QCF

Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development

Learning Outcome:

1. Understand the processes of tourism planning and development and their

associated impacts.

Indicative Content:

This learning outcome will require two lessons to cover in full.

1.1.1 Students will consider the processes of tourism development and associated
impacts. This will factor in the type of location and the national environment within
which the development takes place. In particular, reference will be made to tourism
policy formulation and implementation; economic factors at a national and local level;
land use planning considerations; and environmental and cultural impacts. This leads
to specific consideration of tourism and conservation planning, in particular the use of
specific designations such as national parks, marine parks, country parks, and nature
reserves.

There are a number of models which identify the tourism planning process, including
that of Inskeep which students may have encountered at Level 5. Cooper et al (2005)
modify the process to cove nine stages within a process that looks at tourism and its
development:
1. Study, recognition and preparation
2. Setting the objectives or goals for the strategy
3. Survey of existing data
4. Implementation of new surveys
5. Analysis of secondary and primary data
6. Initial policy and plan formulation
7. Recommendations
8. Implementation
9. Monitoring and plan reformation

Each stage within this model, of course, contains a wide range of options and
requirements in terms of action. Of particular importance are:
a. Assessing likely impacts at all stages economic, environmental, socio-
cultural.
b. Engaging with all stakeholders in a participatory manner at all stages.

Examiners tips:

Recognise that tourism development is by no means always uncontested and that it

can be received in a hostile manner by some stakeholders.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

1. Understand the processes of tourism planning and development, and their

associated impacts.

Indicative Content:

1.2.1 One approach to tourism planning is to manage land or marine areas through
special designation as a National or Marine Park or something similar. This provides
protection in law to the natural and cultural environment but also can create
challenges for local residents and those seeking to earn a living from the land and its
resources.
A national or marine park can be defined as a tract of land or water declared public
property by a national government with a view to its preservation and development
for purposes of recreation and culture. Other localised designations as country parks
etc. operate for similar purposes.
Tourism and conservation planning is generally determined by national planning laws
and will vary greatly from country to country. Students should be familiar with the
broad legal framework and its implications in their own country or where they are
studying.
Use of national or country park designation is generally intended to protect the area
from development that is incompatible with primary uses of conservation, recreation
and culture. There will be severe restrictions on the manner and extent to which other
developments (industrial, agricultural, infrastructure, housing etc.) will be permitted
and this can impact directly on the livelihoods and well being of some members of
the local community. Designation, therefore, can be contested and students need to
be familiar with the arguments on both sides of this debate.
Tourism is currently mainly controlled in originating countries many destination
countries need a stronger institutional structure if they are to play a stronger role.
This makes national parks, and similar protected areas, important players. They are
already centres of institutional strength and can act as a focus for tourism
development, especially in rural areas.
Many protected areas already take tourism very seriously with at least three-
quarters of parks allowing for tourism in their management plans. But tourism will
grow in importance as managers face pressure to reduce dependency on national
taxation and provide local communities with a fairer share of benefits derived from
the natural resource.
Through tourism, park managers can increase direct income higher admission
charges and other fees which help create an environment in which local tourism
businesses can thrive and offer local people new employment opportunities in the
park.

1.3.1 Each of the national parks stakeholders (students should be able to identify
these) have differing priorities and needs with regard to the approach to the
development of tourism which is adopted, and will input differently into the planning
process. The needs and expectations of each stakeholder may not be compatible
with those of some of the others and, therefore, there needs to be a process in place
by which agreement/ consensus is achieved or by which decisions are made as to
which stakeholders needs have primacy. This process may be political, judicial or a
combination of both.
Examiners tips:

Recognise that the planning process is inevitably a compromise between the

interests and wishes of different stakeholders, some of whom (flora, fauna) do not
have a direct voice in the planning process.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

2. Know how to apply strategic principles to the marketing and management of

environmentally sensitive destinations and attractions.

