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CONCURRENT LINES- PROPERTIES RELATED TO A TRIANGLE

THEOREM

The medians of a triangle are concurrent.

Proof:
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) be the vertices of the triangle
A(x1, y1)

F E

B(x2, y2) D C(x3, y3)

Let D,E,F be the mid points of BC , CA, AB respectively
x +x y +y x +x y +y
D = 2 3 , 2 3 , E = 3 1 , 3 1
2 2 2 2
x +x y +y
F = 1 2 , 1 2
2 2
y2 + y3
y1 y + y 2 y
Slope of AD is 2 = 2 3 1
x2 + x3
x1 x2 + x3 2 x1
2
Equation of AD is
y + y3 2 y1
y y1 = 2 ( x x1 )
x2 + x3 2 x1
(y y1) (x2 + x3 2x1) = (x x1)(y2 + y3 2y1)
L1 (x x1)(y2 + y3 2y1)
(y y1) (x2 + x3 2x1) = 0.
Similarly, the equations to BE and CF respectively are L2 (x x2)(y3 + y1 2y2)
(y y2) (x3 + x1 2x2) = 0.
L3 (x x3)(y1 + y2 2y3)
(y y3) (x1 + x2 2x3) = 0.
Now 1. L1 + 1.L2 + 1. L3 = 0
The medians L1 = 0, L2 =0, L3 = 0 are concurrent.

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THEOREM
The altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.

Proof:
Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) be the vertices of the triangle ABC.
Let AD, BE,CF be the altitudes.

 y y
Slope of BC is 3 2 and AD BC
x3 x2
x x
Slope of the altitude through A is 3 2
y3 y2
x3 x2
Equation of the altitude through A is y y1 = (x x1)
y3 y2
(y y1) (y3 y2) = (x x1) (x3 x2)
L1= (x x1)(x2 x3) + (y y1)(y2 y3) = 0.
Similarly equations of the altitudes through B,C are
L2 = (x x2) (x3 x1) + (y y2) (y2 y3) = 0,
L3 = (x x3) (x1 x2) + (y y3) (y1 y2) = 0.
Now 1.L1 + 1.L2 + 1.L3 = 0
The altitudes L1 = 0, L2 = 0, L3 = 0 are concurrent.

THEOREM
The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent.

THEOREM
The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent

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EXERCISE 3 (e)
I.
1. Find the in center of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 3)(2, 0) and (0, 0)
Sol. let A(0, 0), B (1, 3) , C(2, 0) be the vertices of ABC

a = BC= (1 2) 2 + ( 3 0) 2 = 1 + 3 = 2

b =CA= (2 0) 2 (0 0) 2 = 4 = 2

C = AB= (0 1) 2 + (0 3) 2 = 4 = 2
ABC is an equilateral triangle
co-ordinates of the in centre are

ax + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy3 2.0 + 2,1 + 2.2 2.0 + 2. 3 + 2.0

= 1 , = ,
a+b+c a+b+c 2+2+2 2+2+2
6 2 3 1
= , = 1,
6 6 3

2. Find the orthocenter of the triangle are given by x + y + 10 = 0, x y 2 = 0 and

2x + y 7 = 0
Sol. Let equation of
AB be x + y + 10 = 0 ---(1)
BC be x y 2 = 0 ---(2)
and AC be 2x + y 7 = 0 ---(3)

Solving (1) and (2) B = (- 4, - 6 )

Solving (1) and (3) A =(17, -27)
Equation of BC is x y 2 = 0
Altitude AD is perpendicular to BC, therefore Equation of AD is x + y + k = 0
AD is passing through A (17, -27)
17 27 + k = 0 k = 10
Equation if AD is x + y + 10 = 0 ----(4)

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Altitude BE is perpendicular to AC.

Let the equation of DE be x 2y = k
BE is passing through D (-4, -6)
-4 + 12 = k k = 8
Equation of BE is x 2y = 8-----(5)
Solving (4) and (5), the point of intersection is (-4, -6).
Therefore the orthocenter of the triangle is (-4, -6).

3. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given by 4x 7y +10 = 0, x + y = 5
and 7x + 4y = 15
Sol. Ans: O (1, 2)

4. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose sides are x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1

Sol. Let equation of AB be x = 1----(1)

BC be y = 1 ----(2)
and AC be x + y = 1 ----(3)
lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other. Therefore, given triangle is a right triangle
and B=90.
Therefore, circumcentre is the mid point of hypotenuse AC.

