A

Report on
WALL CLIMBING SURVEILLANCE ROBOT
Submitted by
SHIPRA SINGH 16900314099
SHIWANY PAREEK 16900314100
MONOMITA MANDAL 16900314063
NEHA GUPTA 16900314067

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of FINAL YEAR

PROJECT for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
from
ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
Under the guidance of
PROF. SANJIB MITRA

Academy of Technology
Aedconagar, Hooghly712121

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to

my faculty Prof. Sanjib Mitra for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and
constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The blessing,
help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the
journey of life on which I am about to embark.

Finally I must say that no height is ever achieved without some sacrifices made
at some point of time and it is here I owe my special debt to my parents
and family members for showing their love and constant support
throughout this period of time.

Prof. Sanjib Mitra Shipra Singh

(Assistant Professor) Shiwany Pareek
Academy Of Technology Monomita Mandal
Neha Gupta

2
 ABSTRACT

This is a report on Wall Climbing Surveillance Robot using Arduino, motor

board, ducted fan, LIPO battery, voltage divider, ESC, LED, micro motor,
voltage regulator e.t.c . It contains basic working of Arduino UNO board and its
programming environment, that is, to understand the pin configuration of
Arduino UNO board and how to execute basic instructions to develop your
own program and interfacing of few sensors as given in the content.

The main objective of this project .

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate...............................................................................................(2)
Acknowledgement..................................................................................(3)
Abstract..................................................................................................(5)
Introduction on Wall Climbing Robot......................................................(6-7)
Introduction on Arduino......................................................................(8-9)
Benefits of ...............................................................................(12)
Applications of Arduino........................................................................(13)
Programs using Arduino..................................................................(14-53)
Sensor design Projects.....................................................................(54-66)
Mini Projects...................................................................................(67-75)
Advantages of Embedded System.........................................................(76)
Disadvantages of Embedded System.....................................................(77)
Future Scope of Arduino.......................................................................(78)
Conclusion............................................................................................(79)
References/ Bibliography......................................................................(80)

4
 INTRODUCTION ON WALL CLIMBING
ROBOT

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and

software, either fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically
designed for a particular kind of application device.

An embedded system is a dedicated computer system designed for one or two

specific functions. This system is embedded as a part of a complete device
system that includes hardware, such as electrical and mechanical components.
The embedded system is unlike the general-purpose computer, which is
engineered to manage a wide range of processing tasks.

Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household

appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys (as well as the more obvious
cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded
system.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs

with integrated memory or peripheral interfaces), but ordinary
microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface
circuits) are also common, especially in more-complex systems. In either case,
the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those
specialised in certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the
application at hand.

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the
reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale. Properties typical of embedded computers
when compared with general-purpose ones are low power consumption, small
size, rugged operating ranges and low per-unit cost.

Because an embedded system is engineered to perform certain tasks only,

design engineers may optimize size, cost, power consumption, reliability and
performance. Embedded systems are typically produced on broad scales and
share functionalities across a variety of environments and applications.
5
Embedded systems are managed by single or multiple processing cores in the
form of microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP), field-programmable
gate arrays (FPGA), application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) and gate
arrays. These processing components are integrated with components
dedicated to handling electric and/or mechanical interfacing.

An embedded system's key feature is dedication to specific functions that

typically require strong general-purpose processors. For example, router and
switch systems are embedded systems, whereas a general-purpose computer
uses a proper OS for routing functionality. However, embedded routers
function more efficiently than OS-based computers for routing functionalities.

Commercial embedded systems range from digital watches and MP3 players to
giant routers and switches. Complexities vary from single processor chips to
advanced units with multiple processing chips.

6
 INTRODUCTION ON ARDUINO

Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use

hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can
tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on
Processing.

Arduino is a hardware and software company, project, and user community

that designs and manufactures computer open-source hardware, open-source
software, and microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices.

The project is based on microcontroller board designs, produced by several

vendors, using various microcontrollers. These systems provide sets of digital
and analog Input/output (I/O) pins that can interface to various expansion
boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the
microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on a programming language named Processing, which
also supports the languages C and C++.

