ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My thanks to ALKEM LABS LIMITED for giving me the opportunity to

complete my in plant training. I am deeply grateful to all those who
have, with their good grace, given me their valuable time and energy
to express their rich full experience about the instrumental terms,
conditions and working procedures. I particularly want to
acknowledge the tremendously helpful, supportive, creative
contributions of Mr.SUNIL KUMAR SINGHAL. I owe a special thanks
to my training coordinator Mr.Sunil for his contribution and polite
behavior. My most warm thanks to the director technical operations
Mr. Rajesh Srivastava especially for his unfailing personal and
professional support for this in plant training. Finally, my thanks to
my teachers, who has arranged such type of profession related
training to gather professional experience.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

1
 PREFACE

Pharmacy is a profession which is concerned with the art and science

of preparing suitable and convenient material for distribution and
use in the treatment and prevention of disease, so it is a fully
technical profession where practical knowledge is much more
important along with theoretical knowledge.
According to curriculum of a four year integrated degree course of
BACHELOR OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING each student has to
undergo practical training for a periods of four week in various
chemical industries in India. As it is to be done during the summer
vacation of 4th year B. Tech.
I was directed to undergo the 4th year training at ALKEM LABS PVT
LIMITED and this report contains a brief description of the above
pharmaceutical industry which was observed during the training
program.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

2
PRODUCTION SECTION:

Tablet Components and Additives:

A. Active Ingredients: ornidazole IP, Folic acid, pantoprazole sodium,
tranexemic acid, azithromycin, cefixime, metformin, vitamin B6, glimepiride,
atorvastatin, voglibose, lactic acid bacillus etc.
B. Non-active Ingredients: six major excipient categories:

a. Diluents: lactose, starch, mannitol, Sorbitol

b. Binders: Acacia, Gelatin, Tragacanth, Calcium lactate trihydrate

granular N. F., starch.
c. Lubricants: stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate.
and talc
d. Disintegrants: Starches are the most common disintegrating
agents
e. Colors: D&C and FD&C dyes and lakes, and
f. Flavors and Sweeteners: mannitol, lactose, sucrose, saccharin and
dextrose.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

3
Unit Operations
There are three methods of preparing tablet granulations. These are
(a) Wet granulation,
(b) Dry granulation (also called "slugging"), and
(c) Direct compression.
Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages. The first
two steps of milling and mixing of the ingredients of the formulation are
identical, but thereafter the processes differ , Each individual operation
of the process is known as a unit operation.
Steps in Different Methods of Tablet Manufacture (Unit Operations)

Dry granulation 1. Milling of

drugs and excipients
Wet granulation 1. Milling of
2. Mixing of milled powders 3.
drugs and excipients
Compression into large, hard
2. Mixing of milled powders 3. tablets called slugs
Preparation of binder solution
4. Screening of slugs
4. Mixing binder solution with
5. Mixing with lubricant and
powder mixture to form wet
disintegrating agent
mass
6. Tablet compression
5. Coarse screening of wet mass
using 6- to 12- mesh
6. Drying moist granules
7. Screening dry granules with
lubricant and disintegrants
Direct compression 1.
8. Mixing screened granules Milling of drugs and
with lubricant and disintegrants excipients 2. Mixing of
9. Tablet compression ingredients 3. Tablet
compression

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

4
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE
5
EQUIPMENTS:

1. Sifter:
An instrument used to sieve the ingredients of a tablet with a
replaceable mess ware. In this technique, particles of power mass are
placed on a screen made of uniform aperture. The sifter is attached with
a vibrator that helps in sieving the materials through the meshwork. The
mechanism of action is to loosen the packing of the particle in contact
with screen surface, permitting entrapped sub sieve particles to the
screen surface.
2. Planetary Mixer:
For wet granulation a planetary mixer is used. Solutions of the binding
agent are added to the mixed powders with stirring. The powder mass is
wetted with the binding solution until the mass has the consistency of
damp snow. The planetary mixer can mix a material of 100kg. The beater
of the planetary mixer revolves 2-4times for each revolution of the head,
providing double mixing action.
3. Mass Mixer:
This is also mixing equipment used to mix dry as well is wet ingredients.
The mixer has blades that are alternately arranged and is allows uniform
mixing. The mass mixer is emptied by inverting it and scrapping off its
ingredients. The planetary mixer can mix a material of 100kg.
4. Multi-mill:
This is a hammer mill that uses a high speed rotor to which a number of
swinging hammers are fixed. The unit is enclosed with chamber
containing a grid or removable screen through which the material can