Solving (1) and (3), vertex A =(1, 0)

Solving (2) and (3), vertex c =(0, 1)

1 1
Circumcentre = mid point of AC= ,
2 2

5. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by the lines x = 1, y = 1 and x + y = 1

1 1
Sol. ANS: ,
2 2

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6. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1, 0), (-1, 2) and (3, 2)
Sol. vertices of the triangle are
A (1, 0), B (-1, 2), (3, 2)

Let S (x, y) be the circumcentre of ABC.

Then SA = SB = SC
Let SA = SB SA 2 = SB2
(x 1)2 + y2 = (x + 1)2 + (y 2)2
x 2 2x + 1 + y2 = x 2 + 2x + 1 + y2 4y + 4
4x 4y = -4 x y = -1 ---(1)
SB = SC SB2 = SC2
(x + 1)2 + (y 2)2 = (x 3)2 + (y 2)2
x 2 + 2x + 1 = x 2 6x + 9
8x = 8 x = 1
From (1), 1 y = - 1 y = 2
Circum centre is (1, 2)
7. Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines kx + y + 9 = 0 and
3x y + 4 = 0 is / 4
Sol. Given lines are
kx + y + 9 = 0
3x y + 4 = 0 and angle between the lines is / 4 .
| 3k 1| 1 | 3k 1|
cos = =
4 k2 +1 9 +1 2 10 k 2 + 1
Squaring
5k 2 + 5 = (3k 1)2 = 9k 2 6k + 1 4k 2 6k 4 = 0 2k 2 3k 2 = 0
(k - 2) (2k + 1) = 0 k= 2 or -1/2

8. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the origin and also the point of
intersection of the lines. 2x y + 5 = 0 and x + y + 1 = 0

Sol. Given lines are L1 = 2x y + 5 = 0

L2 = x + y + 1 = 0

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Equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L1 =0 and L2 =0
is L1 + KL2 = 0
(2x y + 5) + k (x + y + 1) = 0 -----(1)
This line is passing through O (0, 0) 5 + k = 0 k = - 5
Substituting in (1), equation of OA is (x y + 5) 5 ( x + y + 1 ) = 0
2x y + 5 5y 5 = 0
-3x 6y = 0 x + 2y = 0

9. Find the equation of the straight line parallel to the lines 3x + 4y = 7 and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines x 2y 3 = 0 and x + 3y 6 = 0
Sol. Given lines are L1 = x 2y 3 = 0 and
L 2 = x _ 3y 6 = 0
Equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L1 =0 and L2 =0
is L1 + KL2 = 0
(x 2y 3 ) + k( x + 3y 6 ) = 0
(1 + k)x + (-2 + 3k)y + (-3 -6k) = 0----(1)
This line is parallel to 3x + 4y = 7
a1 b1 3 4
= =
a 2 b2 (1 + k) ( 2 + 3k)
3( 2 + 3k) = (1 + k)4
6 + 9k = 4 + 4k 5k = 10 k = 2
Equation of the required line is
3x + 4y 15 = 0

10. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 0 and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines x + 3y 1 = 0 and x 2y + 4 = 0
Sol. L1 =x + 3y 1 = 0
L2 =x 2y + 4 = 0
Equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L1 =0 and L2 =0
is L1 + KL2 = 0
(x + 3y 1 ) + k ( x 2y + 4 ) = 0
(1 + k)x + (3 2k )y + (4k 1) = 0---(1)
This line is perpendicular to 2x + 3y = 0,
a1a 2 + b1b 2 = 0 2(1 + k) + 3(3 2k) = 0
11
2 + 2k + 9 6k = 0 4k = 11 k =
4
Substituting in (1), equation of the required line is

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11 11
1 + x + 3 y + (11 1) = 0
4 2
15 5
x y + 10 = 0
4 2
15x 10y = 40 = 0
3x 2y + 8 = 0

11. Find the equation of the straight line making non zero equal intercepts on the axes
and passing through the point of intersection of the lines 2x 5y + 1 = 0 and
x 3y - 4 = 0
Sol. Let L1 = 2x + 5y + 1 = 0, L2 = x 3y 4 = 0
Equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines L1 =0 and L2 =0
is L1 + KL2 = 0
(2x 5y + 1) + k(x 3y 4 ) = 0
(2 + k)x (5 + 3k)y + (1 4k) = 0 (1)
Intercepts on co-ordinates axes are equal, coefficient of x = coefficient of y
2 + k = -5 3k
4k = - 7 k = - 7/4
Substituting in (1)
Equation of the required line is
7 21
2 x 5 y + (1 + 7) = 0
4 4
1 1
x + y + 8 = 0 x + y + 32 = 0
4 4

