Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)

Vol. 34 No. 3, July 2015, pp. 573 581

Copyright Faculty of Engineering,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, ISSN: 0331-8443
www.nijotech.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i3.21
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v34i3.21

RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER

FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
D. B. N. Nnadi 1, *, S. E.
E. Oti2 and P. C. Ezika3
1, 2, 3 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA, ENUGU STATE. NIGERIA

address:: 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected]

E-mail address

ABSTRACT
This paper elucidates a radio frequency (RF) based transmission and reception system used to remotely monitor and
control the water Level of an overhead tank placed up to 100 meters away from the pump and controller. It uses two
transceiverss along with a controller each installed at the overhead tank and the sump (reservoir).
Radio Frequency transceiver
It is completely automated with the help of a PIC 16F877A micro controller which receives signals from the
transmitter, interprets and effectively communicates the stat status
us of the water overhead tank and water pump mode to
the user or operator via an integrated LCD display. Similarly, the control unit of the prototype performs automatic
switching control of on and off on a single phase centrifugal water pump, 220volts, 0.5hp0.5hp motor via a motor driver
circuit (relay). It also incorporates a buzzer that beeps briefly when water level hits 100%, thus causing the pump to
be switched off but when water level drops below 25%, the pump is then switched on.

words:: radio frequency, PIC microcontroller, encoder, decoder, water pump, residential.
Key words

1. INTRODUCTION There are several monitoring systems integrated with

Sustainability and management of available water water level detection which have been in literature.
resource in many residential homes and industries are First among them is magnetic and mechanical float
now dominant issues especially in this part of the world method. The principle behind magnetic and mechanical
where three to four or more floors are rampart as float level sensors involves the opening or closing of a
residential houses. The problem of carrying water to mechanical switch, either through direct contact with
the upper floors of such residential buildings arises the switch, or magnetic operation of a reed. With
since tap water is not always available and may not magnetically actuated float sensors, switching occurs
have such force to move up to such height. when a permanent magnet sealed inside a float rises or
Consequently, due to the distance and nature of house falls to the actuation level [1]. Secondly, in the
hold and industrial water overhead tanks, it is very Ultrasonic method, ultrasonic level sensors are used
difficult, time consuming and even sometimes it is for non-contact level sensing of highly viscous liquids,
impossible for water users to accurately monitor and as well as bulk solids. They are also widely used in
control the water level of a standard conventional water treatment applications for pump control and
overhead water tank system. Most times the only way open channel flow measurement. The sensors emit
to know when an overhead tank is full is when it starts high frequency (20kHz to 200 kHz) acoustic waves that
overflowing which encourages water wastage since are reflected back to and detected by the emitting
there is no efficient means of knowing when the water transducer [2-4]. In addition, optical interface method
is low. Therefore, proper monitoring is needed to is another method; in this method optical sensors are
ensure that water sustainability is actually maintained, used for point level sensing of sediments, liquids with
with disbursement linked to sensing and automation. suspended solids, and liquid-liquid interfaces. These
As a developing nation, Nigeria lack adequate and sensors sense the decrease or change in transmission
integrated water management. In order to ameliorate of infrared light emitted from an infrared diode (LED).
such problem, then this research work was conceived With the proper choice of construction materials and
and given birth to. mounting location, these sensors can be used with

