Channel Protection Gabion Mattresses and Concrete Blocks: M Escarameia
Channel Protection Gabion Mattresses and Concrete Blocks: M Escarameia
Channel Protection Gabion Mattresses and Concrete Blocks: M Escarameia
GabionMattressesand ConcreteBlocks
M Escarameia
ReportSR 427
July 1995
I' -
- HR Wallingford
Address and RegLsteredOtfice: HR Watlingford Ltd. Hou/bery Park, Wallinglord, O<on OXl0 8BA
Tel: + 44 (0)1491 835381 Fax:.+ 44 (0)1491 832233
R.{idctcd in EnCad Nq 2561@9. HB W.llneford h s wfiolty ffi.d {bdd.ry ol HR W.lilgtod Gt@p Lld.
sq12l Oalo7fits
tr
Contract
This report describes work commissionedby the Departmentof the
Environment (DOE)under ResearchContractPECD7161290 for whichthe
nominated officerswereMr. P B Woodhead for DOEand Dr W R Whitefor HR
Wallingford. The HR job numberwas RTS 36. The repod is publishedon
behalfof the Depailmentof the Environment, but any opinionsexpressedin
thoseof thefundingDepadment.
this reportare not necessarily Theworkwas
carriedout by Ms M Escarameiaand by Ms G Lundstrom,and the projectwas
managedbyMrRWPMay.
Preparedby flr*Ae^t*-*r*--
'1name;
Date
@ HR WallingfordLimited1995
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Summary
ChannelProtection
GabionMatlressesand ConcreteBlocks
M Escarameia
ReportSR 427
July 1995
sa./t um7l95
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Notation
rm: x')
TI Turbulenceintensity (Tl =
X
U Meanflow velocityovercross-section
Ud Depth-averaged velocity
u Streamwise velocitycomponent
Vs Volumeof solids
Vv Volumeof voids
Vb Meanvelocitynearthe bed
v Transversevelocitycomponent
w Vedicalvelocity component
Yo FlowdePth
cr Angleof bankto horizontal
A Relativedensityof mattress
e lnternalfrictionangleof stone
Ps DensitYof mattressmaterial
pw Densityof water
0 equation(1990)
Stabilityfactorin PilarczylCs
Vcr Critical shear stress parameterin PilarczyKsequation
(1sso)
x Time-averagedvalueof quantityx
x' Fluctuationaround the mean value of quantity x
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Contents
Page
Titlepage
Contract
Summary
Notation
Contents
Introduction.... 1
Materialstested 2
2.1 Generalconsiderations 2
2.2 Gabionmattresses 2
2.2.1 *isting information 2
2.2.2 Descriptionof maftressesfesfed 4
2.3 Blocks 6
Experimentalset-up 6
3.1 Test rig 6
3.2 lnstrumentation.. 7
3.3 Test procedure . . 8
Background information 8
4.1 General I
4.2 Turbulence... 8
4.3 HR'sdesignequations 9
Tests 10
5.1 General ....10
5.2 Renomattresses. .. 10
5.3 Looseconcreteblocks ....10
5.4 Cabledblocks 11
5.5 Interlockingblocks .......11
6 Dataanalysis... ...12
6.1 Model-prototypeconversion.. ...12
6.2 Analysisof tests with Reno mattresses . . 12
6.3 Analysisof tests with looseconcreteblocks . . . 13
6.4 Analysisof tests with cabledblocks . . . . 13
6.5 Analysisof tests with interlockingblocks . . . . . . 14
Conclusionsandrecommendations ...15
7.1 General 15
7.2 Renomattresses. ..15
7.3 Loosesolidconcreteblocks .....16
7.4 Cabledblocks .....16
7.5 blocks
Interlocking . . 17
8 Acknowfedgements ......17
I References . . 18
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Contents continued
Tables
Table1 Characteristicsof the Renomattresses tested
Table2 Renomattresses - Highturbulencelests
Table3 Renomattresses - Rapidflowtests
Table4 Looseconcreteblocks- Highturbulencetests