12. Find the length of the perpendicular drawn from the point of intersection of the lines
3x + 2y + 4 = 0 and 2x+5y-1= to the straight line 7x + 24y 15 = 0
Sol. Given lines are
3x + 2y + 4 = 0 -----(1)
2x + 5y 1 = 0----(2)
Solving (1) and (2), point of intersection is P (-2, 1).
Length of the perpendicular from P (-2, 1) to the line 7x + 24y 15 = 0 is

14 + 24 15 5 1
= = = .
49 + 576 25 5
13. Find the value of a if the distance of the points (2, 3) and (-4, a) from the straight line
3x + 4y 8 = 0 are equal.
Sol. Equation of the line is 3x + 4y 8 = 0 ---(1)

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Given pointsP (2, 3), (-4, a)

Perpendicular from P(2,3) to (1) = perpendicular from Q(-4,a) to (1)
| 3.2 + 4.3 8 | | 3.(4) + 4a 8 |
=
9 + 16 9 + 16
10 =| 4a 20 |
4a 20 = 10 4a = 20 10 = 30or10
30 10
a = or
4 4
15
a= or5 / 2
2
14. Fund the circumcentre of the triangle formed by the straight lines x + y = 0,
2x + y + 5 = 0 and x y = 2
Sol. let the equation of
AB be x + y = 0 ---(1)
BC be 2x + y + 5 = 0 ---(2)
And AC be x y = 2 ---(3)
A
x
0
y=

y=
x+

B 2x + y + 5 = 0 C
Solving (1) and (2) , vertex B = (-5, 5)
Solving (2) and (3) ,vertex C= (-1, -3)
Solving (1) and (3), vertex A = (1, -1)
Let S (x, y) be the circumcentre of ABC.
Then SA = SB = SC
SA = SB SA 2 = SB2
(x + 5) 2 + (y 5) 2 = (x + 1) 2 + (y + 3) 2
x 2 + 10x + 25 + y 2 10y + 25 = x 2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 + 6y + 9
8x 16y = - 40
x 2y = -5 ---(4)
SB = SC SB2 = SC2
(x + 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2
x 2 + 2x + 1 + y2 + 6y + 9 = x 2 2x + 1 + y2 + 2y + 1
4x + 4y = -8
x + y = -2 ---(5)

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Solving (4) & (5), point of intersection is (-3, 1)

circumcentre is S(-3, 1)
x y x x
15. If is the angle between the lines + = 1 and + = 1, find the value of sin ,
a b b a
when a > b.
x y
Sol. Given equations are + =1 bx + ay = ab
a b
x y
And + = 1 ax + by = ab
b a
Let be angle between the lines, then
a1a 2 + b1b 2
cos =
a12 + b12 a 22 + b 22
ab + ab 2ab
= =
b2 + a 2 b2 + a 2 a 2 + b2
4a 2 b 2 a 2 b2
sin = 1 cos = 1
2 2
sin =
(a 2
+b )
2 2 a 2 + b2

II.
1. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (10, 4) and making
an angle with the line x 2y = 10 such that tan = 2.
Sol: Given line is x 2y = 10 ---- (1) and point (10, 4).
1
tan = 2 cos =
5
Let m be the slope of the require line. This line is passing through (-10, 4), therefore
equation of the line is
y 4 = m(x + 10) = mx + 10m
mx y + (10m + 4) = 0 ------(2)
a1a 2 + b1b 2
Given is the angle between (1) and (2), therefore, cos =
a12 + b12 a 22 + b 22
1 m+2
=
5 1 + 4 m2 + 1
Squaring
m 2 + 1 = ( m + 2 ) = m 2 + 4m + 4
2

3
4m + 3 = 0 m =
4

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Case (i): Co-efficient of m2 = 0

One of the root is
Hence the line is vertical.
Equation of the vertical line passing through (10, 4) is x + 10 = 0
3
Case (ii): m =
4
Substituting in (1)
3 30
Equation of the line is x y + + 4 = 0
4 4
3x 4y 14
= 0 3x + 4y + 14 = 0
4

2. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through the point (1, 2) and making an
angle of 60 with the line 3x + y 2 = 0 .
Sol: equation of the given line is 3x + y 2 = 0 .-----(1)

Let P(1, 2) . let m be the slope of the required line.

