EET414

SUBSTATION DESIGN
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO
SUBSTATION
 What is a Substa7on?
1. Substa)on are integral parts of a power system and form
important link between the genera)ng sta)ons,
transmission system, distribu)on system and the load.
[James R. Lusby]
2. Substa)on is an installa)on that interconnects elements of
an electric u)litys system. (include generator, transmission
line, distribu)on lines and even neighboring u)lity system
[ John D. Mc. Donald]
3. An electrical substa)on is an assemblage of electrical
components including busbars, switchgear, power
transformer, auxiliaries, etc [S. Rao]
 The Func7on of a Substa7on
1. To isolate a faulted element from the rest of the u)lity
system.
2. To allow an element to be disconnected from the rest
of the u)lity system for maintenance or repair.
3. To change or transform voltage levels from one part of
the u)lity system to another.
4. To control power ow in the u)lity system by switching
elements into or out of the u)lity system.
5. To provide sources of reac)ve power for power factor
correc)on or voltage control.
6. To provide data concerning system parameters
(voltage, current and power ow) for use in opera)ng
the u)lity system).
 Types of AC Substa7on
1. Genera7ng sta7on substa)on, transform genera)on
voltage (15 - 23 kV) up to Transmission Network (69 -500
kV).
2. Transmission Switching substa)on, interconnect por)ons
of the u)lity system transmission network.
3. Transmission Step-down substa)on (or step up, depending
on your point of view), interconnect por)on of the u)lity
system transmission network, and include transforma)on
between transmission network voltage levels.
4. Distribu7on Step-down substa)on, include transforma)on
between transmission network and distribu)on network
voltage levels, and interconnect por)ons of the u)lity
system distribu)on network.
5. Distribu7on Substa7on, interconnect por)ons of the u)lity
system distribu)on network (transforma)on between
distribu)on voltage level).
 Types of AC Substa7on

Genera)ng
Sta)on
Substa)on

Transmission
Step-down
Distribu)on Substa)on
Substa)on

Distribu)on
Step-down
Substa)on
 Part of Substa7on
1. Site related system
2. Switchyard system
3. Control Building System
4. Protec7on, control, and metering system
5. Auxiliary system
 Part of Substa7on
Site related system
security, site access, site grading, drainage, and
surfacing system.
Switchyard system
Switching equipment systems, power transforma)on
equipment, bus, measuring and relaying
Communica)on equipment, direct stroke and surge
protec)on, grounding, switchyard support structure
and race way .
 Part of Substa7on

Control Building System

Architectural, structural, grounding, raceway, ligh)ng and
communica)on.

Protec7on, control, and metering system

Protec)ve relay, control, metering, indica)on and
annuncia)on system.

Auxiliary system
AC sta)on service, re protec)on
 Types of Substa7ons

Classica)on

Classica)on Classica)on Classica)on Classica)on

based on voltage based on based on based on
level installa)on congura)on applica)on
 Classica7on based on voltage level
AC substa)on: EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC substa)on
Designa7on Descrip7ons Range
LV or LT Low voltage or low Up to 1000 V AC
tension
MV Medium voltage Between 1 kV and 35 kV

HV High voltage Between 35 kV and 230

kV
EHV Extra high voltage Between 230 kV and
800 kV
UHV Ultra high voltage Above 800 kV
HVDC High voltage direct 100kV; 200kV;
current 400kV ; 500kV
 Classica7on Based Installa7on
Outdoor Substa)on
under open air
33 kV and above is preferred
switchyard

Indoor substa)on
inside building
for example, distribu)on substa)on, GIS (Gas Insula)ng
Substa)on)
Classica7on Based on Congura7on
Conven)onal air insulated substa)on (AIS)
In such substa)ons busbar and connectors can be seen by naked eye.
In such a substa)on, circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, CTs, VTs, etc.
are installed outdoor.

SF6 Gas insulated substa)on (GIS)

There are compact and require modest maintenance.
In GIS the various substa)on equipment like CTs, VTs, busbar, circuit
breakers, surge arresters, isolators, earthing switches, etc. are in the form of
metal enclosed SF6 gas lled modules.