Table 5 Cabled blocks - Levelof tension A - Highturbulence
Table 6 Cabled blocks - Level of tension A - Rapidflow
Table 7 Cabled blocks - Level of tension B - Hightulbulence
Table 8 Cabled blocks - Level of tension B - Rapidflow
Table9 Cabledblocks- Not tensioned
Table10 Interlockingblocks(ARMORLOC) - Highturbulencetests
Table11 -
Reno mattresses Modeland prototypevaluesfor critical
movementcondition
Table12 Cabledand interlocking blocks- Modeland prototypevalues
for failureconditions
Figures
Figure1 Geometriccharacteristics of Renomatlresses
Figure2 Gradingcurveof fillingstonein the Renomattresses
Figure3 Geometriccharacteristics of cabledand interlocking
blocks
tested
Figure4 Generallayoutof test rig
Figure5 betweenC andthetubulenceintensityfor Reno
Flelationship
mattressescomparedwith riprap
Figure6 RelationshipbetweenC and the turbulenceintensityfor
concreteblocks
Plates
Plate1 Assemblingof Renomattresses
Plate2 Renomattresses placedin the test flume
Plate3 Renomattressesin flumeshowingpaintedbands
Plate4 Renomattresses aftera test showingmovementof stone
Plate5 Cabledblockswithframe
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1 lntroduction
In the periodof 1990to 1992an experimental studywas carriedout by HR
Wallingford the stabilityof riprapandconcreteblocksfor channel
to investigate
protectionin highlyturbulentflows;the resultsare describedin HR ReportSR
313 (see Escarameia and May, 1992).Tests were canied out with various
degreesof turbulencerangingfrom normallevelsin uniformchannelsto very
high levels downstreamof hydraulicjumps. Based on the laboratorywork,
design equationswere developedto size riprapand loose concreteblocks;
these look quantiiative account of the destabilizingeffect of the flow
turbulence,amongstother relevantparameters.The study had been partly
fundedby the Department of the Environment (DOE)who latercommissioned
a follow-upprojectwith two objectives:1. to collectfield data on typicallevels
of turbulencein riversfor use in the designequationsproposedin the first
study(firstpartof the project);and 2. to extendthe rangeof channelprotection
materialsto gabionmattresses andcabledconcreteblocks(secondpad).The
firstpartof the projectwas describedin HR ReponSR 424 (seeEscarameia
and May,1995).The presentreportdealswiththe laboratory testscaniedout
on gabionmattressesand concreteblocksand can be consideredas an
extension of HR ReportSR 313,'1992.Thetestswithgabionmattresses were
suppofiedby MaccafeniS.P.A.
sal?' u/0'llg6
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2 Materials tested
2.1 Generalconsiderations
Two types of channelrevetmentwere selectedfor investigation underthe
presentstudy:gabionmattressesand cabledconcreteblocks.Bothtypeshave
somecommoncharacteristics whichrnakethemsuitableforcontrolling erosion
andmattress-like
in riversandchannels.Becauseof theirflexibility shape,both
materialsallow coverageof banks and river beds with relativeease and
economyof installation;providedthat a regulatinglayeris laid as a basefor
the mattress,the contourof the channelcan be followedsmoothly,resulting
in a continuousrevetmentwith uniformthickness.Adequatefixing of the
mattresses of fiherlayersare considered
at the endsand installation to be of
paramountimportancelo ensurea goodperformanceof the revetment.
