DIGITALISASI

MEDIA

Mengubah Media Menjadi

Bit Digital
Representasi Digital
The power of multimedia systems
originates in their ability to represent
disparate information as a bit stream
every form of representation, from video
to text, can be stored, processed and
communicated using the same device: a
computer.
Jain (1994), IEEE Multimedia vol. 1(2), p.3
Representasi Digital
Kekuatan dari sistem multimedia adalah
pada kemampuan multimedia untuk
merepresentasikan berbagai informasi
yang berbeda dalam bentuk bit stream
semua bentuk representasi, dari video
sampai teks, dapat disimpan, diproses
dan dipertukarkan menggunakan divais
yang sama yaitu komputer

Jain (1994), IEEE Multimedia vol. 1(2), p.3

 Multimedia: ART Joins BRAIN
Merging of advanced digital and analog technology
Analog Domain Digital Domain

Analog or Digital or
Analog Digital Computer-
Real-World A/D
Signal Signal World
Signals D/A
Processing Processing Signals

Converter
Technology
Provides the
Bridge [ICE 1997]
 Digital Media System Diagram
Channel: Media:
Media: Internet, Broadcast, Point-to-Point, Speech
Speech Telephone, Satellite, Cable, Wireless Audio
Audio Media Media Images
Images Media Digital Bit
Digital Bit Video
Video Bitstream
A/D Compression Compression D/A
Converter Encoder Decoder Converter

Transmitter / Receiver /
Encoder / Storage: Decoder /
Recorder CD, VCD, DVD, HD, Tape Player

A/D converter mengubah sinyal multimedia menjadi bit digital

Bit digital adalah representasi digital dari sinyal media
Enkoder kompresi mengurangi jumlah bit representasi tanpa
menghilangkan konten media
Bitstream adalah bit digital kompak hasil kompresi
Dekoder kompresi merekonstruksi bit digital kembali dari bitstream
D/A converter mengubah bit digital menjadi sinyal multimedia
Digitisation
Dunia nyata (real world) adalah sistem
analog kontinyu, sementara dunia digital
(komputer) adalah digital diskrit.
Media analog perlu dirubah menjadi
digital dengan perangkat untuk
digitalisasi: scanner, digital-camera, dll
Media digital juga dapat dibuat langsung
dengan komputer.
Perangkat display data digital :
Komputer; Digital TV; DVD / MP3 players; 3G
/ WAP phones, dll
Perangkat untuk Digitisasi
Teks: scanners & OCR .txt, .html
Citra (Images): scanners; cameras;
Photoshop .gif, .jpg
Audio: microphones; MIDI devices
.wav, .midi, .mp3
Video: video cameras; capture cards;
Premiere .mpg, .avi
Digitisasi Teks

Scanner + OCR

Handwriting recognizer Digital Text

Digitisasi Image, Video & Audio
Karakteristik Media Digital
All data is now numeric: Images, video and
sound is digitized into numbers.

Digital data can be processed in a computer

into compressed formats.

Data is stored on disk (rather than VHS tapes

or audio cassette

Data is transmitted digitally with additional

information to help correct errors
Digital Disadvantages
Much more complex than analog systems
Much more raw data
Requires very high speed processing
More processing steps
Transmission data errors => serious
damage
Overcome the problems
System complexity => most functions in
software
Compress raw data => maths + software
High speed processing => digital technology
More processing steps => software + memory
data errors => corrected by maths + software

software => algoritma

Digital Advantages
Digital data not affected by processing
Compression => more data /channel
Processing costs: analog but digital
Complexity costs: analog but digital
PROSES KONVERSI
ANALOG KE DIGITAL
Digitisation