The first Arduino was introduced in 2005, aiming to provide a low cost, easy
way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their
environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices
intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats, and
motion detectors.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from
everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of
makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has
gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up
7
to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to
novices and experts alike.
Arduino Uno:

Pin Diagram :

8
 INTRODUCTION ON ATMEGA-328

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel and belongs

to the megaAVR series.

Specifications:
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP flash
memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23
general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible
timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial
programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-
channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages),
programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.
The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.

ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems

where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed. Perhaps
the most common implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino
development platform, namely the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.

Features:
Microcontroller ATmega-328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage(recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage(limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM pins)
Analog Input Pins 8
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current for 3.3V pins 50mA
Flash Memory 32KB (of which 2KB used for bootloader)
SRAM 2KB
EEPROM 1KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
9
Pin Diagram:

10
 BENEFITS OF ARDUINO-UNO

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available

for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets,
MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these
tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in
an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with
microcontrollers.
Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to
other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the
Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled
Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows,
Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller
systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is
easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take
advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the
Processing programming environment, so students learning to program
in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is
published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced
programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and
people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap
from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based.
Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if
you want to.
Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards
are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit
designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and
improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the
breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works
and save money.

11
 APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO

Light Control
Home Automation
Robotics
Networking
Xoscillo, an open-source oscilloscope
Scientific equipment such as the Chemduino
Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome
OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface
found in most modern cars
Ardupilot, drone software and hardware
ArduinoPhone, a do-it-yourself cellphone
GertDuino, an Arduino mate for the Raspberry Pi
Water quality testing platform
Homemade CNC using Arduino and DC motors with close loop control by
Homofaciens
DC motor control using Arduino and H-Bridge.

12
Circuit to blink the Default LED present in Arduino

13
 PROGRAMS
01. Program to blink the Default LED present in Arduino

void setup()

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

void loop()

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(13,LOW);

delay(1000);

14
 Circuit to glow multiple LEDs present in the breadboard using arduino

02.Program to glow multiple LEDs present in the breadboard using Arduino

int red=11,green=10,blue=9;

void setup()

pinMode(red,OUTPUT);

pinMode(green,OUTPUT);

pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);

void loop()

digitalWrite(red,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

15
 delay(500);

digitalWrite(green,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(blue,LOW);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(green,HIGH);

delay(500);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

16
 Circuit to glow multiple LEDs using switch(button) as input

03.Program to glow multiple LEDs using switch(button) as input

int red=11,green=10,blue=9,switch=12;
void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(switch,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

17
void loop()
{
int value=digitalRead(switch);
Serial.println(value);
if(value==1)
{
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
}

18
 Circuit to turn on multiple LEDs when the button is pressed and let it on
when the button is released

04.Program to turn on multiple LEDs when the button is pressed and let it
on when the button is released

int red=11,green=10,blue=9,switch=12,cnt=0;

void setup()

{
19
 pinMode(red,OUTPUT);

pinMode(green,OUTPUT);

pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);

pinMode(switch,INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

int btst=digitalRead(switch);

Serial.println(btst);

if(btst==1)

cnt=cnt+1;

switch(cnt)

case 1: digitalWrite(red,HIGH);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

digitalWrite(blue,LOW);

break;

case 2: digitalWrite(green,HIGH);

digitalWrite(blue,LOW);

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

break;

case 3: digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

break;

20
 case 4: digitalWrite(green,HIGH);

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

digitalWrite(blue,LOW);

break;

delay(500);

if(cnt>=4)

cnt=0;

else

cnt=0;

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

digitalWrite(blue,LOW);

21
 Circuit to fade up and fade down an LED

05.Program to fade up and fade down an LED

int i,j,level,red=9;

void setup()
{

void loop()
{
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
22
 {
level=i;
analogWrite(red,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(red,level);
delay(10);
}
}