2.2 Gabionmattresses
Gabion mattressesare essentiallyrock-filledwire mesh boxes which have a
large surfacearea comparedto their thickness.They retainthe advantagesof
riprap in that they constitute a flexible, permeable revetment. In addition to
that, the flexibilityof the mesh boxes allows them to deform when subiected
to current or wave forces without failing, while the rockfillinside the boxes is
containedby the mesh. Failureof a revetmentcan be defined as a situation
where erosionof the underlyingmaterialoccurs. In the specificcase of gabion
mattressesthis is likely to happen when the movement of the filling stone
inside the mesh box is such that lhe stone depth is reduced to the medium
size of the rock. For the present tests, failure conditions were defined as
correspondingto incipientmovementof the stone inside the boxes.
2.2.1 Existinginformation
Severalresearchorganizationshave in the past been commissionedby
Maccaferrito carryout researchon the stabilityof Renomattresses. These
studieshave concentrated on assessingtheirperformance underwaveand
currentattackbut informationis lackingon stabilityin highlyturbulentflow
conditions.
sBln ulo7l95
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granularand syntheticfilterlayers;and 3. to developsuitabledesigncriteria
undervariouscurrentflowconditions.
for stabilityof the mattresses Bothmodel
scaleand full-sizetestswereconductedin this study.
D n = ( 0 / A ) ( 0 . 0 3 5 / v " r ) K r K h K s - 1l U o z t Z g J (1)
where:
Qis a stabilityfactor
1.0for exposededgesof mattresses
0.5 for continuousprotection;
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K, is the turbulencefactor
213tor low turbulence,uniformflow
1.0 for normalturbulence in rivers
2.Otor high turlculence,local disturbancesand outer bends of rivers.This
value should only be used when the velocityused in the equationis the
average velocity for the whole cross-section(U), instead of the local
depth averagedvelocity (U6);
K^
o is the slope factor
K" = (i - ( sin2cr/ sin2e;1o's
where cr is the angle of the bank to the horizontaland 0 is the internal
friction angle of the stone;
The scaled mesh boxes were fabricatedby Maccaferriin ltaly. The test
sectionin the laboratoryflume requiredtwo mattressesof the following
dimensions: 1m x 1m x 0.06m(length,widthandthickness); and one slightly
shorter,only0.80mlong.Althoughthetestsectionwas 1.2mwide,the scaled
mattressesonly measuredapproximately1m in width to facilitatetheir
positioning in the flume.The 0.2mgapwassetto one sideof the channeland
filledwith purposemade mattressunitsafterthe main unitswere placedin
position.Eachmattresswas dividedintoten cells0.50m(ll) by 0.20m(lr) in
planwiththeirbiggerdimensiontransverseto the directionof the flow. The
modeldimensions of the mesh,a and b, were19 and 20mm,respectively.A
sketchof the meshboxesusedin lhe testsis presentedin Figure1.
SR.l?7 31rc7l95
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nanow-graded so thatthe smallersizeswouldbe containedwilhinthe mesh.
However,some difficultieswere encounteredbeforea suitablestone was
foundfor the tests.A first batchof stonewas rejectedon the basisthat its dro
wassubstantially belowthe requiredone;itsgranulometric curuealsoshowed
too widea rangeof stonesizes.The secondbatchorderedwas also checked
by HR'sSedimentation Laboratory and revealeda valueof droof 23mmwhich,
in prototypeterms,corresponds to 0.115m.The specificweightof the stone
was determinedand foundto be equalto 2680 kdm". This batchof stone,
whichwasangularin shape,wasconsidered adequate andwasthereforeused
to fillthe mattressboxes.The granulometric curueobtainedis shownin Figure
2 and the characteristics of the mattressesare summarized in Table1.
e=Vv/Vs (21
whereV" is the volumeof solids(ie weightof stonedividedby its specific
gravity)and Vuis the volumeof voids(definedas the differencebetweenthe
volumeof the cell and the volumeof solids).The averagevalueof the voids
ratiowas foundlo be 0.65. In generaltermsthe biggerthe stonesize the
smallerthevoidsratiois likelyto be. Bearingthisin mindandthe factthatthe
averagestonesizewas 23mm,the valuefoundfor e is somewhatlowerthan
that determinedfor riprapin the previousstudyl(forexample,a voidsratioof
1.0wasobtainedfor stonesize9.3mm,see Esc{rameiaand May,1992).This
indicatesa relativelyhighcompaction which,acbording should
to Maccaferri,
also be achieved on site applications.