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

6
pass. The material is fed from the top and ground by impact of hammers
or against the plates around the periphery of the casing. The materials
are enough pass through the screen that forms the lower portion of the
chamber. The fragments are swept downward against the screen where
they undergo additional hammering action until they are reduced to a
size small enough to pass through the openings and out. Oversize
particles are hurled upwards into the chamber where they also undergo
further blows by the revolving hammers.
5. Fluidized bed dryer:
In a fluidized bed dryer, the fluidized air stream is introduced by a fan or
blower mounted at the top of the apparatus. The air is heated to the
required temperature in an air heater and flows upwards through the
wet materials, which remains in a drying chamber fitted with a wire
mesh supported at the bottom. By this process, the material is
suspended and agitated in a warm air stream while the granulation is
maintained in motion.
6. Tray dryer
It consists of a chamber, containing horizontal arrangements of trays on
which granules are dried. The drying process is accomplished by a gust
of hot air driven by or blower through an electric heater and heat
exchange. In this method, the wet materials are placed over paper
sheets and finally placed over the trays and the drying operation is
carried out. These dryers are mainly useful for materials that contain
alcoholic solutions and where slow drying for better granule
characteristic is necessary.
7. Compressor:
For increased production, Rotary machines offer a great advantage. A

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

7
head carrying a number of sets of punches and dies revolves
continuously while the tablet granulation runs from the hopper, through
a feed frame and into the dies placed in a large, steel plate revolving
under it. This method promotes a uniform fill of the die and therefore an
accurate weight for the tablet. Compression takes place as the upper
and the lower punches passes between a pair of rollers. This action
produce a slow squeezing effect on the material in the die cavity from
the top and bottom and so gives a chance for the entrapped air to
escape. The lower punch lifts up and ejects the tablet. The punches and
dies can be removed for inspection, cleaning and inserting different sets
to produce a great variety of shapes and sizes.

Tablet presses
The basic unit of any tablet press is a set of tooling consisting of two
punches and a die which is called a station. The die determines the
diameter or shape of the tablet; the punches, upper and lower, come
together in the die that contains the tablet formulation to form a tablet.
There are two types of presses: single-punch and rotary punch. The
single-punch press has a single station of one die and two punches, and
is capable of producing from 40 to 120 tablets per minute depending on
the size of the tablet. It is largely used in the early stages of tablet
formulation development. The rotary press has a multiplicity of stations
arranged on a rotating table in which the dies are fed the formulation
producing tablets at production rates of' from a few to many thousands
per minute. There are numerous models of presses manufactured by a
number of companies, ranging in size, speed, and capacity.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

8
Tablet presses consist of:
1)Hoppers, usually one or two, for storing and feeding the formulation
to be pressed
2)Feed frame(s) for distributing the formulation to the dies
3)Dies for controlling the size and shape of the tablet
4)Punches for compacting the formulation into tablets
5)Cams (on rotary presses) that act as tracks to guide the moving
punches
All other parts of the press are designed to control the operation of the
above parts.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

