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    Plastida Mitokondria 11 PDF

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    elsa
    The document discusses plastids and mitochondria. Plastids are organelles found in plant cells that originate from proplastids in meristem cells and change form based on cell needs and light conditions. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid found in plant mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Mitochondria are organelles found in plant, animal, fungal and protist cells that are responsible for producing cellular energy through respiration. Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause mitochondrial diseases that affect various organ systems by disrupting energy production.

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    Plastida Mitokondria 11 PDF

    Uploaded by

    elsa
    147 views29 pages
    The document discusses plastids and mitochondria. Plastids are organelles found in plant cells that originate from proplastids in meristem cells and change form based on cell needs and light conditions. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid found in plant mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Mitochondria are organelles found in plant, animal, fungal and protist cells that are responsible for producing cellular energy through respiration. Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause mitochondrial diseases that affect various organ systems by disrupting energy production.

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    The document discusses plastids and mitochondria. Plastids are organelles found in plant cells that originate from proplastids in meristem cells and change form based on cell needs and light conditions. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid found in plant mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Mitochondria are organelles found in plant, animal, fungal and protist cells that are responsible for producing cellular energy through respiration. Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause mitochondrial diseases that affect various organ systems by disrupting energy production.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    147 views29 pages

    Plastida Mitokondria 11 PDF

    Uploaded by

    elsa
    The document discusses plastids and mitochondria. Plastids are organelles found in plant cells that originate from proplastids in meristem cells and change form based on cell needs and light conditions. Chloroplasts are a type of plastid found in plant mesophyll cells that contain chlorophyll and perform photosynthesis. Mitochondria are organelles found in plant, animal, fungal and protist cells that are responsible for producing cellular energy through respiration. Mitochondrial DNA mutations can cause mitochondrial diseases that affect various organ systems by disrupting energy production.

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    MINGGU XII

    PLASTIDA
    MITOKONDRIA
    PLASTIDA
    Organel sel Tumbuhan
    Asal : proplastida dlm sel
    meristem
    Perubahan proplastida
    sesuai kebutuhan sel
    (lokasi pertumbuhan &
    kondisi cahaya)

    Perkembangan plastida:
    - Etioplas / Leukoplas
    - Amiloplas
    - Kromoplas
    - Kloroplas
    PERUBAHAN PLASTIDA PADA BUAH

    From U. Wisconsin Botany Dept.


    KLOROPLAS
    KLOROPLAS

    Berada pada sel tumbuhan, protozoa, bakteri,


    jamur
    Letak kloroplas pd tumbuhan mesofil
    (daging) daun
    mengandung klorofil a & klorofil b, DNA & RNA
    Bentuk dan ukuran Kloroplas bervariasi
    menurut species
    Jumlah Kloroplas bervariasi tergantung tipe
    sel dan fisiologis sel
    PROSES FOTOSINTESIS
    Light
    Stroma

    Stack of NADP
    thylakoids ADP
    +P
    Light Calvin
    reactions cycle

    Sugar used for


    Cellular respiration
    Cellulose
    Starch
    Other organic compounds
    MITOKONDRIA
    HUMAN NUCLEAR
    MITOCHONDRIAL GENOMES
    NUCLEAR GENOME MITOCHONDRIAL
    GENOME
    Size 3200 Mb 16.6 kb

    No. of different 23 (in XX cells) or 24 One circular DNA


    DNA molecules (in XY cells); all linear molecule

    Total no. of DNA 46 in diploid cells, but Often several


    molecules per cell varies according to thousands (but variable
    ploidy
    Associated protein Several classes of Largely free of protein
    histone & nonhistone
    protein
    No. of genes ~ 30 000 ~35-000 37

    Gene density ~ 1/100 kb 1/0.45 kb


    Mitochondria are responsible for producing
    most of the energy that's needed for our cells
    to function
    A mitochondrial disease can shut down some
    or all the mitochondria, cutting off this
    essential energy supply.
    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations is
    thought to be the reason which cause
    mitochondria disease
    MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES

    MELAS (Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy with


    Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like episodes
    MERRF (Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibres)
    Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
    External Ophthalmoplegia
    Kearns-Sayre syndrome
    Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
    NARP (Neurogenic weakness Ataxia with Retinitis
    Pigmentosa)
    Mitochondrial DNA mutations in human genetic
    disease (Wallace Sci. Amer. 277:40)
    Maternal genetic
    transmission

    An affected woman transmits the trait to


    all her children. Affected men
    (represented by squares do not pass
    the trait to any of their offspring
    Problems That May Be Associated with Mitochondrial Cytopathies

    Organ Systems Possible Problems

    developmental delays, mental retardation, dementia, seizures, neuro-


    Brain
    psychiatric disturbances, atypical cerebral palsy, migraines, strokes
    weakness (which may be intermittent), neuropathic pain, absent reflexes,
    dysautonomia, gastrointestinal problems (ge reflux, dysmotility, diarrhea,
    Nerves irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, pseudo-obstruction), fainting,
    absent or excessive sweating resulting in temperature regulation
    problems
    Muscles weakness, hypotonia, cramping, muscle pain

    renal tubular acidosis or wasting resulting in loss of protein, magnesium,


    Kidneys
    phosphorous, calcium and other electrolytes.

    Heart cardiac conduction defects (heart blocks), cardiomyopathy

    Liver hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), liver failure

    Eyes visual loss and blindness

    Ears hearing loss and deafness

    Pancreas and Other diabetes and exocrine pancreatic failure (inability to make digestive
    Glands enzymes), parathyroid failure (low calcium)

    failure to gain weight, short stature, fatigue, respiratory problems including


    Systemic
    intermittent air hunger, vomitting
    Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms track human
    Migrations (Wallace Sci. Amer. 277:40)

    All humans descend from a small group of Africans


    This group originated in central Africa ~200,000 years ago
    The founding group was small (102-104 people)
    Descendants of this group replaced all other hominids everywhere in the world

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