sR 427 3ll07/95
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2.3 Blocks
Mostof the tests involvedcabledand interlockingblocksbut somepreliminary
testswerecarriedout withscalemodelsof looseconcreteblocks.Theseloose
blocks,which were specificallymade for the study describedin Escarameia
and May (1992),were solid and rnadeof a cementmortarhavinga specific
weightof 2330k9/m5; theirdimensionswere0.030m(lengh)x 0.030m( width)
x 0.008m (thickness). The loose blocks were re-testedin order to check
conformitybetweenthe presentstudy and the earlierone.
The main tests were carriedout with modelsof cabled and of interlocking
blocks. Thesewere 1:8 scale modelsof the proprietarybrandArmorflex140
andArmorlocwhichare manufactured by MMGCivil EngineeringSystemsLtd.
The rnodelsused in the tests were existingblocks kindlyloanedby Dr. R.
Baker of Salford University.They had been carefullymade for a previous
researchstudywith a specificgravrtysimilarto that of concrete. The outside
dimensionsof the Armorflexmodelswere0.040m(length)x 0.036m(width)x
0.013m(thickness) and thoseof the Armorlocmodelswere 0.049m(length)
x 0.037m(width)x 0.011m(thickness).
The Armorloc mats are formed by blocks that interlock with a dovetail
configurationand are suitedto areaswhere hand installationis requireddue
to lackof sufficientspaoefor machineryto operate.Theyare also usedwhen
the area to be protectedis small,such as near culverts,drainagechannels,
etc. The blockshavetwo verticalholesand a doubletaper whichallowsfree
articulation and the transverseplanes(seeFigure3).
in boththe longitudinal
As in the caseof the Armorflexmats,a syntheticfilter layer is usuallyplaced
beneaththe blocks,and blindingof the joints is normallycarriedout with fine
granularrnaterial.
3 Experimentalset-up
3,1 Test rig
The generallayoutof the test rig is shownin Figure4. As can be seenin the
figure,a 28m longby 2.4mwideflumefittedwith threepumpswas usedfor
the tests. The rnaximumflow achievablein the rig is 0.4 m"/s and tailwater
depthsare controlledby meansof a flap gate at the downstreamend of the
channel.The widthof the flumewas reducedfrom2Am to 1.2mto enablea
wider rangeof velocitiesand flow depths.This was achievedby installinga
partitionwallwhichdividedthe flumeintotwo parallelchannelsone of which
was blockedby a bulkhead.A smmth concreteweirwith an ogeecrestprofile
was designedand buihin the test channelwiththe objectiveof creatinga large
sF 427 ll/09/!95
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enoughpressurehead that would producehigh velocitiesat the base of the
weir. By liftingthe tailwatergate, a hydraulicjump could be formedwhich
would generatethe higher levels of turbulencerequiredfor the tests.
Dependingon the waterlevelsdowstream,the weir wouldalso createa head
of watersufficiently largeto producesupercritical
flow in the test sectionso
thatthe stabilityof the gabionmattressesand concreteblockscouldbe studied
in rapidflow conditions.
Different
arrangements wererequiredfortestingthegabionmaftresses andthe
concreteblocksdueto the differentthicknesses and weightsof the two types
of modelmaterial.For reasonsthat were explainedin Section2, the model
gabionmattresses had to be assembledoutsidethe test rig, on strongsteel
plateswhichwerethen liftedintothe flumeby meansof an overheadgantry.