9
Coating
Tablets may be coated for a variety of reasons, including protection of
the ingredients from air, moisture, or light. Tablets are also coated to
protect the drug against decomposition or to disguise or minimize the
unpleasant taste of certain medicaments. Coating also enhances the
appearance of tablets and makes them more readily identifiable. In
addition, coatings can be resistant to gastric juices but readily dissolve in
the small intestine. These enteric coatings can protect drugs against
decomposition in the acid environment of the stomach.
a. Sugar Coating
The sugarcoating process involves building up layers of coating material
on the tablet cores as they are tumbled in a revolving pan (Figure 10.7)
by repetitively applying a coating solution or suspension and drying off
the solvent. Before sugarcoating, the core is coated with a sealing coat
of shellac, PVP*-stabilized types of shellac, or other polymeric materials,
such as cellulose acetate phthalate and polyvinyl acetate phthalate. The
next stage is to build up a subcoat that will provide a good bridge
between the main coating and the sealed core, as well as round off any
sharp corners. This step is followed by smoothing or grossing. The
finishing stage is accomplished by again applying one or two layers of
clear syrup. The tablets are then left for several hours before being
transferred to the polishing pan. The polish is a dilute wax solution (e.g.,
carnauba or beeswax in petroleum spirit) applied sparingly until a high
luster is produced.
b. Film Coating
Film coating has increased in popularity for various reasons. The film
process is simpler and, therefore, easier to automate. It is also faster

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

10
than sugarcoating, since weight gains of only 2 to 6% are involved, as
opposed to more than 50% with sugarcoating. Two major groups of film
coating materials may be distinguished: (a) those that are nonenteric
and, for the most part, cellulose derivatives, and (b) those that can
provide an enteric effect and are commonly esters of phthalic acid. Films
may contain a plasticizer that prevents the film from becoming brittle
with consequent risk of chipping. Until recently, alcohols, esters,
chlorinated hydrocarbons, and ketones have been among the most
frequently used types of solvents. However, because of increasing
regulatory pressures against undesirable solvents, there has been a
pronounced trend toward aqueous film coating.
c. Modified-Release Coatings
A coating may be applied to a tablet to modify the release pattern of the
active ingredient. Two general categories, enteric coating and
controlled-release coating, are distinguished. The former are insoluble in
the low pH environment of the stomach but dissolve readily in the small
intestine with its elevated pH. They are used to minimize irritation of the
gastric mucosa by certain drugs and to protect others that are degraded
by gastric juices.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

11
PACKAGING AND LABELLING OF TABLETS:
Packaging and Labeling of tablets are done in Packaging and Labeling
area. In this area concurrently three actions i.e. visual checking for
contaminant or deformity, Labeling and Packing are taking place. This
room is fitted with air-conditioners and a temperature of about 27C is
maintained. This area has a inspection table where deformity and
contamination are checked against black and white background. The
minimum luminosity required in the inspection zone is 500lacs. The
inspection table is fitted with stainless steel conveyors. The equipment is
attached with a motor of 1 H.P. and a reduction gear box with adjustable
pulley.

Types of Packaging:
1. Blister Packing:
This is useful for packaging of unit dose of pharmaceuticals. This packing
mode has been used extensively for several good reasons. It is a
packaging configuration capable of providing excellent environmental
protection, coupled with an aesthetically pleasing and efficacious
appearance. It also provides user functionally in terms of convenience,
child resistance and now temperature resistance.
The blister package is formed by heat softening a sheet of thermoplastic
resin and vacuum drawing the softened sheets of plastic into a
contoured mould. After coming, the sheet is released from the mould
and proceeds to the filling station of the packaging machine. The semi-
rigid blister previously formed, is filled with the product and lidded with
a heat sealable backing material. The backing material can be either a

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

12
push through or peelable type. For a push through type of blister, the
backing material is usually heat seal coated aluminum foil.

2. Strip Packing:
The strip packing is done by aluminum foil or glassine poly paper. A strip
package is formed by feeding two webs of a heat sealable flexible film
through either a heated crimping roller or a heated reciprocating platen.
The product is dropped into the pocket formed prior to forming the final
set of seals. A continuous set of packets is formed, generally several
packets wide depending on the packaging machines limitations. The
strip of packets is cut to the desired number of packets in length. The
strips formed are usually collected and packed into a folding carton. The

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

13
product sealed between the two sheets of film usually has a seal around
each tablet, with perforations usually separating adjacent packets

The packaging of the final product is done in paper cartons, manually,

and is finally sealed using an automatic sealer. The machine can seal
cartons.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

14
Capsule Section:

Capsule is the most versatile of all dosage forms. Capsules are solid
dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are
enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin.