rich variety of sensory inputs that

make up images, text, moving
pictures and sounds must be reduced
to patterns of binary digits inside a
computer
Chapman and Chapman (2000:34)
111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000
000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100
110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100
000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010
101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101
101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010111010110000
010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010
000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001
101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010
111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000
001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000
010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100
010010000010100010101000010000001110010100101110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010
010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100
101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111
000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000
010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011
101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100
100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001011101011000010
010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000
000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101
100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000
001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010
000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111
010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001
010000010100010101000010000001110010100101110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100
110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100
000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010
101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101
101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001010010011101011000
001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010
001000000111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001011101011000010101
000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001110101100001010100101000010100001000010010000010100010101000010
111001010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000
001000010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000
010010011101011000010101001010000101000010000100100000101000101010000100000011100101001001110101100001010100101000010100
010010000010100010101000010000001110010100100111010110000101010010100001010000100001001000001010001010100001000000111001
Data Analog -> Sinyal Digital
Dua teknik dasar yang digunakan
PCM (Pulse Code Modulation)
DM (Delta Modulation)

Sampling PAM signal PCM signal

clock

Analog Sampling Quantizer Digitized

voice Circuit and compander voice
signal signal
 Pulse Code Modulation
Blok diagram proses konversi bentuk gelombang
analog ke data digital

Fs sampel/detik N level/sampel B bits/sampel

xa(t) Sampling Kuantisasi Encoding c[n]

x[n] x[n ]
Continuous time Discrete time
xq[n] Discrete (integer)
Continuous amplitude Discrete time
amplitude
Continuous amplitude
Discrete time
Discrete (real) amplitude
N = 2B
Bit Rate = Fs . B bits/detik
Konsep Sinyal Analog
xa t A cost ; t
1
Tp
xa(t) F

A
Acos
t
A: Amplituda
: Frekuensi
Radian
F: Frekuensi

xa t A cos2Ft ; t
Hertz
: Fasa
Konsep Sinyal Digital
xn A cosn ; n

x(n) N

A
Acos
n
A: Amplituda
: Frekuensi
Radian
f: Frekuensi
: Fasa
xn A cos2fn ; n
Konversi Analog-Digital
Sinyal analog
Sampling, dengan Fs
= 1/T Filter
xn xa t |t nT xa nT
Sampling Waktu Diskrit
Kuantisasi
xn xa t |t nT xa nT Kuantisasi
Nilai Diskrit

Koding 2b L Koding

Digital
Sampling Sinyal Suara (Speech)
Teorema Sampling Nyquist
Fs 2. Fmax
Untuk kualitas suara pada telepon
Fs = 8 KHz

dB A typical telephone transmission path

+10
0
-10

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

Hz
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Original signal

3.9 3.4 4.2

3.2 2.8
PAM pulse 1.2

PCM pulse 3 4 3 3 4
with quantized error 1
011 100 011 011 001 100

PCM output 011100011011001100

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Teorema sampling Nyquist menjamin sample data
mengandung semua informasi dari sinyal orisinal
Frekuensi voice (speech) berada dibawah 4000Hz
Membutuhkan 8000 sample per detik
Sistem telepon dapat mendigitalisasi voice dengan 128
level atau 256 level.
Level-level tersebut disebut level kuantisasi
Jika128 level, maka bit tiap sampel = 7 bits (27 = 128).
Jika 256 level, maka bit tiap sampel = 8 bits (28 = 256).
8000 samples/sec x 7 bits/sample = 56Kbps for a single voice
channel.
8000 samples/sec x 8 bits/sample = 64Kbps for a single voice
channel.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
PCM menggunakan pengkodean kuantisasi non-linear:
spasi amplituda dari tiap level tidak linear
Ada step kuantisasi yang lebih banyak pada amplituda
rendah (low)
Ini untuk mengurangi distorsi sinyal secara overall.
Tetapi menghasilkan quantizing error (or noise).
Nonlinear encoding

Quantizing level
15 15
14 14
13
13
12
11 12
Strong signal
10 11
10
9
8 Weak signal 9
8
7 7
6
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
0 0

Without nonlinear encoding With nonlinear encoding

Delta Modulation (DM)

Pada Delta Modulation, sinyal analog ditracking.