Equation of the line passing through P(1, 2) and having slope m is
y 2 = m(x 1)= mx m
mx y + ( 2 m ) = 0 ---(2)
This line is making an angle of 60 with (1), therefore,

a1a 2 + b1b 2 3m 1
cos = cos 60 =
a12 + b12 a 22 + b 22 3 + 1 m2 + 1

1 3m 1
=
2 2 m2 + 1

( 3m 1)
2
Squaring on both sides, m 2 + 1 = = 3m 2 + 1 2 3m

2m 2 2 3m = 0 2m m ( 3) = 0

m = 0 or 3
Case (i): m = 0, P(1, 2)

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Equation of the line is y + 2 = 0 or y 2 = 0

Case (ii): m = 3 , P(1, 2)
Equation is (
3x y + 2 3 = 0 )
3. The base of an equilateral triangle is x + y 2 = 0 and the opposite vertex is ( 2, 1) .
Find the equation of the remaining sides.
ANS: ( )
y + 1 = 2 + 3 ( x 2) , ( )
y + 1 = 2 3 ( x 2)

4. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose sides are given below.
i) ( 2, 1) , ( 6, 1) and ( 2,5) ii) ( 5, 2) , ( 1, 2) and (1, 4)
Sol: i) A ( 2, 1) , B ( 6, 1) ,C ( 2,5) are the vertices of ABC .
A (-2, -1)

E
O

B(6, -1) D C(2, 5)

5 +1 6 3
Slope of BC = = =
2 6 4 2
2
AD is perpendicular to BC Slope of AD =
3
2
Equation of AD is y + 1 = ( x + 2)
3
2x 3y + 1 = 0 ---(1)
5 +1 6 3
Slope of AC = = =
2+2 4 2
BE is lr to AC
2
Equation of BE is y + 1 = ( x 6)
3
2x 3y 9 = 0 ---(2)
solving (1), (2)
x y 1
3 -9 2 3

-3 1 2 -3
x y 1
= =
3 27 18 2 6 6

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x y 1
= =
24 20 12
24 20 5
x= = 2, y = =
12 12 3
5
Co-ordinates of the orthocenter O are = 2,
3
ii) A ( 5, 2 ) , B ( 1, 2 ) ,C (1, 4 ) are the vertices of ABC .
1 14
ANS: ,
5 5

5. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are given below.
i) ( 2,3)( 2, 1) and ( 4,0 ) ii) (1,3) , ( 0, 2 ) and ( 3,1)
3 5
Sol: i) ,
Ans 2 2
ii) (1,3) , ( 0, 2 ) and ( 3,1)
1 2
ANS: ,
3 3
6. Let PS be the median of the triangle with vertices P ( 2, 2 ) Q ( 6, 1) and R ( 7,3) . Find
the equation of the straight line passing through (1, 1) and parallel to the median
PS .

Sol: P ( 2, 2 ) , Q ( 6, 1) , R ( 7,3) are the vertices of ABC . Let A(1, 1)

Given S is the midpoint of QR
6 + 7 1+ 3 13
Co-ordinates of S are , = ,1
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
Slope of PS = = =
13
2 9 9

2 2

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Required line is parallel to PS and passing through A (1, 1) ,

2
( x 1)
Equation of the line is y + 1 =
9
9y + 9 = 2x + 2 2x + 9y + 7 = 0

7. Find the orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines. x + 2y = 0, 4x + 3y 5 = 0 and

3x + y = 0 .

Sol: Given equations are x + 2y = 0 ---(1)

4x + 3y 5= 0 ---(2)
3x + y = 0 ---(3)
Solving (1) and (2), vertex A = (0, 0)
Solving (1) and (3),
Vertex B (2, 1)
Equation of BC is 4x + 3y 5 = 0
AB is perpendicular to BC and passes through A(0, 0)
Equation of AB is 3x 4y = 0 ---(4)
BE is perpendicular to AC
Equation of BE is x 3y = k
BE passes through B ( 2, 1)
2+3= k k = 5
Equation of BE is x 3y 5 = 0 ---(5)
Solving (4) and (5),
Orthocentre is O ( 4, 3)
8. Find the circumference of the triangle whose sides are given by x + y + 2 = 0 ,
5x y 2 = 0 and x 2y + 5 = 0 .
Sol: Given lines are x + y + 2 = 0 ---(1)
5x y 2 = 0 ---(2)
x 2y + 5 = 0 ---(3)