Oncein the flume,the steelplateswiththe modelgabionssat flat on the bed
withtheirtopflushwiththe levelof the upstreamfixedbed.Sincethe concrete
blockstested were of smallerthicknessthan the model gabions,it was
necessaryto place the blockson a false woodenfloor to ensurethat the
blockswere,as the gabions,flushwiththe upstreamfixedbed.
3.2 Instrumentation
Thetestrig is equippedwitha Crumpweirand accuratewaterlevelgaugefor
measurement of the flow dischargeat the downstreamend of the flume.A
calibrationof this weir was carriedout beforethe start of the tests. Checks
using a miniaturecurrent meter to measurethe mean flow velocity in
conjunction with measurements of the waterdepthin the test sectionwere
doneregularlyto assessthe performance of the Crumpweir.Theflow depths
in thetestsectionweredetermined by scalesfixedto the transparentsections
of the wallsof the flume.
sa427 311O7t96
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an RMS(rootmeansquare)Meterwith two channelseach.The rmsvalues
weredetermined by the difference signalfromthe
betweenthe instantaneous
probeandthevaluegivenby the MeanVoltageMeter.Bothvalueswereread
directlyfromthe meters'displays.
3.3 Testprocedure
Twotypesof flowconditionwereconsidered inthisstudy:normalchannelflow,
and flowwith higherlevelsof turbulencewhichwereproducedby a hydraulic
jumpat the baseof the weir.ln the normalturbulenceteststhe tailwalergate
was keptfullyopen,so thatthe downstream waterlevelsweresufficientlylow
to avoid formationof a hydraulicjump, and the flow rate was gradually
increasedto causeinitiationof particlemovement.
4 Background information
4.1 General
Detailed information on turbulence in flows and on initiation of particle
movement was presented in the report that described the previous study of
channel protectionrevetmenls(see Escarameiaand May, 1992).That report
also includedan extensiveliteraturereview of existingformulaefor the design
of riprap and concreteblocks under current attack.This Sectionwill therefore
concentrate on presenting and defining the most relevant concepts and
parametersused in the analysisof the presenttest results.
4.2 Turbulence
Whenthe levelsof turbulencein the flow are highthe movementof the fluid
particlesis very erraticcausingrapidand sometimeslargechangesin the
velocitydirectionand intensity.lt is generallyacceptedto co6;ider the
instantaneous velocityvectorV as the sumof twoterms:the mean,V, andthe
turbulentfluctuationsaroundthe mean,V'. Thiscan be expressedas follows:
V=V+V' (3)
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Ttu = jf,z;1270 (5)
where:
Dn is the size of the equivalentcube (forstone)or the thicknessof the blocks;
where:
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For safe design of loose concretebloks on gradientsflatter than 1V:2.5Hthe
coefficientC recommendedwas:
5 Iesfs
5.1 General
ln theteststhevelocityreadingsweretakenat approximately 10%of thewater
depthabovethe bedso thatlhe measurements couldbe analysedin thesame
way as the resultsof the previousstudy.The resultsare presentedin Tables
2 to 10.Readingsof the localmeanvelocityin two orthogonal directionswere
obtainedas wellas the rmsvaluesof the velocityfluctuations.As mentioned
in Section 3, in the high turbulencelests the two odhogonalvelocity
components recordedwerethestreamwise andthevedicalcomponents; in the
rapidflow teststhey were the streamwiseand the transversecomponents.
Shownin the tablesare also the turbulenceintensitiesat 10% of the water
depth,Tl, and Tl u (or Tl *), whichwerecalculatedwith equations(a) to (6).
Fr=ul(gyo)o'u (10)
due to gravity.
whereg is the acceleration
5.2 Renomattresses
Theresultsof testswithRenomattresses underhighturbulence and rapidflow
conditionsare presentedin Tables2 and 3, respeclively. lt can be seenthat
the failureof the mattresses was neverreachedin spiteof using the full flow
capacityof the test rig. Furthermore,il was not possibleto achieve conditions
for whichthe mattressmeshwasdeformed by the movement of the rockfilling
insidethe cells.The velocityassociatedwiththis conditionis calledthe limit
velocity.Rockingor smalltranslatorymovemenlsof stonesinsidethe cells
were,however,obserued;the meanflow velocitycorresponding to this latter
situationis calledthe criticalvelocity.Plate4 was taken at the end of one of
suchtestsand showsthe movementof some stones inside the mattress cells.
