10/9/2017

Digital Logic
With combinational logic systems, the output is
determined by the combination of the input variables at a
Digital Logic particular instant of time. The output does not depend on
what the inputs previously were.

Where a system requires an output which depends on

earlier values of the inputs, a sequential logic system is
Dr. Harlal Singh Mali
required.
Asst. Prof.
Mech. Engg. Dept. The main difference between a combinational logic system
and a sequential logic system is that the sequential logic
system must have some form of memory.
@HSM 1 @HSM 2

Categories of Discrete Control Discrete Process Control

Control systems that operate on parameters and variables
Logic control event-driven changes that change at discrete moments in time or at discrete
events, usually binary (0 or 1, off or on, open or closed,
Sequencing time-driven changes etc.)

Sensors Limit switch Contact/no contact

Logic Control - a switching system whose Photo-detector On/off
output at any moment is determined Timer On/off
exclusively by the values of inputs
Actuators Motor On/off
No memory Valve Open/closed
No operating characteristics that depend on time Clutch Engaged/not engaged
Also called combinational logic control
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Combinational logic systems: Logic gates

AND gate represented by: (a) switches, (b) symbols

OR gate representation by: (a) switches, (b) symbols, (c) a

a AND gate timing diagram
timing diagram

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NOT gate
NAND gate
Combination of AND gate followed by NOT gate

NOR gate XOR gate (Q=(A+B) . (A+B)

Combination of OR gate followed by NOT gate EXCLUSIVE-OR (XOR) gate an OR gate with a NOT gate applied to
one of the inputs to invert it before the input reaches to OR gate

Combining Gates

Three NOR gates Three NAND gates

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Example Solution
Write the Boolean logic expression for the
pushbutton switch system below using the X2
X2 Y2= ( X1 Y1) X 2
following symbols:
Y1
X1 = START, X2 = STOP, Y1 = MOTOR, and Y2 =
X1
POWER-TO-MOTOR. X1+Y1

Y2
X2 Y1

Truth Table
X1

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Sequential logic system

Sequencing
A switching system that uses internal timing devices to determine when to
initiate changes in output variables
Outputs are usually generated open loop
No feedback that control function is executed

Sequence of output signals is usually cyclical, as in a high production

work cycle
The signals occur in the same repeated pattern within each regular cycle

Common sequencing devices: Where a system requires an output which depends on earlier values
of the inputs, a sequential logic system is required.
Timer output switches on/off at preset times
Counter counts electrical pulses and stores them The main difference between a combinational logic system and a
sequential logic system is that the sequential logic system must have
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some form of memory.

SR flip-flop:

Basic memory element, made up of assembly of logic Alarm circuit

gates & is a sequential logic device

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Clocked SR flip-flop JK flip-flop

D flip-flop (a) Positive edge-triggered, (b) symbol for edge-triggered D flip-flop

A register is
a set of
memory
elements
and is used
to hold
information
until it is
needed.

Alarm system Register

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The 555 timer

chip consists of
an SR flip-flop
with inputs fed
by two
comparators.

The 555 timer Monostable multivibrator

Summary of Digital Logic Problem: For the time intervals shown as A and B
With (1) combinational logic systems, the output is determined by the combination
in Fig., which will be the output signal if A and B
of the input variables at a particular instant of time. The output does not depend are inputs to (a) an AND gate (b) an OR gate?
on what the inputs previously were. Where a system requires an output which
depends on earlier values of the inputs, a sequential logic system is required.

The main difference between a combinational logic system and a sequential logic
system is that the sequential logic system must have some form of memory.

Application: (2) A decoder is a logic circuit that looks at its inputs, determines
which number is there, and activates the one output that corresponds to that
number.

The flip-flop is a basic memory element which is made up of an assembly of logic

gates and is a sequential logic device.

A register is a set of memory elements and is used to hold information until it is

needed.
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The 555 timer chip consists of an SR flip-flop with inputs fed by two comparators.

Problem: Fig. (a) shows the input signals A and B

Problem: Fig. shows the timing diagram for the S
applied to the gate system shown in (b). Draw the
and R inputs for an SR flip-flop. Complete the
output waveform P and Q?
diagram by adding the Q output.

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Problem: Explain
how the
arrangements of
gates shown in
Fig. gives an SR
flip-flop.