
setDefaultCloseOperation( EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
pack();
//setSize( 300, 100 );
So the JFrame will fit its
contents and not shrivel up
like a raisin
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Swing Application Termination
Any program that makes a Swing component visible, including
a dialog created via JOptionPane, must explicitly exit by
1. calling System.exit( int code ) or
2. using setDefaultCloseOperation( EXIT_ON_CLOSE ); to tell
Swing what to do when the window system attempts to
close the window, (e.g. by clicking the window close box.)
the window
close box
Why? Because as soon as you put up a GUI window, you start a
separate GUI thread that won't end when you run off the end of
the main() method.
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Displaying the Date, Try 1, Critique
Its too small and the colors dont stand
out.
We need to choose a custom Font and
text (foreground) Color.
import java.awt.Font;
import java.awt.Color;
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Fonts
Standard constructor:
Font myFont =
new Font( String name, int style, int size );
Font name: safe approach is to use a logical font
name, one of
"SansSerif", "Serif", "Monospaced",
"Dialog", "DialogInput", "Symbol"
Four font styles are present: Font.y where y is
PLAIN, BOLD, ITALIC
Font.BOLD + Font.ITALIC
Size is point size; 12 corresponds to standard
printed text
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Colors
13 predefined colors: Color.x where x is
orange, pink, cyan, magenta, yellow, black,
blue, white, gray, lightGray, darkGray, red,
green
You can define your own colors
// RGB or (red-green-blue)
Color ugly= new Color(30, 90, 120);
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Displaying the Date, Try 2
dateFont = new Font( "Serif", Font.BOLD, 24 );
dateLabel.setFont( dateFont );
dateLabel.setForeground( Color.red );
dateLabel.setBackground( Color.white );
Why doesn't the background change?
Not all JComponents are opaque by default.
The JFrame crowds the label.
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Borders
In Swing, borders are objects.
The best way to get some space around our label
is to give it an empty border.
The best way to create a border is to use the
factory methods in class BorderFactory:
import javax.swing.border.*;
. . .
Border empty =
BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder( top,left,
bottom,right);
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Displaying the Date, Try 3
JLabel background is transparent
in some look & feels by default
dateLabel.setOpaque( true );
Border empty = createEmptyBorder(10,20,10,20);
dateLabel.setBorder( empty );
Add our empty
dateLabel.setHorizontalAlignment( border to the
SwingConstants.CENTER ); label and center it
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Building with Components
As simple as our first application is, we can build
some very interesting variations with little
additional code.
JLabels can hold images as well as or instead of
text.
A contentPane has 5 zones where you can add a
component.
North
West Center East
South
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10
A Simple Image Viewer, 1
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.BorderLayout;
import java.net.*;
public class ImageView1 extends JFrame
{
public static void main( String [] args ) {
String url =
"http://web.mit.edu/buildings/statacenter/aug00home.jpg";
String title = "The New Stata Center";
ImageView1 theView = new ImageView1( url, title );
theView.setVisible( true );
}
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A Simple Image Viewer, 2
private URL source;
private String title;
private JLabel imageLabel; An incantation explained in
private JLabel titleLabel; a later lecture
public ImageView1( String u, String t ) {
setDefaultCloseOperation( EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
try { source = new URL( u ); }
catch ( MalformedURLException e ) {
System.out.println( "Bad URL " + source );
System.exit( 1 );
}
title = t;
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A Simple Image Viewer, 3
// make a label of an image
ImageIcon image = new ImageIcon( source );
imageLabel =
new JLabel( image, SwingConstants.CENTER );
getContentPane().add(
imageLabel, BorderLayout.CENTER );
// make a 2 nd label of the title
titleLabel = new JLabel( title,
SwingConstants.CENTER );
// set it below
getContentPane().add( titleLabel,
BorderLayout.SOUTH );
pack();
}
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Complex Components
A JLabel is just about as simple as a
component gets. But using a more
complicated component is identical.
Components encapsulate their
functionality spatially and conceptually.
Consider the following example that uses
a JColorChooser, a very complicated
component.
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JColorChooser Example, 1
public class FavoriteColor
extends JFrame
{
private ColorLabel colorLabel;
private JColorChooser chooser;
public static void main(String args[]) {
FavoriteColor favor = new FavoriteColor( "Jud",
new Color( 255, 200, 100 ));
favor.setVisible( true );
}
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JColorChooser Example, 2
public FavoriteColor( String person, Color c ) {
setDefaultCloseOperation( EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
chooser = new JColorChooser( c );
colorLabel = new ColorLabel( "This is " + person +
"'s favorite color.", chooser );
chooser.setPreviewPanel( colorLabel );
chooser.getSelectionModel().addChangeListener(
colorLabel );
getContentPane().add( chooser,
BorderLayout.CENTER );
pack();
}
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Java is a trademark or registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United
States and other countries. 13