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Point of intersection of (1) and (2) is A = ( 0, 2 )

Point of intersection of (2) and (3) is B = (1,3)
Point of intersection of (1) and (3) is C = ( 3,1)
Let S = ( , ) the orthocentre of ABC then SA = SB = SC

SA 2 = SB2 = SC2
( 0 ) + ( + 2 ) = ( 1) + ( 3) = ( + 3) + ( 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2

2 + 2 + 4 + 4 = 2 + 2 2 6 + 10 = 2 + 2 + 6 2 + 10

SA2 = SB2 2 +2 + 4+ 4 =2 +2 2 6+10

2 + 10 6 = 0 + 5 3 = 0 ---(4)
SA2 = SC2 2 +2 + 4+ 4 =2 +2 + 6 2+10
6 6 + 6 = 0 + 1 = 0 ---(5)
From (4) and (5)
1
5 -3 1 5

-1 1 1 -1
1 1
= = = =
5 3 3 1 1 5 2 4 6
2 1
= =
6 3
4 2
= =
6 3
1 2
Circumcentre S = ,
3 3
9. Find the equation of the straight lines passing through (1, 1) and which are at a
distance of 3 units from (-2, 3).
Sol: let A(1, 1). Let m be the slope of the line.
Equation of the line is y - 1 = m(x 1)
mx y + (1 m ) = 0 ---(1)

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Give distance from (-2, 3) to (1) = 3

2m 3 + 1 m
=3
m2 + 1

(
( 3m + 2 ) = 9 m2 + 1
2
)
9m2 + 4 + 12m = 9m 2 + 9
5
12m = 5 m =
12
Co-efficient of m 2 = 0 m =
Case i) m =
line is a vertical line
Equation of the vertical line passing through A(1, 1) is x = 1
5
Case ii) m = , point (1,1)
12

5
Equation of the line is y 1 = ( x 1) = 0
12
5x 12y + 7 = 0
10. If p and q are lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin to the straight lines
x sec + ycosec = a and x cos y sin = a cos 2 , prove that 4p2 + q 2 = a 2 .
Sol: Equation of AB is x sec + y cos ec = a
x y
+ =a
cos sin
x sin + y cos = a sin cos
x sin + y cos a sin cos = 0
0 + 0 a sin cos
p = length of the perpendicular from O to AB =
sin 2 + cos 2
sin 2
= a sin .cos = a.
2
2p = a sin 2 ---(1)
Equation of CD is xcos ysin = a cos2
x cos y sin a cos 2 = 0
0 + 0 a cos 2
q = Length of the perpendicular from O to CD = a cos 2 ---(2)
cos + sin
2 2

Squaring and adding (1) and (2)

4p2 + q 2 = a 2 sin 2 2 + a 2 cos2 2

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( )
= a 2 sin 2 2 + cos2 2 = a 2 .1 = a 2

11. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are given by 4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0 and

one diagonal is 11x + 7y = 9 . Find the equations of the remaining sides and the other
diagonal.
Sol: Let 4x + 5y = 0 ---(1) and
7x + 2y = 0 ---(2) respectively



denote the side OA and OB of the parallelogram OABC.


Equation of the diagonal AB is 11x + 7y 9 = 0 ---(3)

Solving (1) and (2) vertex O = (0, 0)

5 4
Solving (1) and (3), A = ,
3 3
2 7
Solving (2) and (3), B = ,
3 3
1 1
Midpoint of AB is P , . Slope of OP is 1
2 2
Equation to OC is y = (1) x x y = 0
x = y.
5 4
Equation of AC is 4 x + 3 y + = 0 4 x + 5 y = 9
3 3
2 7
Equation of BC is 7 x + + 2 y = 0 7 x + 2 y = 9
3 3

12. Find the in centre of the triangle whose sides are given below.
i) x + 1 = 0, 3x 4y = 5 and 5x + 12y = 27
ii) x + y 7 = 0, x y + 1 = 0 and x 3y + 5 = 0
Sol: i) Sides are