Circuit to fade up and fade down multiple LEDs

23
06.Program to fade up and fade down multiple LEDs

int i,j,level,red=11,green=10,blue=9;
void setup()
{
}
void loop()
{
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(red,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(red,level);
delay(10);
}
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(green,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(green,level);
delay(10);
}
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
}

24
 Circuit to fade up an LED using potentiometer

7.Program to fade up an LED using potentiometer

int i,j,red=9;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()
25
{

i=analogRead(A5);

Serial.print(i);

j=map(i,0,1023,0,255);

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(j);

Serial.println();

analogWrite(red,j);

26
 Circuit to blink LED and produce sound of the buzzer of an ambulance

8. Program to blink LED and produce sound of the buzzer of an ambulance

int red=10,green=9,buz=8;

void setup()

pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);

pinMode(red,OUTPUT);

pinMode(green,OUTPUT);

}
27
void loop()

tone(buz,500);

digitalWrite(red,HIGH);

digitalWrite(green,LOW);

delay(500);

tone(buz,700);

digitalWrite(green,HIGH);

digitalWrite(red,LOW);

delay(500);

Circuit to produce the sound of siren

28
9.Program to produce the sound of siren

int freq,buz=8;

void setup()

pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);

void loop()

for(freq=500;freq<=1500;freq+=10)

tone(buz,freq);

delay(10);

for(freq=1500;freq>=500;freq-=10)

tone(buz,freq);

delay(10);

29
Circuit to fade up and fade down an LED using switch button and let it on the
same intensity when the switch is released

10.Program to fade up and fade down an LED using switch button and let it
on the same intensity when the switch is released

int i=0,flag=1,red=9,switch=12,btst;
void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(switch,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
btst=digitalRead(switch);
30
 Serial.println(btst);
if(btst==1)
{
if(flag==1)
{
i++;
if(i==255)
{
flag=0;
}
}
else
{
i--;
if(i==0)
flag=1;
}
}
analogWrite(red,i);
delay(10);
}

31
 Circuit to fade up and fade down multiple LEDs using switch button and
let it on the same intensity when the switch is released.

11.Program to fade up and fade down multiple LEDs using switch button
and let it on the same intensity when the switch is released.

int i=0,flag=1,btst,cnt=0;
int bulb[]={11,10,9,10};
void setup()
{
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
pinMode(11,OUTPUT);
pinMode(12,INPUT);
32
 Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
btst=digitalRead(12);
if(btst==1)
{
if(flag==1)
{
i++;
if(i==255)
{
flag=0;
}
}
else
{
i--;
if(i==0)
{
flag=1;
cnt++;
digitalWrite(bulb[cnt-1],LOW);
}
}
}
Serial.print(btst);
Serial.print(\t);
Serial.println(i);
delay(10);
analogWrite(bulb[cnt],i);
if(cnt==4)
{
cnt=0;
}
}

33
 Circuit to spin the DC motor using potentiometer

12.Program to spin the DC motor using potentiometer

int i,mtr;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

}
34
void loop()

i=analogRead(A5);

Serial.print(i);

mtr=map(i,0,1023,0,255);

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(i);

Serial.println();

analogWrite(A4,mtr);

35
 Circuit to display Hello World on the screen of LCD

13.Program to display Hello World on the screen of LCD

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 8, 7, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()

lcd.begin(16, 2);

36
 lcd.print("hello, world!");

void loop()

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print(millis() / 1000);

37
 Circuit of tank level indicator using potentiometer

14.Program to design tank level indicator using potentiometer

int value,level,i,j,freq,red=11,green=10,blue=9,buz=8;
void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
38
 Serial.println();
Serial.print("Value");
}

void loop()
{
Serial.println();
value=analogRead(A5);
Serial.print(value);
Serial.print('\t');
noTone(buz);

if(value<=10)
{
Serial.print("Empty");
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}

if(value>10&&value<=200)
{
Serial.print("Low Level");
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
noTone(buz);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}

if(value>200&&value<=450)
{
Serial.print("Low Medium");
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);