Analog input diaproksimasi dengan staircase
function
Apakah Move up (naik) atau down (turun) satu level
() pada tiap interval sampel
Bit 1 digunakan untuk merepresentasi kenaikan level
tegangan pd sinyal, dan bit 0 untuk merepresentasi
turunnya level tegangan. -> Output dari DM adalah
bit tunggal
Digunakan juga pada berbagai teknik Kompresi Data
e.g. Interframe coding techniques for video
Aplikasi Pada Ucapan Digital
Sinyal suara manusia (speech) dari mikropon
di filter (anti aliasing) 300Hz 3300 Hz
disampling 8000 sample per detik
resolusi kuantisasi 8 bit per sample.
Hasilnya sbb:
Kebutuhan laju bit: 8000 x 8 = 64 kbps
Kualitas: SNR sekitar 48 dB
Aplikasi Pada Audio / Musik
Sinyal audio dari sumber audio (microphone,
audio out)
di filter (anti aliasing) 0Hz 20000 Hz
disampling 44100 sample per detik
resolusi kuantisasi 16 bit per sample
Dilakukan pada dua kanal L-R stereo
Hasilnya sbb:
Kebutuhan laju bit: 44100 x 16 x 2 = 1,411,200 bps =
sekitar 1.4 Mbps
Kualitas: SNR sekitar 96 dB
RAW DIGITAL DATA
Raw Digital Audio
AUDIO: a sequence of
microphone readings on
several channels.
Readings (samples) are
normally taken at 11000,
22K or 44K per second and
may be 8, 12 or 16-bit values.

Q: Berapa banyak memori dibutuhkan untuk

menyimpan rekaman audio selama 5 menit dengan
menggunakan 2 channel dan 16 bit per sample?
Raw Digital Audio ..
KB = 1024 bytes MB = 1,048,576 bytes GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes

Jika: Fs = 11000 Hz
Nsampel = 5 (menit) x 60 (detik/menit) x 11000 (sampel/detik) =
3.300.000 sampel
Nbit = 16 (bit/sampel) x 3.300.000 sampel = 52.800.000 bit =
6.600.000 byte = 6,295 MB
Nbit Stereo (2 channel) = 6,295 MB x 2 12,6 MB

Jika: Fs = 44100 Hz
Nsampel = 5 (menit) x 60 (detik/menit) x 44100 (sampel/detik)
= 13.230.000 sampel
Nbit = 16 (bit/sampel) x 13.230.000 sampel
= 211.680.000 bit = 26.460.000 byte 25,234 MB
Nbit Stereo = 25,234 MB x 2 50,468 MB satu lagu pada CD audio
Raw Digital Audio ..
Makin besar FS, makin baik kualitas
rekaman audio, makin banyak jumlah bit
yang dibutuhkan!
Makin besar jumlah bit / sampel, makin
baik kualitas rekaman audio, makin
banyak jumlah bit yang dibutuhkan!,
demikian pula sebaliknya
Kualitas Audio Digital adalah linear
dengan kebutuhan memori!
Jika sebuah lagu pada
CD Audio 50 MB,

sementara lagu yang sama

dengan format MP3 5 MB

TANYA
KENAPA?
Citra Digital
Berbeda dengan ucapan
dan musik, sinyal gambar
dikenal sebagai sinyal
intensitas dua dimensi.

Size: 300x400, 24 bpp colour,

BMP: 360.000 byte; JPG:49.504 byte
Raw Digital Images
A raw camera image is an array of colored
dots (pixels). An RGB image has 3 color
components: RED, GREEN, BLUE

The image size is the total number

of pixels.
Q: what is the size of an image of
320 x 240 pixels?