*Corresponding author Tel: +234-806-933-5370

RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, D. B.N Nnadi, et al

aqueous, organic, and corrosive liquids [5]. A common Ejiofor and Oladipo [9] did a similar work, and
application of economical infrared-based optical according to their research work when water touches
interface point level sensors is used in detecting the the copper sensor positioned at a particular level in the
sludge/water interface in settling ponds. By using tank, voltage is transferred to the copper which in turn
pulse modulation techniques and a high power infrared is transferred to the comparator circuit for further
diode, one can eliminate interference from ambient processing. Which means the copper rod is inside the
light, operate the LED at a higher gain, and lessen the water which may contaminate the water with time due
effects of build-up on the probe. According to K. to electrolysis, but in this work pure stainless probes
Govinda et al [6], their research work proposed using are used and placed at different levels of the tank such
some kind of LED light for the indication of water level. that whenever water touches the probe a signal is sent
By touching different water levels through water level to the transmitter. Also, the paper did not specify the
sensor, LED should be indicated as on/off. range the wireless can cover but in this prototype, it
In this paper a radio frequency (RF) based covers range of 100 meters away from the base. The
transmission and reception system is used to remotely prototype being a local product is lower in price when
monitor and control the water Level of an overhead compared with its contemporary in the market.
tank. Based on the findings of Khaled Reza el al [7], they Secondly, in the event of fault its trouble shooting and
introduced the concept of water level monitoring and maintenance are always easing.
management within the context of electrical
conductivity of the water. Hence, when the sensor 2. RF BASED WATER LEVEL INDICATOR /
touches water, nozzles and connecting rod get electric CONTROLLER
connection using water conductivity [8]. The level of The system features an RF transmitter-receiver pair
water in the overhead tank is being monitored and at that saves running wires from the roof to ground. The
certain level of water 25% empty, the system water level sensing section senses the level of water in
automatically switches the pumping machine on to the overhead tank and sends signal to the receiver
pump water into the overhead tank and then switches section which is at the base of the building. The receiver
off when the water is 100% full. The control section of section is connected to the controlling section, which
this research work is implemented using PIC process the received information and produces visual,
Microcontroller. Using this system, one can remotely sound indications and controls the operation of motor
monitor and at the same time control the water level of whenever required. The sub-circuits that make up the
an overhead tank that is placed up to 100 meters high whole work includes: Power Supply unit, encoder /
from base. transmitter sub-circuit, decoder / receiver sub-circuit,
control system sub-circuit.
The power supply unit provides the needed stable
power supply to the system, the sensed water level is
streamed wirelessly through an RF transmitter in the
encoder /transmitter sub-circuit mounted on the
overhead thank. This RF data sent from the transmitter
is received by the receiver sub-circuit placed remotely
and decoded. The decoded data is collected by the
control system sub-circuit for processing and indicates
the water level on an LCD as well as performing
Figure 1: Sensor/Transmitter block automatic switching control on a single phase 220volts
0.5hp water pump. It also incorporates a buzzer that
beeps briefly when water level hits 100% and when
water level drops below 25%.

3. MAJOR COMPONENT DESCRIPTIONS:

DESCRIPTIONS:
The major circuit components and modules used in the
implementation of this system are as follows: Single
Phase Centrifugal Water Pump, PIC Microcontroller,
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), RF Module HT12E
Figure 2: Receiver/Controller block
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Encoder, and HT12D Decoder. Figures 1 and 2 show all Where C is the speed of light, f is the frequency of
the sections of this prototype. module and is the wavelength of the signal. For the
433MHz module it is around 17cm.These transceivers
3.1 Centrifugal
Centrifugal Electric Water Pump: are placed at the sump and the tank for the purpose of
For this work a low powered centrifugal pump is used, error free communication. So for every request signal
the pump is synchronized between a miniature water from the controller placed at the tank, an
reservoir and a miniature overhead tank. The designed acknowledgement signal is transmitted from the
and constructed water level indicator controller makes controller at the sump. Suppose an error or loss of data
the decision on when to activate or deactivate the occurs during transmission, then the system is
water pump automatically. programmed to re-transmit the data.
The water pump is controlled by connecting it to an
output pin of microcontroller via a motor driver circuit. 5. PIC MICROCONTROLLER
When Microcontroller sends either in a positive signal PIC microcontrollers (Programmable Interface
(+5v) or a ground signal (0v) to the motor driver Controllers) are electronic circuits that can be
circuit, then the water pump becomes on or off programmed to carry out a vast range of tasks. The PIC
respectively is a very general purpose microcontroller that can
come with many different options, for very reasonable
Table 1: Water Pump Specifications prices. PIC16F877A is the largest chip of the 16F87x
DAB family; has 8 analogue inputs, this is probably the most
QB60 N.09.09 CE popular PIC used in engineering community that is still
3
Q 0.2-2.2 m /h H 32-12 m 0.5HP under production. This is the best PIC of its family for
H max 35 m H min 10 m 0.372 KW bigger engineering projects, along with the PIC16F84
220-240 V~ 2.3 A 50 Hz for smaller ones. Its major Features includes: 14KB of
2800 program memory, 368 bytes of RAM, a 40 pin package,
IP44 I.CL.F 8 F 450 V~ 8 ADC channels capable of 10-bit each [11].
r/min