There are two types of capsules, hard and soft. The hard capsule is
also called two piece as it consists of two pieces in the form of small
cylinders closed at one end, the shorter piece is called the cap which
fits over the open end of the longer piece, called the body. The soft
gelatin capsule is also called as one piece. Capsules are available in
many sizes to provide dosing flexibility. Unpleasant drug tastes and
odors can be masked by the tasteless gelatin shell. The administration of
liquid and solid drugs enclosed in hard gelatin capsules is one of the
most frequently utilized dosage forms.

Industrial filling of hard gelatin capsules:

a) Removal of caps
b) Filling of the bodies,
c) Replacement of caps, and
d) Ejection of filled capsules
Capsules are delivered into the perforated capsule filling ring. The
ring is rotated on a turntable, and a vacuum pulls the bodies into the
lower half of the ring, leaving the caps in the upper half of the ring.
The top & bottom halves of the filling ring are separated manually,
and the cap half of the ring is set aside.
The body half of the ring is then moved to another turntable where
it is rotated mechanically under a powder hopper.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

15
 The hopper contains an auger which feeds the powder into the
bodies.
When the capsule bodies are filled, the cap and body rings are
rejoined.

FEW PRODUCTS AND THEIR COMPOSITION:-

1) GLUCOSE-C
Composition: For 100kg.
Sugar 40kg
Glucose 60kg
Citric acid 1kg
Flavour 300gm(Orange)
Vitamin-C 500gm
Zinc 100gm
Colour 50gm(sunset yellow)

2) FOOD ENZYEME
Composition: 240litre
MPS 150gm
PPS 30gm
Banzoate 1.5kg
Citric Acid 100gm
Fungul 140gm
Pepsin 45gm
Vitamin(B1+B6) 10gm

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

16
 Colour Caramel
Flavour Pineapple
Xanthan gum 480gm
Aspartam 100gm
Sugar 50kg

3) MULTIVITAMIN SYRUP

Composition: 200litre

MPS 200gm
PPS 50gm
Benzyate 1kg
Methocoblmel 1gm
Nicinimide 500gm
L-lysin 1kg
Zinc 80gm
Vitamin-B1 50gm
Vitamin-B2 20gm
Vitamin-B6 10gm
Seceern 100gm
Flavour orange
Sugar 20litre

4) CALCIUM BOLUS
Composition: for Tablets, total mixture = 60kg
DCP 50kg
Starch 5kg
Zinc 300gm
Sodium acid 1kg
L-lysin 500gm
Magneseum 400gm
Labtialm 100gm
Staveri 100gm
Colour Enthricin

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

17
In process control department

Instruments available:
Friabilator:
Name: Pharma Test.
It is used to determine the capacity of tablet to withstand shock during
coating, packaging and
shipment. It is expressed as percentage.

Here,
W2=weight after friabilation.
W1=weight before friabilation.
Hardness tester:
Name: Pharmatron.
Tablet hardness is the important measurement of IPC; as it control the
disintegration time of the
tablet and also size of tablet.
Disintegrator:
Name: Sotax DT3.

Disintegration is the process of conversion of tablet into smaller particle.

Core tablet disintegration
performed in deionized water (temp-37.4C). Enteric coated tablet
disintegration time determined

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

18
in 0.1% HCl solution.
Leak test apparatus:
Name: Ketan
It is used to determine packaging accuracy. Some time colored solution
used to find leak in
packaged product.
Loss on drying apparatus:
Name: Metler
It is used to determine moisture content of material, usually during
drying, before compression and
during coating. IR radiation is used in this instrument. Moisture content
expressed as percentage. It
is an important factor as weight of tablet compensate according to
moisture of granule.
Weight variation:
Name: Metler.
It is an automatic machine by which we can determine weight variation of
core and coat tablet.
Length, thickness and diameter tester:
Name: Absolute digimatic.
It is a digital instrument used to determine the length, thickness and
diameter of tablet and capsule