Indicative Content:

2.1.1 Strategic marketing is concerned with the direction and scope of the long-term
activities performed by the organisation to obtain a competitive advantage. The
organisation applies its resources within a changing environment to satisfy customer
needs while meeting stakeholder expectations. Strategic marketing attempts to
determine how an organisation competes against its competition in a market place. In
particular, it aims at generating a competitive advantage relative to its competition.
The issue here is the extent to which marketing for commercial gain can be
compatible with protecting the long-term needs of sensitive environments. The key in
the definitions of strategic marketing lies in the recognition of long-term requirements
and the needs of all stakeholders. In this context, it can strongly be argued that
environmentally sensitive areas and their key plant and animal components are
critical stakeholders in this process and their needs must be considered in the
marketing of such locations. Issues to be considered can include:
The scale and extent of development for tourism purposes.
Other land and commercial uses.
Limitations to access determination of carrying capacity.
Rationing access within the marketing process price, time etc.
Marketing environmental sensitivity and educating potential visitors.

2.2.1 A long-term approach to the strategic development of tourism recognises that

excessive exploitation of fragile resources leads to their rapid destruction. While
short-term profit may be derived from the resource, poor tourism planning in terms of
physical assets is difficult to reverse once unspoilt natural environments are built
upon, they can never be returned to their original state.

2.3.1 Capacity management is a tool used in tourism to ensure that the degradation
of a (usually) natural environment through visitor use does not exceed the capacity of
the resource to rejuvenate itself. Capacity management, therefore, is usually focused
on limiting the number of visitors that are permitted onto a site within a specified
timeframe hour, day, week. Capacity management may be influenced by factors
such as seasonality recovery time may be quicker during the main growing season
than outside of it. Capacity management may also relate to where visitors may go
within a site keeping them to specified trails, for example.

2.4.1 Tourism development, especially in poorer regions, faces considerable

pressure to deliver short-term benefits to its stakeholders. This may frequently take
place at considerable cost to the long-term sustainability of the environment so that
the returns from tourism, over time, decline rapidly. Reference to Butlers lifecycle
model may be helpful here in the sense that short termism can accelerate the
process towards decline.

Examiners tips:
Be able to assess whether the two concepts of strategic marketing and
environmentally sensitive environment are compatible or incompatible.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

3. Understand the issues surrounding sustainable planning and development and

sustainable tourism principles and policies.

Indicative Content:

This learning outcome will require two lessons to cover in full.

3.1.1 Students will be expected to identify issues surrounding sustainable

development and sustainable tourism principles and policies. This will include
reference to the differing definitions of sustainability in the context of travel, tourism
and hospitality and the debate that surrounds these definitions. Students will
translate this understanding into consideration of the nature of a sustainability driven
approach to tourism planning and the role of the community in tourism planning.
The concept of sustainable development came from this realisation. It was first
mentioned in 1987 in a report published by the World Commission on Environment
and Development. It defined sustainable development as "development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.

The report identified a number of key principles including:

Inter-generational equity - meaning that the range of activities and the scope
of ecological diversity available to future generations is at least as broad as
that felt by current ones.
Social justice and poverty alleviation - improving the well-being of all residents
in a community, and not just benefiting the powerful or the rich.
Public participation which means that we all have a role to play and that
communities need to collectively make decisions rather than having them
imposed by external forces.
Environmental protection as an integral component of economic development
economic development without environmental conservation is no longer
acceptable.
Dealing cautiously with risk and uncertainty - in situations where
environmental impacts of activities are not known, the preferred option is to
proceed cautiously or not at all, until the likely impacts can be determined.

Some additional elements have been included:

Use of renewable resources at a rate equal to or less than the natural rate of
regeneration.
Accountability about setting clear standards, ensuring monitoring and
enforcement.
These principles can be applied critically to the context of tourism and considered
from the points of view of all stakeholders. Students may wish to adopt particular
stakeholder positions in a debate or a forum. Issues of conflict and tension will soon
emerge and resolution should be explored. Students should be familiar with the
principles of sustainable development identified by the Ontario Society of
Environmental Management Newsletter (1989).
3.2.1 Discuss differing definitions of sustainable tourism and sustainable tourism
development.
Examiners tips:

Recognise that this debate may not lead to easy resolution and anticipate possible
compromises that may be required.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

3. Understand the issues surrounding sustainable planning and development and

sustainable tourism principles and policies.

Indicative Content:

3.3.1 Students should focus specifically on the role of the local community in
sustainable tourism development. Students will recognise the potential clash
between the wish to ensure the application of sound and sustainable environmental
principles to the management of tourism destinations and attractions, while at the
same time recognising the need to permit visitor access and to market the
destination or attraction for commercial profitability. The application of strategic
marketing principles is important to allow sensible compromises to be reached in this
regard.