Table 1 is the name-plate copy of the actual DAB water 5.1 Ask Based RF Module
pump used for this work. The radio frequency (RF) transmission system in this
project employs Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) with
4. RF TRANSCEIVER transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operating at
RF modules are mostly used in medium and low 433MHz License Free Band. The transmitter module
volume products for consumer applications such as takes serial input and transmits these signals through
garage door openers, wireless alarm system, industrial RF. The transmitter signals are received by the receiver
remote controls, smart sensor applications, and module placed away from the source of transmission
wireless home automation systems. They are [12].
sometimes used to replace older infrared
communication designs as they have the advantage of 5.1.1 ASK Transmitter module (Tx)
not requiring line-of-sight operation [10]. The system allows one way communication between
Basically a transceiver is a module which has a two nodes, namely, transmission and reception. The RF
transmitter and a receiver. Here we use a R.F module has been used in conjunction with a set of four
transceiver which transmits and receives R.F signal. channel encoder/decoder ICs. The HT12E & HT12D
The frequency range of the signal is 433MHz. The have been used as encoder and decoder respectively.
module modulates the data using a carrier signal of The encoder converts the parallel inputs (from the tank
frequency 433MHz and transmits through an antenna. probes) into serial set of signals. These signals are
On the other hand it demodulates the received signal. serially transferred through RF to the reception point.
The modulation which takes place here is amplitude The decoder is used after the RF receiver has received
shift keying. The module requires an external antenna the signal to decode the serial format and retrieve the
connected to it to transmit the signal. The length of the original signals as outputs.
antenna is 1/4th of the wavelength of the signal. And
wavelength () is calculated from
C= f (1)

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ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) RF Receiver receives the

data transmitted using ASK RF Transmitter. HT12D
decoder of Figure 4 will convert the received serial data
to 4 bit parallel data D0 D3. The status of these
address pins A0-A7 should match with status of
address pin in the HT12E at the transmitter for the
transmission of data. The LED connected to the above
circuit glows when valid data transmission occurs from
transmitter to receiver. 51K resistor will provide the
necessary resistance required for the internal
oscillator of the HT12D [14]. The circuit is powered
from the +5 voltage output of the power supply unit
which can be seen from the Figure 4 above.
Figure 3: Encoder/RF transmitter sub-circuit
5.3 Basic Control Logic:
This is the basic control logical interpretation needed
for this particular work, and is responsible for the
sensing, display; buzzing and water pump control in
this system using a 4-bit code for each level sensing.

Table 2: 4-bit control logic

Water 4-bit Hex LCD Buzzer Water
Level Code Equivalent Display State Pump
Full 0000 00 100% 2 secs Off
High 1000 08 75% Off NO
Mid 1100 0C 50% Off NO
Low 1110 0E 25% Off On
very low 1111 0F below 25% 2 secs On
NO no operation

From the above logic table, when the water level in the
tank is sensed by the sensor assembly, which is
connected to the 4-bit data lines (AD8 through AD11)
Figure 4: Receiver/decoder sub-circuit of encoder HT12E. Depending on the water level in the
tank, the 4-bit code so generated is encoded by the
5.1.2 Encoder/Transmitter Sub-
Sub-Circuit: encoder HT12E. The encoded data is fed to pin 2 of RF
This circuit has the task of sensing, encoding and transmitter (TX1), which transmits it serially at 433
transmitting the water level of the prototype miniature MHz through the antenna connected to its (pin 1).
overhead tank to the receiver/controller part. The The 4-bit signal from the transmitter is received by the
HT12E Encoder IC shown in Figure 3 will convert the 4 antenna of the RF receiver (RX1). LED1 glows to
bit parallel data given to pins D0 D3 to serial data and indicate that a valid signal is received. The 4-bit output
will be available at DOUT. This output serial data is from decoder HT12D is processed by the
given to ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) RF Transmitter. microcontroller to generate an 8-bit code. The
Address inputs A0 A7 can be used to provide data microcontrollers output is fed to data input lines of
security and can be connected to GND (Logic ZERO) or LCD, and indicates the water level in percentage.
left open (Logic ONE). At an intermediate water level of (1110), 25% of the
tank capacity, LCD shows the message Water level
5.2 Decoder/Receiver Sub-
Sub-Circuit 25%. When the tank is full at (0000), the buzzer rings
This circuit has the task of receiving and decoding the for two seconds, while LCD shows Water level 100%.
data sent from the encoder/transmitter circuit The pump operation can also be observed from the
mounted on the prototype miniature overhead tank at above table, the pump is activated at logic (1110) 25%
433 MHz frequency. and (1111) below 25%, the microcontroller shorts
down the pump at logic (0000) 100%, and displays the
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RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, D. B.N Nnadi, et al