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

19
Responsibilities:
Receiving of materials from ware-house:
Right materials supplied or not (according to DOS).
Amount of materials supplied (according to DOS).
Condition of the container.
Dispensing:
Cleanliness of dispensing area.
Presence of production officer.
Random weighing of material.
Accurate tag used or not.
Balance is calibrated or not.
Granulation:
Assure cleanliness of granulator, dryer ect. According to Standard
Operating Proce
(SOP) instrument cleaned before 15 days can be used in granulation
procedure.
Temperature of inlet and outlet air.
Moisture content of dried granules.
Compression:
Cleanliness of compression area and instruments e.g. die, punch etc.
Right die, punch used.
Tablet size and shape.
Tablet color.
Tablet imprint.
Tablet hardness.
Tablet friability.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

20
 Disintegration time.
Weight variation.
Coating:
Cleanliness of coating area and instrument eg. Coating pan, spray
system etc

Smoothness of coated tablet.

Pan rotation speed.
Inlet and outlet temperature.
Coating material addition speed.
Weighing after coating procedure.
Encapsulation:
Cleanliness of encapsulation area and instrument.
Length and radios of shell.
Length and radios of capsule.
Disintegration time.
Capsule shape and size.
Packaging:
Leakage of blister and strip package.
Package (blister and strip) imprint.
Visualization of tablet inside the package.
Cleanliness of packaging area and instrument.
Environment monitoring., Sanitation and cleaning.
Machine validation assuring. Etc.
So the quality assurance personnel are always conscious about the quality
of the product by taking consideration into above factors. It requires large
manpower to do all the functions accurately

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

21
QUALITY CONTROL SECTION:

Quality control is the part of GMP concerned with sampling,

specification and testing and with organization; documentation and
release procedures which ensure that necessary and relevant tests are
carried out and that materials are not released for sale or supply, until
their quality has been judged satisfactory. Quality Control (QC)
laboratory, ensures that the products are pure, safe and effective and
are released only after thorough analysis as per stringent specifications,
methods and procedures developed according to international
guidelines viz. EU cGMP, MHRA, WHO, TGA, etc.
The QC department performs following activities:
RM/PM analysis Finished Products analysis

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

22
The quality control section performs different control measure and test
procedures to verify the product and material quality. The tests are
performed by the QC personnel and the results are matched with a
reference standard. Quality control is an essential operation of the
pharmaceutical industry. Drugs must be marketed as safe and
therapeutically active formulations whose performance is consistent and
predictable. New and better medicinal agents are being produced at an
accelerated rate. At the same time more exacting and sophisticated
analytical methods are being developed for their evaluation.
Requirements governing the quality control of pharmaceuticals in
accordance with the Canadian Food and Drugs Act are cited and
discussed.
Different types of test are performed for different material. The types of
test performed for each material are as follows-
1. Testing Purified water
2. Testing Water for Injection
3. Testing Uniformity of Weight of Tablets
4. Disintegration Test
5. Dissolution Test
6. In Process Quality Control
7. HPLC An Introduction
8. Assay of different tablet.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

23
 CONCLUSION

Industrial training is very much essential for Engineering Students. It is

also a great opportunity to acquire practical knowledge. During my
training period, in the industry I acquired lots of experiences in
Pharmaceutical Production and Production management. This will help
me to clarify my theory knowledge. I hope and pray that it will help me
much in my future profession. During our training period, we had seen
the various instruments and apparatus in the industry. The highly
sophisticated instruments that work precisely must be operated with
intense care for optimum use. We could acquire a lot of information
regarding the latest instruments and their working procedures. It was
taught to us that, the guidelines are to be strictly followed in the
industries in each and every section. The workers were seen dealing the
active medicaments with bare hands. The quality control section was
also of substandard. They are doing the same only on the paper
documents, not in practice. Hence it can be said that, the authorities are
not paying much importance on the quality of the products. Apart from
all that, the training was very interesting with lots of things to be
learned. It helped us to acquire knowledge on punctuality, regularity and
working environments in industries. The friendly working environment in
lakshit chemicals will remain in our mind in near future. Hence, we can
say that our goal of attending the industrial tour is fulfilled. We
acknowledge the great help of Lakshit Chemical Pvt Limited.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FILE

24