Table 4 shows the resultsof the tests, all of which were carriedout under high
turbulenceconditions.Totalcollapseof the revetmentwas reachedin test CL8'
It was, as expected,very sudden since the movementof one block causedthe
rapid and progressivemovementof the others.This type of failure had already
been observed in previoustests with loose blocks.
10 sR 427 3l/07/95
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5.4 Gabled blocks
It was decidedto test the cabledbbcks withthreequalitativelevelsof tension:
level A, where the cables were tightly stretched;level B, where the cables
were stretchedbut to a lesserextent;and a third levelwhereno tensionwas
appliedto the cablesalthoughthe blocksweretied together.This latterlevel,
which correspondsto no tension, is rnore likely to represent prototype
conditionsfor Armoflex and Armorlocinstallationsas cable tension is not
expecledto lastlong,accoldingto the manufacturer.Furthermore, the relative
size of the cablesand cableductsis suchthat blockscan movebeforebeing
restrainedby the cables and this would be consideredas failure. A metal
frame surroundingthe blockswas madeto allow applicationof the required
tensionto the blockmattress.This frameconsistedof two thin platesto which
the ends of the cables were fixed, and two threaded rods that could be
adjustedto give the necessarytension(see Plate5).
5.5 lnterlockingblocks
For the testing of the interlockingblocks it was decided to apply some
constraintto the movementof the blocksat the upstreamand downstream
endsof the mattressin orderto bettersimulateprototypeconditions.This was
carriedout by placingwoodenbattenstranwerselyto the directionof the flow
at the two ends of the mat. No constraintwas providedat the sides of the
mattress.As in the othertests with concrete blocks,O.7mmsand was used
to fillthe holesand gapsof the mattress.
11 SR,t27 l1l09/95
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6 Data analysis
6.1 Model-prototypeconversion
The testsof Renomattresses and cabledor interlocking blockswerecanied
out with scalemodelsof these materials.As mentionedin Section 2, the
geometric scaleswere1:5for the Renomattresses and 1:8for the blocks.ln
orderto convertmodelvaluesintotheircorresponding prototypevalues,it is
necessaryto adopta suitablesimilaritylaw. Sinceforcesdue to gravityand
inertiaare dominantfactorsin open-channel flows,it is appropriate
to adopt
the Froudiansimilaritylaw.Accordingto this lawthe modelvaluesshouldbe
multipliedby the followingconversionfactorsto givethe prototypevalues:
Turbulenceintensity 1 1
C = 12.3T1-2.17 ( 11 )
for 19%<Tl<35/"
12 sR 427 3rl07/05
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Undernormalturbulenceconditions,C can be givenby
C = 0.17
for Tl<19% (12)
with
C = 0.75(12.3Tl - 0.20) (15)
for Tl ) 5%.