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x+1=0 ---(1)
3x 4y 5 = 0 ---(2)
5x + 12y 27 = 0 ---(3)
The point of intersection of (1), (2) is A = ( 1,, 2 )
The point of intersection of (2), (3), B = ( 3,1)
8
The point of intersection of (3), (1) is C = 1,
3
2
8 25 169 13
a = BC = ( 3 + 1) + 1 + = 16 +
2
= =
3 9 9 3
2 2 2
8 14 14 14
b = CA = ( 1 + 1) + 2 = 0 + = =
2
3 3 3 3

c = AB= ( 13) +( 21) = 16+9 =5

2 2

Incentre = I =
13 13 14 8
ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy3 ( 1) +
14
( 3) + 5 ( 1) ( 2) + (1) + 5
3 3 3 3 3
, = ,
a+b+c a+b+c 13 14 13 14
+ +5 + +5
3 3 3 3
14 28 1 2
= , = ,
42 42 3 3
1 2
Incentre = ,
3 3
(
ii)Ans: 3,1 + 5 )
13. A le is formed by the lines ax + by + c = 0, lx + my + n = 0 and px + qy + r = 0 . Given
ax + by + c lx + my + n
that the straight line = passes through the orthocentre of the
ap + bq lp + mq
le .

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Sol:

(1) (2)

(3)
Sides of the triangle are
ax + by + c = 0 ---(1)
lx + my + n = 0 ---(2)
px + qy + r = 0 ---(3)
Equation of the line passing through intersecting points of (1), (2) is
ax + by + c + k ( lx + my + n ) = 0 ---(4)
( a + kl ) x + ( b + km ) y + ( c + nk ) = 0
If (4) is the altitude of the triangle then it is lr to (3),
ap + bq
p ( a + kl ) + q ( b + km ) = 0 k =
lp + mq
From (4)
ap + bq
( ax + by + c ) ( lx + my + n ) = 0
lp + mq
ax + by + c lx + my + n
=
ap + bq lp + mq
is the required straight line equation which is passing through orthocenter. (it is altitude)

14. The Cartesian equations of the sides BC, CA, AB of a le are respectively
u1 = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0, u 2 = a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 = 0. and u 3 = a 3x + b3 y + c3 = 0. Show that
the equation of the straight line through A Parallel to the side BC is
u3 u2
= .
a 3b1 a1b3 a 2 b1 a1b 2

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Sol: A is the point of intersecting of the lines u 2 = 0 and u 3 = 0

Equation to a line passing through A is
u 2 + u 3 = 0 ( a 2 x + b2 y + c2 ) + ( a 3x + b3 y + c3 ) ---(1)
( a 2 + a3 ) x + ( b2 + b3 ) y + ( c2 + c3 ) = 0
If this is parallel to a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ,

( a 2 + a 3 ) = ( b 2 + b3 )
a1 b1
( a 2 + a 3 ) b1 = ( b1 + b3 ) a1
a 2 b1 + a 3b1 = a1b 2 + a1b3
( a 3b1 a1b3 ) = ( a 2b1 a1b2 )

=
( a 2b1 a1b2 )
a 3b1 a1b3
Substituting this value of in (1), the required equation is
(a b a b )
( a 2 x + b 2 y + c2 ) 2 1 1 2 ( a 3x + b3 y + c3 ) = 0
( a 3b1 a1b3 )
( a3b1 a1b3 )( a2x + b2y + c2 ) ( a2b1 a1b2 ) ( a 3x + b3 y + c3 ) = 0
( a 3b1 a1b3 ) u 2 ( a 2b1 a1b2 ) u3 = 0
( a 3b1 a1b3 ) u 2 = ( a 2 b1 a1b2 ) u 3
u3 u2
= .
( a 3b1 a1b3 ) ( a 2 b1 a1b2 )
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

1. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point (2, 3) and making
non-zero intercepts on the axes of co-ordinates whose sum is zero.
2. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the points at12 , 2at1 and ( )
( at 22 , 2at 2 ) .

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3. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point A ( 1,3) and
i) parallel
ii) perpendicular to the straight line passing
through B ( 2, 5) and C ( 4, 6 ) .
4. Prove that the points (1,11) , ( 2,15) and ( 3, 5) are collinear and find the equation of
the line containing them.