pump state on the same LCD. The logic (1111) below performs reliably economically, it is better to power
25% arises only in the time of fault, i.e. if the pump fails the control circuit with mains input power, but the
to switch on when it is activated via the controller, and main challenge with mains supply voltage is of its
then the owner will be notified of the fault by the alternating form and the magnitude available at 220
buzzer for two seconds. volts is too high for the components making up the
control circuit.
5.3.1 Microcontroller Programming
Programming:
The coding process starts by defining the available 5.4.1 Relay Sub-
Sub-Circuit:
input data with respect to the PIC16F877A. The table Relays were used in building a switching unit that
below details the input pins, and the data to the simply triggers the pump on or off, depending on the
microcontroller in relation to the sensor encoder pins. signal received from the microcontroller. The process
Basic logic conversions of powering the relay takes place in Figure 6 above,
0000 2 = 00 16 (2) when the transistor is biased by a high signal from the
PIC16F877A the relay will remain energized as long as
1000 2 = 08 16 (3) the signal from the PIC microcontroller pin RD1
1100 2 = 0C 16 (4) remains high resulting in water pump in active mode.
When the pump control mode changes, the PIC
1110 2 = 0E 16 (5)
microcontroller signal output to the transistor goes
1111 2 = 0F 16 (6) low resulting in no AC power for the 0.5hp water
pump to run Off line mode.
Table.3: Microcontroller 4-bit input data From Figure 7, diode (D1) is in parallel with the relay
Microcontroller 4-bit data Hex Encoder coil. The diode serves as a clamp or fly-back mechanism
input pins Equivalent Pins for the relay.
A0 A1 A2 A3 D0-D4
0 0 0 0 0x00 D4
1 0 0 0 0x08 D3
1 1 0 0 0x0C D2
1 1 1 0 0x0E D1
1 1 1 1 0x0F D0
The PIC16F877A has 40 pins made up of 5 pots (A, B, C,
D, and E). For this work only ports (A, B, C and D) are
needed: Port A is the input (data from decoder) while
Port B is the output (data to LCD). Also, Port C is the
output (data to LEDs) and Port D becomes the output
Figure 7: Relay Sub-Circuit
(control of pump and buzzer)
For the programming ISIS Proteus 8 pro simulation
software and Micro C pro assembler for PIC were used.
5.4.1.1 Relay circuit calculations
MikroC PRO for PIC is a full-featured C language based Y[
YZ = (7)
compiler for PIC devices from Microchip. This \
software is used to burn the program in to PIC IC is the collector current and is the given as the gain
microcontroller since it has powerful compiler with of the transistor, given as 150 (from datasheet).
advanced optimizations, lots of hardware and software IC = V/R (8)
libraries, and additional tools that will helped in this V is the applied voltage (V = 12 volts), R is the
your work. The flow chart of Figure 5 is used to resistance offered by the relay internal circuitry. (R =
program the microcontroller. 400).
IC = 12V/400 = 30mA (9)
5.4
5.4 Power Supply Unit: Hence, IB = 30/105mA = 0.2mA 10)
A constant low voltage regulated power supply of +5V, For effective biasing of the transistor, it is customary to
as is shown in Figure 7, provides input voltages to the make I B value to be twice the obtained value.
PIC16F877A, LCD module, and LEDs which requires 5 Therefore the value of the base current used is:
volts supply and +12V, providing input voltage to the 2 * 0.2mA = 0.4mA.
relay sub-circuit is needed. To ensure that the system

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RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, D. B.N Nnadi, et al