3.4.1 McKercher (2003) talks about sustainability in terms of cultural and local
sustainability and identifies the guiding principles that can influence tourism
development in community-sensitive terms. By cultural sustainability McKercher
means the desire to increase peoples control over their lives, which is compatible
with the culture and values of those affected, and strengthens the community identity.
In this sense tourism should be initiated with the help of broad based community
input and education and training programmes to improve and manage heritage and
natural resources should be established which:
Conserve cultural diversity.
Respect land and property rights of traditional inhabitants.
Guarantee the protection of nature, local customs and the indigenous cultures
and especially traditional knowledge.
Work actively with indigenous leaders and minority groups to ensure that
indigenous cultures and communities are depicted accurately and with
respect.
Strengthen, nurture and encourage the communitys ability to maintain and
use traditional skills.
Educate tourists about desirable and acceptable behaviour.
Educate the tourism industry about desirable and acceptable behaviour.
By local sustainability McKercher refers to tourism that is designed to benefit local
communities and generate/retain income in those communities. The community
should maintain control over tourism development and tourism should:
Provide quality employment to community residents.
Encourage businesses to minimise negative effects on local communities and
contribute positively to them.
Ensure an equitable distribution of financial benefits throughout the entire
supply chain.
Provide financial incentives for local businesses to enter tourism.
Improve local human resource capacity.

These principles are focused on communities in the developing world and ones
where the perception is that people will be less able to fight for their own interests
and rights. Is this attitude patronising or justified? Should different criteria apply in the
developed and developing world in this regard?
Examiners tips:

Think about examples relating to communities with which you are familiar and apply
principles of sustainable development to the key stakeholders in local tourism there.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

4. Understand the techniques available to the tourism industry to minimise

environmental impacts from its operations.

Indicative Content:

This learning outcome will require two lessons to cover in full.

4.1.1 Evaluate the techniques available to the tourism industry (hotels, airlines and
tour operators) to minimise environmental impacts from their operations. This will
include reference to emissions, energy, waste, water use, noise and related issues.
Identify and assess international, national and local initiatives to improve the
environmental performance of the tourism sector.

Phyper, David and Ibbotsons (1994) Environmental Principles for Corporations

1. Protection of the biosphere
2. Sustainable use of natural resources
3. Reduction and safe disposal of waste
4. Efficient use of energy
5. Risk reduction
6. Marketing of safe products and services
7. Damage compensation
8. Disclosure
9. Active environmental management practices
10. Assessment and annual audit
11. Incorporation of the importance of environmental management into
corporate attitudes

4.2.1 The eight guiding principles of environmental impact assessment can be

summarised as:

Participation: An appropriate and timely access to the process for all interested
parties.

Transparency: All assessment decisions and their basis should be open and
accessible.

Certainty: The process and timing of the assessment should be agreed in advance
and followed by all participants.

Accountability: The decision-makers are responsible to all parties for their actions
and decisions under the assessment process.

Credibility: Assessment is undertaken with professionalism and objectivity.

Cost-effectiveness: The assessment process and its outcomes will ensure

environmental protection at the least cost to the society.

Flexibility: The assessment process should be able to adapt in order to deal

efficiently with any proposal and decision-making situation.

Practicality: The information and outputs provided by the assessment process are
readily understandable and deliverable.

Examiners tips:

Think about measures that businesses can implement at a departmental level to

reduce their environmental impact.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

4. Understand the techniques available to the tourism industry to minimise

environmental impacts from its operations.

Indicative Content:

4.3.1 Students can usefully evaluate the environmental commitments made by

leading travel, tourism and hospitality organisations through their websites. Many
airlines include detailed reference to commitments to environmental management
and action and some other TTH businesses do likewise there is the Green Hotels
Association, for example (http://www.greenhotels.com/).

At the same time, students should look at such information in a critical manner and
be aware that there are strong counter-arguments about the environmental impact of
travel, tourism and hospitality businesses, particularly the transportation sector.