A straight line passing through A (1, 2 ) makes an angle tan 1

4
5. with the positive
3
direction of the X-axis in the anti clock-wise access. Find the points on the straight
line whose distance from A is 5 units.
Sol:
-5 5

C A(1, 2) B
4 4
Given = tan 1 tan =
3 3

5 4

3
3 4
cos = , sin =
5 5
( x1, y1 ) = (1, 2 ) = x1 = 1, y1 = 2
Case i): r = 5
4
x = x1 + r cos = 1 + 5. = 1 + 4 = 5
3
3
y = y1 + r sin = 2 + 5. = 2 + 3 = 1
5
Co-ordinate of B are (5, 1)

Case ii):
4
x = x1 + r cos = 1 5. = 1 4 = 3
5
3
y = y1 + r sin = 2 5. = 2 3 = 5
4
Co-ordinate of C are ( 3, 5)

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6. A straight line parallel to the line y = 3x passes through Q ( 2,3) and cuts the line
2x + 4y 27 = 0 at P. Find the length of PQ.
Sol: PQ is parallel to the straight line y = 3x
tan = 3 = tan 60
= 60
Q ( 2,3) is a given point
Q(2, 3)

P
2x + 4y - 27 =0

y = 3x
Co-ordinates of any point P are
( x1 + r cos y1 + r sin ) = ( 2 + r cos 60 , 3 + r sin 60 )
r 3
= P 2 + , 3 + r
2 2
P is a point on the line 2x + 4y 27 = 0
r 3
2 2 + + 4 3 + r 27 = 0
2 2
4 + r + 12 + 2 3r 27 = 0
( )
r 2 3 + 1 = 27 16 = 11

r=
11 2 3 1 11 2 3 1
. =
( )
2 3 +1 2 3 1 11
7. Transform the equation 3x + 4y + 12 = 0 into
i) slope intercept form
ii) intercept form and
iii) normal form
8. If the area of the triangle formed by the straight line x = 0, y = 0 and
3x + 4y = a ( a > 0 ) , find the value of a.
9. Find the value of k, if the lines 2x 3y + k = 0 , 3x 4y 13 = 0 and 8x 11y 33 = 0
are concurrent.
10. If the straight lines ax + by + c = 0 , bx + cy + a = 0 and cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent,
then prove that a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc .
Sol: The equations of the given lines are
ax + by + c = 0 ---(1)

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bx + cy + a = 0 ---(2)
cx + ay + b = 0 ---(3)
Solving (1) and (2) points of intersection is got by
x y 1
b c a b

c a b c
x y 1
= =
ab c 2
bc a 2
ca b 2
ab c 2 bc a 2
Point of intersection is
ca b 2 ca b 2
,

ab c2 bc a 2
c +a +b=0
ca b 2 ca b 2

( ) (
c ab c2 + a bc a 2 + b ca b2 = 0 ) ( )
abc c3 + abc a 3 + abc b3 = 0
a 3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc .

11. A variable straight line drawn through the point of intersection of the straight lines
x y x y
+ = 1 and + = 1 meets the co-ordinate axes at A and B. Show that the locus the
a b b a
mid point of AB is 2 ( a + b ) xy = ab ( x + y ) .
x y
Sol: Equations of the given lines are + =1
a b
x y
and + =1
b a
ab ab
Solving the point of intersection P ,
a+b a+b
Q ( x 0 , y0 ) is any point on the locus
The line with x-intercept 2x 0 , y-intercept 2y0 , passes through P
x y
P lies on the straight line + =1
2x 0 2y0
ab 1 1
i.e., + =1
a + b 2x 0 2y0
ab x 0 + y0
. =0
a + b 2x 0 y0

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ab ( x 0 + y0 ) = 2 ( a + b ) x 0 y0
Q ( x 0 , y0 ) lies on the curve 2 ( a + b ) xy = ab ( x + y )
Locks the midpoint of AB is 2 ( a + b ) xy = ab ( x + y ) .
12. If a, b, c are in arithmetic progression, then show that the equation ax + by + c = 0
represents a family of concurrent lines and find the point of concurrency.

13. Find the value of k, if the angle between the straight lines 4x y + 7 and
kx 5y + 9 = 0 is 45 .

14. Find the equation of the straight line passing through ( x 0 , y0 ) and
i) parallel
ii) perpendicular to the straight line
ax + by + c = 0 .
15. Find the equation of the straight line perpendicular to the line 5x 2y = 7 and passing
through the point of intersection of the lines 2x + 3y = 1 and 3x + 4y = 6 .