Figure 5 Flow chart of system design

Fig.6: Power Supply Unit Circuit

The PIC microcontroller that serves as the current according to the data the PIC receives at a particular
source to the transistor has an output voltage: time. For the transmission and reception of data the
Vm= 4.95Volts HOLTEK encoder-decoder pair of HT12E and HT12D is
Vm = Vm / IB (11) used. Both of them are CMOS (Complementary metal
Therefore, RB= 4.95/0.4mA = 12,375 12k. oxidesemiconductor) family of ICs with working
Since 12k resistor doesnt exist, a 10k resistor is voltage ranges from 2.4 to 12volts see Figure 8 below.
applied for this work. RB Chosen = 10k. The oscillator resistances are chosen according to the
datasheet. When water level rises, the data pins of the
5.5 Control System Sub-
Sub-Circuit: encoder will be grounded corresponding to the level of
The brain of the controlling section for this work is the water, which will be transmitted to the Receiver via
40 pin PIC16F877A microcontroller. It processes the ASK, RF module. The received data is Decoded by the
data received from the Receiver Section. LCD Display, decoder HT12D.
LED indications and Motor status are updated

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RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, D. B.N Nnadi, et al

Figure 8: Control system sub-circuit

The LED on the receiver indicates that it is receiving (Activated or Off line) is displayed simultaneously on
data. Then the data is given to the PIC for processing. the LCD. The LED bar will also indicate the water level
When the water level becomes very low, the motor will and was included as a backup for the LCD. From Figure
turned ON, buzzer sounds and the LCD backlight will 8 resistor (R11 to R14) are pull-up resistors of 10k
automatically turned ON for 5 seconds. After this, when each, they set the input pins of the PIC pin (A0 to A3) at
the water level reaches full level, the motor will a high. Resistor R1 of 10k is configured with the
automatically turned OFF, buzzer sounds and the LCD reset button for effective PIC rest when needed. While
backlight will automatically turned ON for 5 seconds. Resistors (R2 to R5) are current limiting resistors for
During normal operation the LCD backlight can be the green indicator LEDs (D1 to D4) and Resistor R7 of
manually turn on by pressing the Push button switch. 330 limits the current to the LCD backlight
The LCD indicates the Level of water (Very Low, Low, appropriately.
Medium, High, Full) and the status of the motor
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RADIO FREQUENCY BASED WATER LEVEL MONITOR AND CONTROLLER FOR RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS, D. B.N Nnadi, et al

Figure 9: Complete RF water level indicator controller project assembly

5.6 Sensor Unit to ensure its durability and stability. Up to 100 meters
Water level sensor unit consists of two parts, one distance RF data transmission from tank to controller
sensor is used in reservoir tank (sump) and other four was achieved during this test.
sensors placed inside the overhead tank. Moreover,
sensors are composed with rod, nozzles, inducting 6. CONCLUSION:
CONCLUSION:
rubber etc. Rod is made by iron and steel, that is The aim of this work was to design and implement a
connected with ground. Nozzles are connected with prototype of a microcontroller-radio frequency based
+5v. Copper rod and nozzles are bound together via a water level indicator / controller system which
rubber. Rubber is used to make the electrical automatically sense accurately the water level of an
connection of copper rod and nozzles separate. Due to overhead tank and automatically activate or deactivate
water conductivity 33k resistance has been used. The a single phase water pump for industrial and domestic
basic operation is, when one nozzle of the sensor is applications. The control unit can power conveniently
drawn into water, nozzle and rod becomes connected up to 2hp pump. Using this system, one can remotely
due to water conductivity. Then nozzle gets ground monitor and control the water level of an overhead
signal (0v) which is connected with input of the tank that is placed up to 100 meters away. The level of
microcontroller which makes LEDs on/off, acts as user water in the overhead tank is being monitored and at
display unit. certain level of water 25% empty, the system
automatically switches the pumping machine on to
Table 4: Technical specifications pump water in to the overhead tank and then switches
Operating Voltage 150V to 240V AC off when the water is 100% full. The intention of this
Voltage Sensing Voltage -5V DC research work is to establish a flexible, economical and
Control Voltage +5V DC
Sensor Current 5.5mA easy configurable system which can solve the problem
Current
Controller Current 250mA of water wastage.
Sensor Power 0.0275W The system has been tested and found to meet all the
Power
Controller Power 1.25W
expected results. After multiple tests carried out with
Operating Frequency 50Hz
Frequency Controller Frequency 8MHz
this prototype, one can confidently say that the work is
Module Frequency 433MHz stable, efficient, durable, and easy to maintain. The
0 0 prototype is shown in Figure 9.
Temperature Operating Temperature 25 C to 50 C

7. REFERENCE
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This test involved synchronizing whole system, from
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