39
}
if(value>450&&value<=550)
{
Serial.print("Medium");
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
if(value>550&&value<=800)
{
Serial.print("Upper Medium");
for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);

}
if(value>800&&value<=1000)
{
Serial.print("High Level");
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
noTone(buz);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
if(value>1000)
{
Serial.print("Full");
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
for(freq=500;freq<=900;freq+=10)
{
tone(buz,freq);
delay(10);
}
for(freq=900;freq>=500;freq-=10)
{

40
 tone(buz,freq);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
}

41
 Circuit to sweep the Servo Motor

15.Program to sweep the Servo Motor

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;

int pos = 0;

void setup()

42
{

Serial.begin(9600);

myservo.attach(9);

void loop()

for(pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 1)

myservo.write(pos);

Serial.println(pos);

delay(15);

for(pos = 180; pos>=0; pos-=1)

myservo.write(pos);

Serial.println(pos);

delay(15);

43
 Circuit to sweep the Servo Motor using potentiometer (knob)

16.Program to sweep the Servo Motor using potentiometer (knob)

#include <Servo.h>

Servo myservo;

int val;

void setup()
44
{

myservo.attach(9);

void loop()

val = analogRead(A5);

val = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 180);

myservo.write(val);

delay(15);

45
Circuit to sweep the Servo Motor using switch knob and let it be on the same
position when the switch is released.

17.Program to sweep the Servo Motor using switch knob and let it be on the
same position when the switch is released.

int value,flag=1,swt=12;

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
46
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.attach(9);
pinMode(swt,INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
value=digitalRead(swt);
Serial.print(value);
Serial.print('\t');
if(value==1)
{
if(flag==1)
{
pos++;
if(pos==180)
{
flag=0;
}
}
else
{
pos--;
if(pos==0)
{
flag=1;
}
}
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
}
else
{
Serial.print(pos);
}
Serial.println();
delay(15);
}

47
Circuit to sweep the Servo Motor using switch knob and let it be on the same
position when the switch is released and count the number of times when
the switch is off and display the motor position.

18.Program to sweep the Servo Motor using switch knob and let it be on the
same position when the switch is released and count the number of times
when the switch is off and display the motor position.
#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int value,flag=1,cnt=0,pos=0,last_val,swt=12;

48
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
myservo.attach(9);
}
void loop()
{
value=digitalRead(swt);
Serial.print(value);
Serial.print('\t');
if(value==1)
{
if(flag ==1)
{
pos++;
if(pos==180)
{
flag=0;
}
}
else
{
pos--;
if(pos==0)
{
flag=1;
}
}
myservo.write(pos);
}
last_val=digitalRead(swt);
if(last_val<1)
{
cnt=cnt+1;
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(cnt);
}
Serial.println();
delay(15);
}

49
 Circuit of galvanometer with reference position= 90

19.Program to design the galvanometer with reference position=90

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int pos=90,flag=1,value,toggle=0,swt=12;

void setup()
{

50
 myservo.attach(9);
pinMode(swt,INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
value=digitalRead(swt);
Serial.print(value);
Serial.print(\t);
if(value==1)
{
if(flag==1)
{
f1();
}
else
{
f2();
}
toggle=1;
}
else
{
if(toggle==1)
{
toggle=0;
if(flag==1)
flag=0;
else
flag=1;
}
go_to_90();
}
}
void f1()
{
if(pos<180)
pos++;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.print(\t);
delay(25);
}
void f2()
{
if(pos>0)
pos--;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.print(\t);

51
 delay(25);
}
void go_to_90()
{
if(pos>90)
pos--;
else if(pos<90)
pos++;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.println();
delay(25);
}

52
 SENSOR DESIGN PROJECTS

Circuit to fade up an LED using LDR (Light Dependent Resistance)

01.Program to fade up an LED using LDR (Light Dependent Resistance)

int i,j,red=9;

void setup()

{
53
 Serial.begin(9600);

void loop()

i=analogRead(A5);