16. If 2x 3y 5 = 0 is the perpendicular bisectors of the line segment joining (3 -4) and
( , ) find + .

17. If the four straight lines ax + by + p = 0 , ax + by + q = 0 , cx + dy + r = 0 and

cx + dy + s = 0 form a parallelogram, show that the area of the parallelogram bc
formed is.
( p q )( r s )
bc ad

18. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices are ( 5, 7 )(13, 2 ) and ( 5, 6 ) .

19. If the equations of the sides of a triangle are 7x + y 10 = 0 , x 2y + 5 = 0 and

x + y + 2 = 0 , find the orthocentre of the triangle.

20. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are (1,3) , ( 3,5) and ( 5, 1) .

21. Find the circumcentre of t\he triangle whose sides are 3x y 5 = 0 , x + 2y 4 = 0 and
5x + 3y + 1 = 0 .

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Sol: Let the given equations 3x y 5 = 0 , x + 2y 4 = 0 and 5x + 3y + 1 = 0 represents the


 
sides BC, CA and AB respectively of ABC . Solving the above equations two by two,
we obtain the vertices A ( 2,3) , B (1, 2 ) and ( 2,1) of the given triangle.
3 1
The midpoints of the sides BC and CA are respectively D = , and E = ( 0, 2 ) .
2 2
22. Let O be any point in the plane of ABC such that O does not lie on any side of the
triangle. If the line joining O to the vertices A, B, C meet the opposite sides in D, E, F
BD CE AF
respectively, then prove that = 1 (Cevas Theorem)
DC EA FB
Sol: Without loss of generality take the point P as origin O. Let A ( x1, y1 ) B ( x 2 , y2 ) C ( x 3 , y3 )
y1 0 y1
be the vertices. Slope of AP is =
x1 0 x1
A

E F

B D C
y1
Equation of AP is y 0 = ( x 0)
x1
yx1 = xy1 xy1 yx1 = 0
BD ( x 2 y1 x1y 2 ) x1y 2 x 2 y1
= =
DC x 3 y1 x1y3 x 3 y1 x1y3

 y 0 y2
Slope of BP is 2 =
x2 0 x2

 y
Equation of BP is y 0 = 2 ( x 0 )
x2
x 2 y = y 2 x xy 2 x 2 y = 0
CE ( x 3 y 2 x 2 y3 ) x 2 y3 x 3 y 2
= =
EA x1y 2 x 2 y1 x1y 2 x 2 y1

 y 0 y
Slope of CP = 3 = 3
x3 0 x3

 y
Equation of CP is y 0 = 3 ( x 0 )
x3
x 3 y = xy3 xy3 x 3 y = 0

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AF ( x1y3 x 3 y1 ) x 3 y1 x1y3
= =
FB x 2 y3 x 3 y 2 x 2 y3 x 3 y 2
BD CE AF
. .
DC EA FB
x1y 2 x 2 y1 x 2 y3 x 3 y 2 x 3 y1 x1y3
. . =1
x 3 y1 x1y3 x1y 2 x 2 y1 x 2 y3 x 3 y 2





23. If a transversal cuts the side BC, CA and AB of ABC in D, E and F respectively.
BD CE AF
Then prove that = 1 . (Meneclaus Theorem)
DC EA FB
Sol:
A

F
E

D
B C
Let A ( x1, y1 ) , B ( x 2 , y2 ) , C ( x 3 , y3 )
Let the transversal be ax + by + c = 0
BD
= The ratio in which ax + by + c = 0
DC
divides.
( ax 2 + by 2 + c )
BC =
ax 3 + by3 + c
CE
= The ratio in which ax + by + c = 0
EA
divides.
( ax 3 + by3 + c )
CA =
ax1 + by1 + c
AF
= The ratio in which ax + by + c = 0 divides.
FB
( ax1 + by1 + c )
AB =
ax 2 + by 2 + c
BD CE AF
. . = 1
DC EA FB

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24. Find the incentre of the triangle formed by straight lines y = 3x , y = 3x and
y =3.
Sol:

The straight lines y = 3x and y = 3x respectively make angles 60 and 120 with the
positive directions of X-axis.
Since y = 3 is a horizontal line, the triangle formed by the three given lines is equilateral.
So in-centre is same and centriod.
Vertices of the triangle and ( 0, 0 ) , A ( ) (
3, 3 and D 3,3 )
o + 3 3 0+3+3
Incentre is ,
3 3
= (0,2).

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