13 SFrt27 l1l0o/95
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Table 12 presents model and prototype velocity values for tests where
movement occurred, as well as the corresponding values of the Froude
number.The value of coefficientC was calculatedfor these tests and plotted
in Figure6 against the turbulenceintensityTl (the resuhof test CH2 was not
plotted because the value of Tl was not available);in this figure the letter L
was used to identify the tests where leading edge failure occurred as oposed
to movement of blocks at mid sections of the block panel. Also plotted are
points correspondingto tests carried out at high tuttulence levels ahhough
collapse was not reached (these tests are identified by the letter N). ln the
determinationof the values of C, Dn was taken as the ratio of the weight per
unit area and the density of the model block material . A sample consisting
of several model blocks was weighed and the average volume of the blocks
was determinedin order to obtain the density of the block material. This was
found to be 2750kg/m3. For the calculationof the weight per unit area, the
area of the blocks was taken as that given by the outside plan dimensions
(O.O40mx 0.036m). This procedure led to the value of Dn equalto O.O055m
(modelvalue)or 0.044m (prototypevalue) and is equivalentto porosityof n =
0.58, based on the overall dimensions of the blocks. In doing so, proper
account is taken of the fact that the blocks were not solid but had insteadan
open shape. The same approach was followed for the analysis of the
interlockingblocks, which had a density of 2700kg/m3. The value of Dn
determinedwas equalto 0.0050m(modelvalue)or 0.040m(prototypevalue);
this correspondsto a porosityof n = 0.55.
It can be seen in Figure 6 that, althoughfailure was noi reached in the high
turbulencetests, it is still possibleto define a relationshipbetween C and Tl
that is safe compared with all the test data. Therefore,for high tutbulence
levels it is recommendedto adopt the following equationfor design of block
maltresses(with tensionedcables):
14 sRln 31tO7195
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7 Conclusionsand recommendations
7.1 General
An experimentalstudy was carriedout to investigatethe stabilityof SOOmm
thick Reno mattresses and of cabled concrete block mattresses in
environments withvariouslevelsof turbulence.Thetestswereperformedwith
modelsof the revetmentsplaced on a flat bed at scales of 1:5 for Reno
mattressesand 1:8for the concreteblocks. Additionaltestswerealso carried
out with loose solid concrete blocks and with intedockingblocks. The
turbulencelevels varied betweennorrnalturbulence,which conespondsto
uniformflow in straightchannels,to higherlevelssuch as those occurring
downstreamof hydraulicstructures.
7.2 Renomattresses
1. The characteristicsof the Reno rnattressestested are summarisedin
Table1 and illustratedin Figure1. Theyweretestedat a scaleof 1:5.
tr2
D-=c 1 vb (17)
" s-1 29
where
15 aR4.n or12n5
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For safe design it is recommended to adopt for the definition of C the
envelopecurue shown by a dashed line in Figure 5:
o
t Vu- (1e)
Dn = (9.22Tt-O.15)
F Zd
for Tl > 0.05 (5%)
7.4 Cabledblocks
1. Testswerecarriedout withscalemodelsof cabledconcreteblocksof the
proprietaryArrnor{lextype (seeFigure3). Threedifferentlevelsof tension
were appliedto the cablesfrom high tensionto a situationwherethe
blockswere tied togetherbut not tensioned.
Dn=c+* (20)
where
16 sR427 01/12t95
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C = 0.05 for Tl < 0.43 (43%)
and
C = 1.79Tl-0.72 for 0 . 4 { } < T 1< 0 . 9 0
7.5 Interlockingblocks
1. Theadditionaltestscarriedout with interlockingblocks(ofthe proprietary
Armorflextype- see Figure3) showed,as expec{ed,greaterstabilitythan
that of loose blocks under similarflow conditions. This is apparentin
Figure6 whichalso showsthat the interlockingblockswere less stable
than the cabledblockstested. Due to the small numberof data it was
not possible,however,to establisha designequation.
8 Acknowledgements
The experimentalpartof this projectwascarriedout withthe assistarrceof Ms.
G Lundstrom,from ChalmersUniversitywho was at the time workingat HR
Wallingfordas a visitingstudentwith partialfundingby WITEC.
17 sA127 0ll12n5
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9 References
18 sR427 28107195
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Tables
sB4,27 M7tg5
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Table 1 Characterisficsof the Reno mattressestested
Stonesize (mm)
dso 23 115 125
Specific weight of
stone (kg/m", 2680
Voids ratio (e) 0.65
* See Figure1
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Plate1 Assemblingof Renomattresses
Plate2 Renomattressesplacedin the flume
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