4.4.1 All stakeholders within a business can contribute to reducing environmental

impacts:
Businesses can undertake measures as above.
Suppliers can be encouraged to apply similar principles with respect to
transport, packaging etc.
Consumers can be encouraged to manage their energy and waste
consumption in a responsible manner.
Government and tourism marketing agencies can support environmental
good practice through award and certification schemes.
The local community can ensure that the wider environment within which the
tourism business is located matches that within the business in environmental
terms

Examiners tips:

Ask yourself whether impact free tourism exists and what would the implications be
for many communities if tourism went away?
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

5. Understand the role of public sector tourism and conservation agencies in the
management of tourism resources
.
Indicative Content:

5.1.1 Tourism in many countries is highly dependent on the inputs of public sector
agencies in the management and protection of the environment and other resources
for tourism purposes. In part, this is a result of the multi-purpose objectives of these
resources; tourism is just one stakeholder alongside a range of other cultural and
economic interests.

5.2.1 Key agencies will vary from country to country but may include bodies
concerned with the management of:
Local and regional government charged with specific responsibility for the
management of some resources.
Tourism promotion and development.
The natural environment.
The cultural environment and heritage.
Water and waste.
Energy generation and supply.
Transport infrastructure.
Agriculture and marine resources.
Community development.
Economic development, including employment.
Education, training and skills.

Clearly, this list (which could be extended) points to two key issues:

a. Conflicting interests and demands

b. Co-ordination between such a wide variety of agencies with different aims
and missions

Reconciling these issues is one of the biggest challenges in tourism development.

5.3 Furthermore, the fragmented nature of tourism businesses and interests is such
that private sector leadership is unlikely outside of the specific commercial remit of
individual organisations. Planning, development and management of resources at the
level of the destination requires public sector input and co-ordination.

5.4 There are normally limits to the extent to which the public sector can manage
tourism enterprises. The experience of state owned tourism businesses in
accommodation, transport and other TTH sectors worldwide has not been very
positive and, with the possible exception of some areas of cultural heritage, the lack
of a true commercial focus acts against public sector operators in this regard.

Examiners tips:
Identify examples of the above tensions addressed in practice.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

6. Understand the processes that integrate and engage stakeholders in participatory

planning and consensus building.

Indicative Content:

The purpose of this lecture is to explore, through the use of examples drawn from the
country/ context within which students are studying, the extent to which participatory
planning and consensus building can be put into practice in the tourism context.

6.1.1 The stakeholder theory is a theory of organisational management and

business ethics that addresses morals and values in managing an organisation. It
was originally detailed by Edward Freeman in the book Strategic Management: A
Stakeholder Approach, and identifies and models the groups which are stakeholders
of a corporation, and both describes and recommends methods by which
management can give due regard to the interests of those groups.
In the traditional view of the firm, the shareholder view (the only one recognised in
business law in most countries), the shareholders or stockholders are the owners of
the company, and the firm has a binding fiduciary duty to put their needs first, to
increase value for them. In older input-output models of the corporation, the firm
converts the inputs of investors, employees, and suppliers into usable (saleable)
outputs which customers buy, thereby returning some capital benefit to the firm. By
this model, firms only address the needs and wishes of those four parties: investors,
employees, suppliers, and customers.
However, stakeholder theory argues that there are other parties involved, including
governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities,
associated corporations, prospective employees, prospective customers, and the
public at large. Sometimes even competitors are counted as stakeholders.

6.2.1 Underpinning all discussions about sustainable development in tourism is the

notion of participation by key stakeholders, particularly at a local level, in the tourism
planning and development process.
Stakeholder theory has application to TTH at local, national and international levels
and these levels interact with each other. Thus, a local, community-based
stakeholder group may have conflicting interests to those of international visitors or a
multi-national hotel chain or tour company. Likewise, a local festival may serve local
religious and cultural needs while, at the same time, providing international visitors
with a sense of authentic place and experience.

6.3.1 Process is an important dimension to this engagement and there is evidence

that if real attempts are made to engage stakeholder groups, then they will participate
in a full way. However, the outcomes may be uncomfortable or unacceptable to
others engaged in the process, perhaps tourism officials or government.
Process involves consultation and seeking responses to ideas and proposals.
Consensus building, however, implies responding to concerns and objections in an
open way so that stakeholders feel that they do have a voice in the process.
Consensus building also involves winning over the hearts and minds of some interest
groups who may not be wholly convinced of the merits of a plan or proposal. This will
involve diplomatic and marketing skills.
This is not exclusively about process however. It is also about ensuring that all
stakeholders have a full understanding of tourism and its implications in the widest
sense, both positive and negative, so honest assessment of impacts is essential.