The pixel value is made from 3 numbers being the amount

(intensity) of each RGB color component (normally 8 bits).
The image file size is the total number of bytes of pixel data
Q: what is the file size of an RGB image of 320x240 pixels?
(assume RGB pixels are 3x8 = 24-bit color)

We can alter the image by changing the pixel values

Sampling Citra Digital
Resolusi DPI =
Gambar Ukuran (N x M) / (Lebar
Gambar Digital
Lebar x Tinggi x Tinggi) N x M pixels

A Picture
Tinggi Elemen
M (pixel)
Baris

Lebar N Kolom Batas Baris Baru

N x M sampel file
Sinyal Video Digital

3 5 7 9
Time Index 1 Time Index 11

Sinyal video digital adalah kumpulan citra

digital (disebut frame) yang di tayangkan
secara berurut menurut indeks waktu.
Raw Digital Video
VIDEO: a timed sequence of images (eg 25 frames/sec)
Raw video data consists of RGB images.

Q: What is the data rate of RGB

video at 25 frames/sec. Each
frame being 320x240 pixels?
(assume 24 bit color)

Q: How much video time (secs) can

be stored on a 4 gigabyte disk?

It should be clear why we need compress video for

transmission.
Sinyal Video Digital
Time Time
Index Index
1 L

N x M pixel /
frame

B bit/pixel

N x M x L x B bits video file

 Pengaruh Frame Per Detik
Semakin banyak fps, fps Dim Mbps
semakin mulus
transisi gerak, 5 256 x 256 7.8
sehingga gambar
semakin hidup. 24 bpp
Tetapi akibatnya
semakin besar jumlah 25 256 x 256 39.3
bit yang diperlukan. 24 bpp
Tipikal jumlah frame
per detik (fps) adalah 30 256 x 256 47.2
5 fps, 30 fps, dan 60
fps, untuk 24 bpp
videophone, TV, dan
HDTV 60 256 x 256 94.4
24 bpp
LEVEL OF
ABSTRACTION
Levels of Abstraction: a simple view

Multimedia information needs to be dealt

with at different levels of abstraction,
e.g.:
In terms of bit-streams for digitisation,
compression, transmission, display, etc.
In terms of its content for intuitive retrieval
and browsing
Levels of abstraction
Meanings
Scenes
Actions
Movements
People / Objects
Regions (colour, shape, texture, motion)
Pixels
Electronic bits
What is Content?
every symbolic object consists of two
interacting components, one of which is
situated on the plane of expression while
the other is situated on the plane of
content

difference between what constitutes the

objects themselves (media objects) and
what is actually being communicated
Smoliar and Wilcox (1997)
Multimedia Content
Digital multimedia means that multimedia
information can be created, retrieved,
presented and interacted with in new ways

BUT

Computers dont understand the content of

multimedia items in the same way humans do
Metadata
Metadata = data about data
In this case, data about the bit-streams that
are texts, images, video, audio,etc.
By including metadata then multimedia
applications can know about media content,
as well as about other things like who owns it,
when it was made, who made it, etc.
BUT there is a cost associated with manually
produced metadata; need to consider potential
for automation
RANGKUMAN
Media analog dirubah ke bentuk digital
agar dapat disimpan,diproses dan
dipertukarkan dengan bantuan komputer
Raw data digital berukuran sangat besar
sehingga perlu dilakukan kompresi
Media (file) digital mempunyai meta-
data agar komputer dapat mengenali
konten-nya
TUGAS
1. Cari sebuah format file multimedia (image,
audio, video, dll) kemudian:
a) Temukan berapa ukuran Header File
b) Bagaimana Struktur Header
c) Temukan informasi meta data apa saja yang ada
pada header tersebut
d) Bagaimana struktur penyimpanan konten media
pada format file tersebut
2. Jelaskan apa perbedaan tag header metadata
IDv1 dan IDv2 dari format MP3
TUGAS
3. Buat sebuah gambar dengan Windows
Paint (BMP) dengan resolusi tertentu,
hitung berapa kebutuhan jumlah bit-
nya, buktikan dengan ukuran file yang
terjadi
4. Rekam suara/audio dengan Sound
Recorder (WAV) selama beberapa detik
(maks 10 detik), hitung kebutuhan
jumlah bit-nya, buktikan dengan ukuran
file yang terjadi