Serial.print(i);

j=map(i,0,800,0,255);

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(j);

Serial.println();

analogWrite(red,j);

54
 Circuit to glow an LED according to the range of an LDR

02.Program to glow an LED according to the range of an LDR

int i,j,red=9;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
i=analogRead(A5);
Serial.print(i);

55
 if(i<200)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Dark");
Serial.println();
}

if(i>=200&&i<=400)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Intermediate");
Serial.println();

if(i>400&&i<=600)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Medium");
Serial.println();
}

if(i>600)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Bright");
Serial.println();
}
analogWrite(red,i);
}

56
 Circuit to design an indicator using LDR

03.Program to design an indicator using LDR

int i,j,red=11,green=10,blue=9,buz=8;
void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
57
 i=analogRead(A0);
Serial.print(i);
if(i<200)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Dark");
Serial.println();
analogWrite(red,i);
tone(buz,300);
delay(500);
noTone(buz);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
if(i>400&&i<=600)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Medium");
Serial.println();
analogWrite(blue,i);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
}
if(i>600)
{
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print("Bright");
Serial.println();
analogWrite(green,i);
tone(buz,700);
delay(500);
noTone(8);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
}
}

58
Circuit to obtain the temperature in diferent scales using temperature
sensor

59
04.Program to obtain the temperature in diferent scales using
temperature sensor

int value,celsius,kelvin;

float far,cons=0.48828125;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println();

Serial.print("value\tCel\tFahr\tKelvin");

void loop()

Serial.println();

value=analogRead(A5);

Serial.print(value);

celsius=value*cons;

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(celsius);

far=((9.0/5)*celsius)+32;

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(far);

kelvin=celsius +273;

Serial.print('\t');

Serial.print(kelvin);

Serial.println();

60
Circuit of temperature alarm indicator

61
05.Program to design a temperature alarm indicator

int value,celsius,level,i,j,freq,red=11,green=10,blue=9,buz=8;
float cons=0.48828125;
void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println();
Serial.print("value\tCel");
}

void loop()
{
Serial.println();
value=analogRead(A5);
Serial.print(value);
celsius=value*cons;
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print(celsius);
Serial.print('\t');
noTone(buz);

if(celsius>=40)
{
Serial.print("Excess Heat");
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,900);
delay(500);
noTone(buz);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
if(celsius>=35&&celsius<40)
{
Serial.print("Warm");
tone(buz,900);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
noTone(buz);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
}
if(celsius>=27&&celsius<35)
{
Serial.print("Moderate");
62
 for(i=0;i<=255;i++)
{
level=i;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
for(j=255;j>=0;j--)
{
level=j;
analogWrite(blue,level);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
}
if(celsius<27)
{
Serial.print("Cold");
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
delay(500);
for(freq=500;freq<=900;freq+=10)
{
tone(buz,freq);
delay(10);
}
for(freq=900;freq>=500;freq-=10)
{
tone(buz,freq);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
}
}

63
Circuit to observe the values of gas sensor using different gases

64
06.Program to observe the values of gas sensor using different gases

int value;

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println();

Serial.print("value");

void loop()

Serial.println();

value=analogRead(A0);

Serial.print(value);

65
 MINI PROJECTS

Circuit to design a HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

01.Program to design a HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM

int ld,ldr,gas,value,celsius,mtr,red=15,blue=16,buz=9;
float cons=0.48828125;

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 8, 7, 4, 3, 2);

void setup()
{
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.println();
Serial.print(LDR\tGAS\tTEMP);
}

66
void loop()
{
Serial.println();
ld=analogRead(A5);
Serial.print(ld);
gas=analogRead(A0);
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print(gas);
value=analogRead(A3);
celsius=value*cons;
Serial.print('\t');
Serial.print(celsius);
Serial.print('\t');
noTone(buz);
if(ld<200)
{
analogWrite(blue,255);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Low Light ");
}
if(ld>=200&&ld<500)
{
ldr=map(ld,200,500,255,200);
analogWrite(blue,ldr);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" ");
}
if(ld>=500&&ld<800)
{
ldr=map(ld,500,800,150,0);
analogWrite(blue,ldr);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" ");
}
if(gas>=300&&gas<500)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" CHECK GAS ");
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
noTone(buz);
delay(500);
}
if(gas>=500)
{