Composite substa)ons
Having combina)on of the two above
Classica7on Based on Applica7on
Switchyard in
Switching Sending end
the genera7on
substa7on substa7on
sta7on

Receiving Factory Compensa7ng

substa7on substa7on substa7on

Load
substa7on
Substa7on Categories, Type
and Design According to
TNB Standard
 Substa7on Categories, Type and
Design According to TNB Standard
Transmission Main
main intake distribu)on
substa)on substa)on

Main
Distribu)on
switching
substa)on
sta)on
 Substa7on Categories, Type and
Design According to TNB Standard

Transmission Transmission
Main Intake Main Intake
Substa)on Substa)on

Main
Distribu)on
Substa)on
Distribu)on
Substa)on
 Transmission Main Intake Substa7on

Transmission Main Intake is the interconnec)on

point of 132kV or 275kV to the distribu)on network.
The standard voltage transforma)ons provided at
this substa)on are as follows:
275/132 kV
132/33 kV
132/11 kV
Transmission Main Intake Substa7on
 Main Distribu7on Substa7on
Main Distribu)on Substa)on is normally
applicable to 33 kV for interconnec)ng 33 kV
with 11 kV networks.
It provides capacity injec)on into 11 kV
network through a standardized
transforma)on of 33/11 kV.
Main Distribu7on Substa7on
 Main Switching Sta7on
A switching sta)on is a substa)on without transformers
and opera)ng only at a single voltage level.
Switching sta)ons are some)mes used as collector and
distribu)on sta)ons.
Some)mes they are used for switching the current to back-
up lines or for parallelizing circuits in case of failure.
Main switching sta)on at 33kV, 22kV and 11kV are
established to serve the following func)on:
1. To supply a dedicated bulk consumer ( 33kV, 22kV, 11kV)
2. To provide bulk capacity injec)on or transfer from a PMU/
PPU to a load center for further localized distribu)on.
Main Switching Sta7on
Typical Main Switching Sta7on
 Distribu7on Substa7on
Distribu)on sub-sta)ons are capacity injec)on
points from 11 kV, 22 kV and some)mes 33 kV
systems to the low voltage network (400 V,
230 V).
Typical capacity ra)ngs are 1000 kVA, 750 kVA,
500 kVA and 300 kVA.
Conven)onal substa)on designs are of indoor
type (equipment housed in a permanent
building) and out-door type (ground-mounted
or pole-mounted)
 Distribu7on Substa7on

Indoor type

Outdoor type
 Load Growth General Plan of
Assessment the Network

NO
Is Reinforcement
Required?

YES

Technical NO Consider other

Is substation
Environmental &
Required?
means of
Commercial Policy
reinforcement
YES

Design,
Prepare
Preliminary END
Plans

Construc7on General Determine Site

and
Design Location

Commissioning Specific Design

Determine Exact
Site Location &
Orientation

Process Pre pare Main Determine

C onne ctions and Substation
Prote ction
Diagram Layout

Prepare Circuit Carry Out

Diagrams & Civil Design
Software
Work

END
Prepare Wiring
Diagrams and Civil Works
Cable Schedule

Test
Install Plant
Commission,
and Equipment
Takeover
 Project Planning
The major steps in execu)ng project include the
following
Award of contract
Prepara)on of quality of plan
Design of civil work, layout and Design of equipment
Opening of site oce and prepara)on of site
Civil works: excava)on, founda)on, support
structures, nishing
Receipt of equipment, structure at site, storing
Laying control cable and power cables
 Project Planning (cont..)
Laying of ground grid, ground spikes and ground riser
Installa)on of overhead shielding wire, steel
structures, equipment
Transporta)on of power transformers
Installa)on on plinth, drying out and pre-
commissioning
Quality check of equipment, connec)on of control
cables
Final commissioning and observa)on
Handing over to the customers opera)ng sta
 Substa7on Design Considera7ons
Security of Supply Extendibility Maintainability

Loss of plant arising The design should The design must take
from a fault allow for future into account the
condi)ons or extendibility. electricity supply
outages due to the Adding bays of company system
maintenance. switchgear to a planning and
substa)on is opera)ons
normally possible procedures together
and care must be with the knowledge
taken to minimize of reliability and
the outages and maintenance
outage dura)ons for requirements for the
construc)on and proposed substa)on
commissioning. equipment.
 Substa7on Design Considera7ons
Protec)on
Opera)onal Flexibility Short Circuits Limita)on
Arrangements
The physical layout of The design must allow In order to keep fault
individual circuits and for the protec)on of levels down parallel
groups f circuits must each system element connec)ons
permit the required by provision of (transformers or
power ow control. suitable CT loca)ons power sources feeding
In a two transformer to ensure overlapping the substa)on) should
substa)on opera)on of protec)on zones. be avoided.
of either or both The number of circuit Mul) bus-bar
transformers on one breakers that require arrangements with
in-feed together with to be tripped sec)oning facili)es
the facility to take out following the fault. allow the system to be
of service and restore split or connected
to service either through a fault
transformer without limi)ng reactor.
loss of supply would
be a normal design
considera)on.
 Substa7on Design Considera7ons
Land area Cost

The cost of purchasing A sa)sfactory cost

a plot of land in a comparison between
densely populated area dierent substa)on
in considerable. layout designs is
Therefore there is a extremely dicult
trend towards compact because of the
substa)on design. dierences in
performance and
maintainability