6.4.1 Explain the impact of culture on approaches to participatory planning and

consensus building.

Examiners tips:

Address the reconciliation of various stakeholder needs within the tourism context.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

7. Be able to critically evaluate and classify the positive and negative impacts of
tourism development.

Indicative Content:

7.1.1 According to Glenn Kreag:

www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism.pdf/pdfs/ImpactsTourism.pdf , the impacts of tourism
can be classified into seven general categories:

1. Economic
2. Environmental
3. Social and cultural
4. Crowding and congestion
5. Services
6. Taxes
7. Community attitudes

Each category includes positive and negative impacts. Not all impacts are applicable
to every community because conditions or resources differ. Community and tourism
leaders may need to balance an array of impacts that may either improve or
negatively affect communities and their residents. Leaders must be sensitive, and
must avoid the temptation of glossing over certain difficulties tourism development
creates.

Tourism leaders must also balance the opportunities and concerns of all community
sectors by working against conditions where positive impacts benefit one part of the
community (geographic or social) and negative impacts hurt another part.

Conversely, community sensitivity to tourism means avoiding undue burdens on the

industry that could thwart its success. Local leaders should not expect tourism to
solve all community problems. Tourism is just one element of a community. While
creative strategic development of tourism amenities and services can enhance the
community or correct local deficiencies, tourism, like all business development, must
ensure that its products (attractions and services) attract customers. Overbearing
rules and restrictions, and overburdening taxes can make tourism businesses less
attractive or competitive.

This is a wider classification of impacts than may normally be associated with tourism
but it recognises the varied agenda that communities, particularly in the developed
world, may have with respect to tourism. More general impact analysis would focus
on core economic, environmental, social and cultural impacts. Important in this
analysis is the recognition of both positive and negative impacts.

Students, as part of their study of this subject, will consider changes in destinations,
societies and cultures which have resulted from the impacts of tourism development.
This will involve exploration of the nature of tourist-host interrelationships including
the demonstration effect, moral codes, language and cultural deterioration. This will
lead to discussion and classification of both the positive and negative impacts of
tourism development.
7.2.1 Discuss the interdependencies of these areas.

7.3.1 Make assessments based on case studies of the benefits and negative
impacts of tourism across all key areas.

Examiners tips:

Understand and be comfortable with the reality that all impacts from the TTH sector
can have both positive and negative impacts and be able to illustrate both sides of
each argument.
 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

8. Be able to critically assess the interrelations between the characteristics of a

destination, types of development, types of tourists, and tourism impacts.

Indicative Content:

This learning outcome will require 2 lessons to cover in full.

8.1.1 There will be consideration of the interrelationships between the characteristics

of destination, types of development, types of tourists, and tourism impacts. Students
will identify stakeholders involved in the planning process and understand processes
that integrate and engage stakeholders in participatory planning and consensus
building.

This is an opportunity to bring learning from across the travel, tourism and hospitality
curriculum together with that gained from other subjects in the qualification.

Students could address this theme diagrammatically by identifying different types of

destinations, different categories or market segments of tourists and their likely
impact on each type of destination.

This lecture allows students to build on their learning through illustration and to
recognise how different players in the TTH sector engage in differing ways with their
various stakeholders.

Examiners tips:

Apply theory, especially stakeholder theory, to the various sub-sectors of TTH.

 QCF
Unit Title: Sustainable Tourism Planning and Development
Learning Outcome:

8. Be able to critically assess the interrelations between the characteristics of a

destination, types of development, types of tourists, and tourism impacts.

Indicative Content:

8.2.1 In the final lecture, students, taking wider learning into consideration, could
assess each of these intersections between destination type, type of tourist and likely
impact from the perspective of their knowledge of:
Marketing
Finance
HRM

This will allow them to move towards an assessment as to what type of tourist and
what form of tourism may be most beneficial for which type of destination.

In doing this exercise, students should focus on the application of their wider learning
from within the whole of their TTH studies and draw on learning in both TTH subjects
and those relating to marketing, finance and HRM.

Examiners tips:

Be ready and able to use ideas and concepts from beyond the specific STPE
curriculum in order to gain good marks in this exam.