67
 lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print(" GAS LEAK ");
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
}
if(celsius>=27&&celsius<30)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("COLD ");
lcd.print(celsius);
lcd.print(Celsius );
mtr=map(value,27,30,30,100);
analogWrite(A4,mtr);
}
if(celsius>=30&&celsius<33)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("WARM ");
lcd.print(celsius);
lcd.print(Celsius );
mtr=map(value,30,33,100,255);
analogWrite(A4,mtr);
}

if(celsius>=33&&celsius<35)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("HEAT );
lcd.print(celsius);
lcd.print(Celsius );
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,900);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
noTone(buz);
delay(500);
}
if(celsius>=35)
{
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("FIRE ALERT ");
lcd.print(celsius);
lcd.print(C );
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,900);
}
}

68
 Circuit for RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

02.Program to design RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

#include<Servo.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 8, 7, 4, 3, 2);

Servo myservo;
int value,pos=90,flag=1,swt=9,buz=6,red=14,green=15,blue=16;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
69
 lcd.begin(16, 2);
myservo.attach(5);
pinMode(buz,OUTPUT);
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
pinMode(swt,INPUT);
}

void loop()
{
value=digitalRead(swt);
Serial.print(value);
Serial.print("\t");
noTone(buz);
if(value==1)
{
if(flag=1)
{
if(pos>0)
{
pos--;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.println();
delay(5);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Train Alert ");
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
delay(100);
noTone(buz);
delay(100);
}

if(pos==0)
{
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Train Pass ");
}
}
flag=0;
}

70
 else
{
if(pos<90)
{
pos++;
myservo.write(pos);
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.println();
delay(5);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Train Alert ");
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
tone(buz,700);
delay(100);
noTone(buz);
delay(100);
}
if(pos==90)
{
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(" Vehicles pass ");
}
flag=1;
}
Serial.println();
}

71
 Circuit for AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

03.Program to design AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL

#include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int red=14,green=15,blue=16,sw1=9,ir=3,buz=6;
int flag=1,pos=90,k1,k2;
int gt,cnt=0;
int prev1=0,now1=0,prev2=0,now2=0;
int down=0;

72
void setup()
{
myservo.attach(5);
pinMode(sw1,INPUT);
pinMode(ir,INPUT);
pinMode(red,OUTPUT);
pinMode(green,OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue,OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
if(pos>=90)
{
digitalWrite(green,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
noTone(buz);
}
else if(pos<=0)
{
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
tone(buz,700);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
digitalWrite(green,LOW);
tone(buz,900);
delay(100);
noTone(buz);
delay(50);
}
Serial.print(pos);
Serial.print("\t");

k1=digitalRead(sw1);
k2=digitalRead(ir);
Serial.print(k1);
Serial.print("\t");
Serial.print(k2);
Serial.print("\t");
if(cnt==0)
{
if(k1==1)
{
sw1=9;

73
 ir=3;
}
else if(k2==1)
{
ir=9;
sw1=3;
int tmp=k1;
k1=k2;
k2=tmp;
}
}
prev1=now1;
prev2=now2;
now1=k1;
now2=k2;
if(prev1!=now1)
cnt++;
if(prev2!=now2)
cnt--; // COUNTED
if(cnt>0)
down=1;
else
down=0; //decided to go down
if(down==1)
{
if(pos>0)
pos--;
}
if(down==0)
{
if(pos<90)
pos++;
}
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
Serial.println(cnt/2)
}

74
ADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Price- A Computer used to be something only governments or big

companies could own. Embedded Systems make it possible for
electronics to be affordable and efficient ,so that we can place them in
virtually anything and everything.
Size and Weight- Before integrated circuits, we could even dream of
computers smaller than their living room, much less the palm of their
hands. Now, we can have embedded systems in things even smaller
than our palms and they continue to become smaller and lighter.
Productivity- An Embedded System does only one thing, and it can do it
efficiently. For many repetitive tasks, such as the many mentioned
previously, this is enough. Its simply not a good use of resources to
have an entire general purpose computer in something that only does
one thing.
High reliability
Fast Operations
Easy to manufacture
Fewer interconnections

75
 DISADVANTAGES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

1.Difficult to change configurations and features

Once an embedded system is deployed (or finalized), it will be difficult to

change its configuration - both its hardware and software. Remote update of
software is possible provided the capability is included. Hence, proper
requirement analysis is a must before deployment. Hardware configuration
change will be much trickier which may require existing boards be completely
replaced.

2. Issue of scalability

Because it is difficult to change configuration, an embedded system cannot be

easily scaled up as demand/scope changes. Said so, embedded systems can be
designed to scale up for example using expansion ports or networking etc. This
means it must be decided before hand during design phase for scale up
provisions.

3. Limitation of hardware

With a limited memory or computing capability in most embedded systems,

there is always a limitation (or an upper limit) on our software
design(upgrade). Be always aware of "Memory" and "Speed".

4. Applied for a specific purpose

By definition, embedded systems are constrained in their objectives. If it is

decided to "rehash" an existing embedded system for a completely different
purpose, it will normally result in significant change(s) in either or both its
hardware or/and software

5. Hard to maintain.
6. Doesnt evolve with technology improvement.
7. Hard to carry files from one machine to another.
8. Hard to backup embedded files.

76
 FUTURE SCOPE OF ARDUINO

The Arduino board is for anyone who wants to build a basic level of intelligence
into an object. Once programmed, it can read sensors, make simple decisions,
and control myriad devices in the real world.
Arduino was basically designed to make the process of using electronics in
multidisciplinary projects more accessible. It is intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or
environment.
Arduino is used by all class of people in a different way. Some students use it in
their projects, some using arduino for fun, some went out to become
entreupreuners. This only shows how useful is this tiny device.
Arduino is spreading rapidly across the globe .Arduino is actually an open
source hardware project that can be programmed to read temperatures,
control a motor, and sense touch.
Thousands of projects have been done worldwide using this tiny little device.
Some of which to mention are:

Simple room temperature readout

Interactive real-time auditory feedback system
GPS receiver Module
Ultrasonic Sensor
Infrared detectors
SONAR
Lie detector
Magnetic door lock
Seven segment LED display

77
 CONCLUSION
Over the years, Arduino has went out to become a huge success and a
common name among students. With Google deploying it, peoples
imagination has went out to much higher level than before. A developer in the
annual GOOGLE IO conference said when Arduino and Android coming
together, this really proves INFINITY EXISTS in the future.
A study on arduino and practical experiments on arduino must be added for
UG courses of engineering, to help students to leverage their talents, and
imagination.

Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment

were the PIC microcontroller family(made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp
(made by Parallax).
Since the introduction of the Arduino, other larger companies have tried to
enter the hobbyist market, including Texas Instruments, and even Microsoft.
However, the open-sourced tools of the Arduino and the size of its community
are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.

Therefore, by using the Arduino we can put together both software and
hardware .Arduino will be the most useful interface between the software and
the hardware in future. In summary, this arduino concept is a good software
hardware co-design practice.

78
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. "Arduino - Introduction". arduino.cc.

2. "Home". arduinohistory.github.io. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-03-06.
3. "Hardware Index". Arduino Project. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
4. "Programming Arduino Getting Started with Sketches". McGraw-Hill.
Nov 8, 2011.
5. "Blink Tutorial". Arduino.cc.
6. "Using Atmel Studio for Arduino development". Megunolink.com.
7. "Using AVR Studio for Arduino development". Engblaze.com.
8. "The arduino source code". The arduino source code.
9. "Freeduino Open Designs". Freeduino.org.

79